CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT
BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN
SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM

NU CLARK
Presented By:
JANVIR MOSES S. ESCALONA, RLA
AGENDA

SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM

DRAIN AND WASTE PIPING SYSTEMS (DIRECT AND INDIRECT)

VENTILATION AND VENT PIPING SYSTEM

TRAPS AND INTERCEPTORS

Sanitary Drainage
System
SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Sanitary drainage system means an assembly

of pipes, fittings and apparatus (usually located
below ground level) used to collect and convey
the discharge from a sanitary plumbing system,
together with discharge from fixtures directly
connected to a drain, to a sewer.”

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

Elements of
Sanitary
Drainage
System
ELEMENTS OF SANITARY SYSTEM
The drainage installation of a plumbing system comprises
three major component parts; the Drainage, the Waste, and
the Vent, or simply called DWV:
● D - For drainage of solid waste.
● W - For waste coming from various fixtures other than water
closet.
● V - Refers to the ventilation of the piping system.

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

 ELEMENTS OF SANITARY SYSTEM

DRAINAGE SOIL SOIL

PIPE PIPE Affixed to pipe
Refers to an Any pipe which installation that
installation that conveys the carries human waste
receives and conveys discharge of water coming from water
discharges from closets, with or closet.
water closet with or without the
without waste discharge coming Other term: fecal
coming from other from other fixtures matter.
fixtures. to the house drain.
 ELEMENTS OF SANITARY SYSTEM

SOIL SOIL WASTE

BRANCH STACK PIPE
Horizontal pipe Vertical pipe Any pipe in a
affixed by the word installation where drainage installation
soil. the soil branches that receives the
terminate. discharges of any
fixture except water
closet.
 ELEMENTS OF SANITARY SYSTEM

SPECIAL VENT
FIXTURE
WASTE PIPE

Pipe that is not Refers to slop sink, A pipe or opening

directly connected lavatory, urinals, used for ensuring
to a soil stack or bathtub and the like. the circulation of air
house drain. in a plumbing
system and for
reducing to pressure
exerted on trap seals.
Pipes,
Fittings, and
Accessories
PIPES, FITTINGS
AND ACCESSORIES
SANITARY PIPES
• The principal materials used for soil and
waste piping and for venting are as follows:
• Cast Iron
• Copper
• Plastic

• For vents, galvanized iron (G.I.) pipe is

sometimes chosen.

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

 SANITARY PIPES

PIPES,
FITTINGS
AND
ACCESSORIES

SPIGOT: The end of a pipe which fits into a bell. Also, a word synonymously with faucet

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second

Edition by Max Fajardo
SANITARY
FITTINGS

Source: Plumbing (Design and

estimate) Second Edition by
Max Fajardo
SANITARY
FITTINGS

Source: Plumbing (Design and

estimate) Second Edition by
Max Fajardo
SANITARY
FITTINGS

Source: Plumbing (Design and

estimate) Second Edition by
Max Fajardo
 SANITARY
FITTINGS

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate)

Second Edition by Max Fajardo
CUTTING OF
PIPES AND
CAULKING OF
JOINTS
CAULKING
Plugging an opening with oakum, lead or other materials that
are pounded into place.

● OAKUM – Hemp or old hemp rope soaked in oil to make it

waterproof. This is driven around the hub connection,
compressed to at least 3/4" (20 mm) to 25 mm (1") clearance
then the joint is sealed with molten lead.
● EPOXY ADHESIVE – Another method of caulking where two
(2) components are combined that forms a highly infusible
material and highly resistant to water, acids, alkalis, fuel oil,
sewer gases and other solvent when cured. (Advantage is that
it eliminates the expensive and hazardous melting of lead).

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

MODULE 03 :
DRAIN AND WASTE
PIPING SYSTEM
HOUSE DRAIN
House Drain is the portion of the plumbing Classifications of
system that receives discharges of all soil and House Drains
waste stacks within the building/structure •Combined Drain
and conveys the same to the House Sewer. •Sanitary Drain
Sometimes referred to as Collection Line of •Storm Drain
Plumbing System. •Industrial Drain
It can be installed underground. For
basements, it is usually suspended from the
ceiling, so the gravity flows to the Main sewer.
Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo
 Type of house drain that receives
discharges of sanitary waste as well as
storm water. This is the oldest form of
house drain. However, it is already phase
out and no longer permitted.

COMBINED DRAIN
 SANITARY DRAIN
Type of house drain that receives
discharges of sanitary and domestic
waste only. The waste is usually
conveyed to septic tanks.
 STORM DRAIN
Conveys all storm clear water, or
surface water waste except sanitary
waste.
INDUSTRIAL DRAIN
Type of house drain that receives discharges from industrial
equipment that contain some objectionable acid wastes.
 GRADE OR SLOPE
OF HOUSE DRAIN
The house drain being a horizontal pipeline must produce
the necessary velocity and discharge at a certain
inclination, to attain scouring action.
 All horizontal piping shall be run in
practical alignment and at a uniform
grade of not less than two percent (2%) --
Section 154. 20 mm rise per meter length and shall be
supported or anchored at intervals not
Grade of exceeding 3.00 m (10 feet).
horizontal
All stacks shall be properly supported at
piping their bases and all pipes shall be rigidly
secured. Two (2 inches) rise for every one
hundred (100 inches) length.
GRADE OR
SLOPE
OF HOUSE
DRAIN
GRADE OR SLOPE
OF HOUSE DRAIN

A soil branch having a

pitch of more than 2% has
the tendency of waste
separation. The water flow
faster and the heavy
suspended materials are
left and deposited at the
bottom of the pipe.
GRADE OR SLOPE
OF HOUSE DRAIN
•Section 157. Change in directions
•All changes in direction shall be made by the appropriate use of
forty-five (45°) degree wyes, half wyes, long sweep quarter bends,
except that single sanitary tees may be used on vertical stacks,
and short quarter bends may be used in soil and waste lines
where the change in the direction of flow is from the horizontal to
the vertical. Tees and crosses may be used in vent pipes.
GRADE OR SLOPE OF HOUSE DRAIN
 Section 158. Prohibited fittings
GRADE OR SLOPE No double hub, double T branch shall be used

OF HOUSE DRAIN on horizontal soil or waste line. The drilling and

tapping of house drains, soil waste, or vent
pipes and the use of saddle hubs and bends
are prohibited.
GRADE OR SLOPE OF HOUSE DRAIN
• Section 187. Pipe cleanouts where required
• A clean out easily accessible shall be provided
at the upper end of every horizontal waste or
soil pipe. Also, at every change of horizontal
direction, unless said change of direction is
made at an angle of not more than twenty-two
and a half degrees (22 ½°) and is easily reached
conveniently with sewer rod wire.

• There shall be a clean out within five (5) feet

inside the property line before the house
sewer connection, connected from a full-sized
branch, except for latter cleanouts shall be of
the same nominal size as the pipes. The
distance between clean out in horizontal waste
or soil lines shall not exceed fifty (50) feet.
GRADE OR
SLOPE
OF HOUSE
DRAIN
Waste pipe is a pipe that conveys only
liquid waste free of fecal matter.

WASTE PIPE
Types of Waste Pipe
• DirectWaste is one with terminal
directly connected to the plumbing
system.

• Indirect
Waste refers to the
connection with terminal not directly
connected to the plumbing system.
 WASTE PIPE
Different Types of Fixture Served by Direct Waste
● Urinals ● Lavatories
○ Pedestal ○ Wall-hung
○ Stall ○ Pedestal
○ Through ○ Two-piece
● Bathtub ● Sink
○ Siltz ○ Kitchen
○ Foot ○ Pantry
○ Bidet ○ Slop sink
● Showers ● Laundry
○ Single stall ● Laboratory
○ Gang ● Hospital Fixture Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo
 WASTE PIPE
Different Types of Fixture Served
by Indirect Waste
● Soda Fountain

● Bar Waste

● Refrigeration

● Drinking Fountain Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo
 HOUSE SEWER
House Sewer is the portion of the horizontal drainage system,
which starts from the outer face of the building and terminate
at the main sewer in the street or septic tank.

The house sewer is that part of a plumbing system extending

from a point about four (4) or five (5) feet from the inner face of
the foundation wall of a building to the junction with another
sewer. Sometimes referred to as Building Sewer.

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

 HOUSE SEWER
The Main Sewer line is financed and maintained by the
government. Those houses along the street with main
sewer line are required to connect their house sewers
to the public sewer line.

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

MODULE 03 :
VENTILATION AND
VENT PIPING SYSTEM
 PLUMBING
VENTILATION
Ventilation of a plumbing system, is that portion of the
drainage pipe installation, designed to maintain a
balance atmospheric pressure inside the system to
prevent problems like:
● Trap seal loss
● Retardation of flow
● Deterioration of the materials
Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo
 PLUMBING
VENTILATION
Trap Seal Loss can be attributed to inadequate ventilation of
the trap and the subsequent minus and plus pressures inside
the system. Trap Seal Loss may be attributed to any of the
following factors:
● Siphonage
● Back Pressure
● Evaporation
● Capillary Action

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

 PLUMBING
VENTILATION
Siphonage
Result of minus pressure in the drainage system. When large
amount of water flow rapidly through the trap, self-siphoning
is automatically developed and the water content of the trap
(seal) is absolutely discharged.

● Direct or Self Siphoning

● Indirect or Momentum Siphoning

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

 PLUMBING
VENTILATION
Siphonage
● Direct or Self Siphoning – occur in unventilated traps.
Created when rapid flow of water passing through the
pipe siphon down the water seal.
● Indirect or Momentum Siphoning – created by heavy
discharge of water from a fixture installed on a line serving
another fixture.

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

 PLUMBING
VENTILATION
Back Pressure
Condition caused by a plus pressure which blows the water out of
the fixture. It happens usually when a large flow of water drop and
form as slug and compress the air downward inside the pipe. The
compressed air will find its way out through a weather point. The
trap seal will give way and blow out of the fixture.

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

 PLUMBING
VENTILATION
Evaporation
This process is a minor problem and less probable to drain the
water inside the trap. Evaporation happens only on floor
drains not regularly used to admit water but is exposed to
extreme temperature.

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

 PLUMBING
VENTILATION
Capillary Action
This kind of trap seal loss seldom happen and is rarely
experienced by homeowners. The condition is caused by a
suspension of foreign object such as a string, rags, strands of hair
extended over the outlet arm of the trap.

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

 VENTILATING THE
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
A plumber can adopt many ways and forms of ventilation in
the plumbing system. The ways and forms depend upon
the location of the fixtures and how they are combined or
grouped. Ventilating may be done individually or group
venting as recommended by the National Plumbing Code.

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

 TYPES OF VENTILATION
IN THE PLUMBING SYSTEM

● Main soil and waste vent

● Main vent ● Yoke vent
● Individual vent ● Wet vent
● Unit vent ● Looped vent
● Circuit or loop vent ● Local vent*
● Relief vent ● Utility vent*

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

 TYPES OF VENTILATION
IN THE PLUMBING SYSTEM
● Main soil and waste vent
The vent pipe used to ventilate the soil and waste pipes.

● Main vent
Portion of the vent pipe system, serving as terminal for the smaller
forms of individual and grouped fixture trap ventilation. Sometimes
referred as Collecting Vent Line.

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

 TYPES OF VENTILATION
IN THE PLUMBING SYSTEM
Individual vent
Portion of the vent pipe system that serves as a single trap.
Sometimes referred as Back Vent.

Unit vent
Portion of the vent pipe system that ventilates two fixture traps
(usually back to back) that discharges into sanitary cross fitting.

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

 TYPES OF VENTILATION
IN THE PLUMBING SYSTEM
Circuit or loop vent
Two or more fixture traps are installed on a horizontal soil or waste
branch.

Relief vent
Installed to ventilate the soil and waste pipe and the connecting
branches rather than the fixture traps.

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

 TYPES OF VENTILATION
IN THE PLUMBING SYSTEM
Yoke vent
Relief vent installed at 3-5 floor intervals. Sometimes referred as
By-Pass Ventilation.
Wet vent
Portion of the vent pipe system where liquid waste regularly flows.
Looped vent
Type of ventilation used on fixtures away from partitions.

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

 TYPES OF VENTILATION
IN THE PLUMBING SYSTEM
Local vent
A pipe connecting to a fixture and extending to outside air
through which vapor or foul air is removed from the fixture.

Utility vent
Type of ventilation component commonly found on the exterior
of buildings, usually on the roof or walls. It is designed to allow air
to flow in and out of the building.

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

MODULE 03 :
TRAPS AND
INTERCEPTORS
 PLUMBING
FIXTURE TRAPS
Traps used on plumbing fixture is a device scientifically designed to prevent the backflow
of gases coming from the septic tank or sewer line passing through the outlet of the
fixture.

The basic function of the trap in a drainage system is to prevent objectionable gases from
entering the plumbing system.
Traps are only separation between the unpleasant and dangerously unhealthy gases in a
sanitary drainage system and the air breathed by room occupants is the water caught in
the fixture trap after each discharge from a fixture.

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

 PLUMBING
FIXTURE TRAPS
The column of water that is retained between the overflow
and the dip of trap is called Trap Seal or sometimes to
referred as Water Seal.

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

 PLUMBING
FIXTURE TRAPS
Water Sealed P-Traps are Classified into Two:
● Common Seal P-Trap
Has five (5) centimeter deep water seal between the overflow
and the drip that will offer resistance against abnormal
conditions.

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

 PLUMBING
FIXTURE TRAPS
Water Sealed P-Traps are Classified into Two:
● Deep Seal P-trap
Has from 7.5 - 10 centimeters column of liquid content
between the overflow and the drip. It is purposely designed
for extreme heat
condition, increase and
decrease of atmospheric
condition, and
circumstances where
total ventilation cannot 7.5 – 10cm

be obtained.
Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo
 PLUMBING
FIXTURE TRAPS
The P-trap is the most common and practical
shape available in various sizes (32-50mm
diameter).

There are various forms of water sealed trap

that be used. However, among various types,
some are classified as Permissible Trap and
Objectionable Traps.
Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo
 PLUMBING
FIXTURE TRAPS
Permissible Types of Traps:
● P-Trap*
● Drum Trap* -- water seal trap, large in diameter
● Stand Trap
● Brass Trap
● High Hub Trap
● Low Hub Trap
● Extra Heavy Trap
● Sink or Lavatory Type
Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo
 PLUMBING
FIXTURE TRAPS
Objectionable Traps that were found
defective:
● Full S-Trap
● ¾ S-Trap
● Bag Trap
● Mechanically sealed traps
● Light metal partition traps
Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo
MODULE 03 :
ADDITIONAL SLIDES
 COLOR CODING OF
PLASTIC PIPES & FITTINGS

COLOR MATERIALS / ELEMENTS PIPE CONVEY

BLUE POTABLE WATER
ORANGE
ELECTRIC CONDUIT
LIGHT GRAY
GRAY INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM
YELLOW COMMUNICATION CABLE
ORANGE BROWN SEWAGE SYSTEM

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

 DEFINITION
OF TERMS
SEWAGE
The liquid wastes conducted away from buildings/structures, also of the
storm water.

SEWERAGE
A comprehensive term, including all construction for collection,
transportation, pumping, treatment and final disposition of waste.

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

 DEFINITION
OF TERMS
SEAL
The vertical distance between the dip and crown wire of a trap.

ROUGHING-IN
The installation of all pipes in the plumbing system that are in
partitions and under floors.

FINISHING
The setting of Fixtures.

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

 DEFINITION
OF TERMS
PIPE CHASE
An opening or space to accommodate a group of pipes.

DUCT
Opening for ventilation circulation of air.

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

References / Sources

References:

Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

Architectural Utilities 1 (Plumbing & Sanitary) by George S. Salvan
Some photos and illustration from web.

Images Sources:
[Link]
system-design#gallery
Thank You NU CLARK