1.

Using the known z−transforms , find the inverse z−transform of ,

−1
2+ 2 Z
X ( Z )= , 1>|Z|>3
( 1+ 3 Z−1 ) ( 1−Z−1 )
Solution:

Using partial fraction decomposition the above should be,

2+ 2 Z
−1
A1 A2
X ( Z )= = +
( 1+ 3 Z ) ( 1−Z ) 1+3 Z 1−Z−1
−1 −1 −1

The constants A 1∧ A 2 can be found by ;

2+2 Z −1 =A 1 ( 1−Z −1) + A 2 ( 1+3 Z−1 )¿ A1 + A2 −A 1 Z + A 2 3 Z

−1 −1

−1
¿ ( A1 + A 2) + Z ( 3 A 2− A 1 )

Equating the co-efficient on both sides;

⟹ A 1 + A2=2⟹ 3 A 2− A1 =2⟹ 4 A 2=4⟹ A 2=1∧A 1=1

1 1
Hence , this will be , X ( Z )= −1
+ −1
1+3 Z 1−Z

1
=α u [ n ]
n
We know the causal inverse z −transform of , −1
1−α Z

1 1
=(−3 ) u [ n ]¿ =u [ n ]
n
Hence , the ( causal ) inverse z−transform of , −1 −1
1+3 Z 1−Z

The inverse z−transform of X [ Z ] is ;

x [ n ] =(−3 ) u [ n ] +u [ n ]
n

2. Find ℱ transform of

{
−1−1≤ t< 0
x (t )= 1 0 ≤t <1 ,
0 elsewhere
Solution:
The ℱ transform of x ( t ) is X ( ω ) .
 ∞
X ( ω )=F [ x ( t ) ] =∫ x ( t ) e
− jωt
dt
−∞

 Putting the function and setting the limits;

1 0 1 ∞
X ( ω )=F [ x ( t ) ] =∫ x ( t ) e dt¿ ∫ (−1 ) e dt +∫ ( 1 ) e dt +∫ ( 0 ) e
− jωt − jωt − jωt − jωt
dt
−1 −1 0 1

(−1 ) − jωt 0
1
¿ [e ]
−1−
− jωt 1
1 [e ] ¿ [ 1−e jω ]− 1 [ e− jω−1 ] ¿ 1 [ 1−e jω−e− jω+ 1 ]
(− jω ) 0 jω jω jω
jω

[ ( )]¿ jω1 [ 2−2× cos ( ω ) ]¿ j2 ωj [ 1−cos ( ω ) ]¿ −2 j [ 1−cos (ω)]

jω − jω
1 e +e
¿ 2−2× 2
jω 2 ω

−2 j [ 1−cos ( ω ) ]
Hence , the ℱ Transformis , X ( ω )=F [ x ( t ) ] =
ω

3. Find inverse ℱ transform of ,

2
4 sin ( ω )
X ( jω )=
ω2
Solution:

( )
2 2
4 sin ( ω ) sin ( ω )
X ( jω )= =4 =4 sinc2 ( ω )
ω
2
ω
The Inverse ℱ Transform is;
∞ ∞
1 1
x (t )=F [ X ( ω ) ] =
−1
∫
2 π −∞
X ( ω ) e dω x (t )=F−1 [ X ( jω ) ] ¿
jωt
∫
2 π −∞
jωt
X ( jω ) e dω

( )
∞
1 4 t
¿ ∫
2 π −∞
2 jωt
4 sinc ( ω ) e dω ; ( here we integrating by parts )¿
√2 π
Δ
2 π

As , Δ is thetriangular function .

As the ℱ transform of , Δ ( τt )= τ2 sinc ( ωτ4 ) 2

[ ] ( )
2
4 sin ( ω ) 4 t
[ X ( ω ) ]¿ F−1 ¿ F−1 [ 4 sinc2 ( ω ) ] ¿
−1
x (t )=F Δ
ω 2
√2 π 2 π
 Hence , theinverse ℱ Transformis ; x ( t )=F−1 [ X ( ω ) ] =
4
√2π
Δ
2
t
π ( )

4. Find frequency response of the following system. And draw block

diagram realization of the system.
2 2
d y (t) dy (t) d x (t) dx ( t )
+2 + 2 y ( t ) = +2 + x (t)

Solution:
2 2
dt dt dt dt

2 2
d y (t) dy (t) d x (t) dx ( t )
2
+2 + 2 y ( t )= 2
+2 + x (t)
dt dt dt dt

Can be represented by ,
y ( t+2 )+2 y ( t+1 )+2 y ( t )=x ( t +2 ) +2 x ( t+ 1 )+ x ( t )
Taking z−transform on both sides ;

⟹ z Y ( z )+ 2 z Y ( z ) +2 Y ( z )=z X ( z ) +2 z X ( z ) + X ( z )⟹ [ z 2+2 z +2 ] Y ( z )= [ z 2 +2 z+1 ] X ( z )

2 2

Y ( z ) z 2+2 z +1 Y ( z ) z2 +2 z +1 1+2 z−1+ z−2

⟹ = ( )
⟹H z = = =
X ( z ) z 2+2 z +2 X ( z ) z2 +2 z+ 2 1+2 z−1 +2 z −2

Taking Fourier transform on both the sides of the above equation to

get the frequency response.
2
Y (e )
( e jω ) + 2 ( e jω ) +1
jω
H ( e )=
jω
=
X ( e jω ) ( e jω ) + 2 ( e jω ) +2
2

jω
However , e =cos ω+ jsin ω

H ( e )=
jω
jω 2
( e ) +2 ( e )+ 1
jω
¿
[
e jω e j ω+2+
e
¿
1
jωjω ]
e +2+ e
− jω

[ ]
2 jω − jω
( e jω ) +2 ( e jω) + 2 e jω e jω +2+ 2 e +2+2 e
jω
e

( cos ω+ jsin ω ) +2+ ( cos ω+ jsin ω )−1 2 ( cos ω +1 )

¿ −1 ¿
( cos ω+ j sin ω ) +2+2 ( cos ω + j sin ω ) 3 cos ω+2− j sin ω
 2 ( cos ω+1 )
The frequency response of the system is; H ( e jω ) =
3 cos ω+2− j sin ω
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
x [z]
y [z]

2
1

Frequency response of the system in z-transform

5. A continuous-time LTI system is described by the following first

order differential equation.
d y (t )
+2 y ( t ) =2 x ( t )
dt

Find a) unit step response, b) impulse response.

Solution:
a) Unit step response
d y (t )
+2 y ( t ) =2 x ( t )Can be represented by , y ( t+ 1 )+ 2 y ( t )=2 x ( t )
dt
Taking z−transform on both sides ;

⟹ z Y ( z ) +2Y ( z )=2 X ( z )

Y (s ) 2
Taking ℒ both sides ; H ( s )= =
X ( s ) s +2

For unit impulse , X ( s ) ;

2 1 1 1
Y ( s )=H ( s )∗X ( s )= . = −
s +2 s s s +2

Again taking inverse ℒ ; y ( t )=L

−1
{ Y ( s ) }=1−e2 t

Hence , theunit step response is ; y ( t )=1−e2 t

 b) Impulse response
y ( t+1 ) +2 y ( t ) =2 x ( t )

Taking z−transform on both sides ;

Y (z) 2
⟹ z Y ( z ) +2Y ( z )=2 X ( z )⟹ H ( z ) = =
X ( z ) z+2

u [ n−1 ]¿ 2 (−1 ) u [ n−1 ]

n−1 n n−1
The impulse response is , h ( n ) =2× (−2 )

n −1
u [ n−1 ]
n
The impulse response is , h ( n ) =2 (−1 )

6. A discrete system is defined by the following difference equation:

y ( n )=x ( n ) + x ( n−1 ) −2 y ( n−1 )− y ( n−2 )

a) Determine the impulse response, h (n), of the system.

Solution:
Given the difference equation;

y ( n )=x ( n ) + x ( n−1 ) −2 y ( n−1 )− y ( n−2 )

Taking z−transform on both sides ;

−1 −1 −2 −1 −2 −1
Y ( z )=X ( z ) + z X ( z )−2 z Y ( z )−z Y ( z )Y ( z )+ 2 z Y ( z ) + z Y ( z ) =X ( z )+ z X ( z )

Y (z) ( 1+ z −1 )
Y ( z ) ( 1+2 z−1 + z−2 )= X ( z ) ( 1+ z−1 ) =
X ( z ) ( 1+2 z−1+ z−2 )

The system function is,

Y ( z) ( 1+ z−1 ) z ( z +1 ) z z z
H ( z )= ¿ ¿ ¿ = ⟹ H (z )=
X ( z ) ( 1+2 z + z ) ( z+ 1 ) z+1 z−(−1)
−1 −2 2
z−(−1)

n
Hence , theimpulse response , h ( n )=(−1 ) u(n)

b) Find and plot the poles and zeros of the system. Based on the pole-
zero diagram, what can be said about the system?
Solution:
z
The transfer function is , H ( z )=
z +1
The zeros are : { 0 }
The poles are : {−1 }
 Im (z)

Zeros
Poles

Re (z)

Absolute of pole is equal to 1. So, System is STABLE.

MATLAB Plot Code:

H = tf([1],[1 1]); sgrid
pzmap(H)
grid on

c) Find the frequency response of the system.

Solution:
−1 −1 −2 −1 −2 −1
Y ( z )=X ( z ) + z X ( z )−2 z Y ( z )−z Y ( z )Y ( z )+ 2 z Y ( z ) + z Y ( z ) =X ( z )+ z X ( z )

Y ( z) ( 1+ z−1 ) z
Y ( z ) ( 1+2 z−1 + z−2 )= X ( z ) ( 1+ z−1 ) H ( z )= = =
X ( z ) ( 1+2 z + z ) z +1
−1 −2

Taking Fourier transform on both the sides of the above equation to

get the frequency response.
Y ( e jωT ) e
jωT
1
H ( e )=
jω T
= =
X ( e ) e +1 1+e
jωT jωT − jω T
 jω T
However , e =cos ω T + j sin ω T

Hence , the frequency response of the systemis ;

1 1
H (e )=
jω T
=
1+e
− jωT
1+cos ω T − j sin ω T

d) Using the algebraic method, find the magnitude response of the

system.
Solution:
The magnitude response of the system is;

√
A ( ω )=|H ( jω T )|¿ ( H ( jω T ) )2¿

1
√ ( 1 )2
2
( 1+cos ω ) + ( jsin ω )
2

√ 1 ¿
¿
1+cos (ω T )+ 2cos ( ω T )−sin ( ω T ) 2cos 2
2 2
ωT
( )
1
The Magnitude response of the system is; A ( ω T )=| H ( jωT )|=
2 cos ( ωT2 )
e) Using the algebraic method, find the phase response of the system.
Solution:
Y ( e jωT ) 1
H ( e )=
jω T
=
X (e )
Phase response is;
jωT
1+cos ω T − j sin ω T

∅ ( ω )=∠ H ( jωT )=arctan ( real

img
)¿ tan ( 01 )−tan ( 1+cos
−1
ωT )
sin ω T
−1

( )
( ω2T ) cos ( ω2T ) ¿−tan tan ω T ¿− ω T
2 sin
¿ 0−tan
−1

2 cos (
( ( 2 )) ( 2 )
−1

2 )
ωT 2

Hence, the Phase response is;

|∅ ( ω )|=|∠ H ( jω )|= − | 2| 2
( ωT
) =
ωT
*************************END**********************

**