REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

NORTHERN NEGROS STATE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY
OLD SAGAY, SAGAY CITY, NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
(034)722-4169/[Link]

COLLEGE OF ARTS
AND SCIENCES
COURSE MODULE IN

SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY &
SOCIETY
st
1 Semester, A.Y. 2022 – 2023
COURSE FACILITATOR: DAISY E. PALMA, LPT, MAEd
FB/MESSENGER: Daisy Palma
Email: danielmatthew794@[Link]

2
Phone No: 09208908298

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MODULE 2

LESSO
N
HUMAN FLOURISHING IN
1 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
8
HOURS

 The progress of human civilizations throughout history mirrors the development of science and
technology. The human person, as both the bearer and beneficiary of science and technology,
flourishes and finds meaning in the world that he/she builds. In the person’s pursuit of the good life,
he/she may unconsciously acquire, consume, or destroy what the world has to offer. It is thus
necessary to reflect on the things that truly matter. Science and technology must be taken as part of
human life that merits reflective and -as the German philosopher Martin Heidegger says- meditative
thinking. Science and technology, despite its methodical and technical nature, gives meaning to the
life of a person making his/her way in the world.

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

a. discuss what technology reveals
b. examine modern technology and its role in human flourishing
c. explain the role of art in a technological world
d. select and present an art that reveals science and technology

ACTIVITY #1: Picture Analysis

Instruction: Write your answer in your assessment notebook. (5 points)

What can you see in the picture?

Q: Can human be replace by robots? Yes or No? And
why?

______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
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  In this lesson, you will learn how human developed machines to make works easier and faster. The
brilliant mind of humans became an asset in the world of Science and Technology. Get ready to
unlock new possibilities in you as a novice scientist.

I. INTRODUCTION
To be able to appreciate the fruits of science and technology, they must be examined not only for
this function and instrumentality but also for their greater impact on humanity as wholes are all tools
that makes human lives easier because people with a certain good, convenience, or knowledge.
Meanwhile. Medical research employs the best scientific and technological principles to come up with
cures for disease and ways to prevent illnesses to ensure a good quality of life.

A. TECHNOLOGY AS A MODE OF REVEALING

In his seminal work, Question and Technology, Martin Heidegger urges us to question technology
and see beyond people’s common understanding of it.
According to ancient doctrine, the essence of a thing is considered to be what the thing is. We ask
the question concerning technology when we ask what it is. Everyone knows the two statements that
answer our question. Our says: Technology is a means to an end. The other says; Technology is a
human activity. The two definitions of technology belong together. For to posit ends and procedure
and utilize the means to them is a human activity. The manufacture and utilization of equipment,
tools, and machines, the manufactured and used things themselves, and the needs and ends that
they serve, all belong to what technology is. The whole complex of this contrivance is technology.
Technology itself is a contrivance- in Latin, an instrument tum. The current conception of technology,
according to which it is a means and a human activity, can therefore be called the instrumental and
anthropological definition of technology (Heidegger, 1997, p.5).
This definition is correct but not necessarily true. The “true” entail so much more meaning and
significance. Heidegger, however, asserted that the true can be pursued through the correct. In other
words, the experience and understanding of what is correct lead us to what is true. Heidegger urged
people to envision technology as a mode of revealing as it shows so much more about the human
person and the world.
Technology is a way of bringing forth, a making
of something. By considering technology as a mode
of revealing, then truth is brought forth. For
instance, the truth that the Earth is weeping could
be revealed by the information data taken by
modern devices. Whatever truth is uncovered, it will
be something more meaningful and significant than
the superficial or practical use of technology.
Heidegger also put forward the ancient Greek
concepts of aletheia, poesis, and techne. Aletheia
means unhiddenness or disclosure. Poesis is
defined as bringing forth. For Aristotle, it means
making or predicting something for a purpose. It is
sometimes used to refer to poetry and composition. Finally, techne (the root word for technology)
means skill, art or craft. It is a means of bringing forth something. Thus, in Heidegger’s work,
technology is a poesis that discloses or reveals the truth.
On the other hand, to think of technology as poetry takes a different mindset, more reflective and
sensitive way of looking at the world. This perspective is not easy to take especially in this era when
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 instant knowledge is demanded and split-second updates are the norm, and when the pursuit of fame
and fortune is unceasingly bannered on social media. There is so much noise in the world that would
take a disciplined stepping back to see what Heidegger meant and to appreciate how technology
could actually be poetry that brings forth truth. German philosopher Martin Heidegger says-
meditative thinking. Science and technology, despite its methodical and technical nature, gives
meaning to the life of a person making his/her way in the world.
To be able to appreciate the fruits of science and technology, they must be examined not only for
this function and instrumentality but also for their greater impact on humanity as wholes are all tools
that makes human lives easier because people with a certain good, convenience or knowledge.
Medical Research employs the best scientific and technological principles to come up with cures for
disease and ways to prevent illnesses to ensure a good quality of life. Most of the technologies
developed is based on the people’s major needs.

WHY HUMAN FLOURISHING?

Human flourishing is defined as an effort to achieve self-actualization, and fulfillment within the
context of a larger community of individuals, each with the right to pursue his/her own such efforts.
Flourishing in human as stated by Aristotle, it is as a result of different components such as
phronesis, friendship, wealth and power.
 Phronesis it is a commone topic of Greek philosophy because of its practical character.
 Wisdom or Intelligence
 Often translated as Practical Wisdom
 Sometimes “prudence” from Latin word prudential
 Friendship is a state of being friends as a
relationship between to person
 Wealth state of being rich and material
prosperity
 Power ability to do something or act in a
particular way, ability to influence others

As times change, elements that comprise human

flourishing changed, which are subject to the dynamic
social history as written by human. People found means
to live more comfortably, explore more places, develop
more products and make more money, and then repeating the process in full circle. In the beginning,
early people relied on simple machines to make hunting and gathering easier. This development
allowed them to make grander and more sophisticated machines to aid them in their endeavors that
eventually led to space explorations, medicines innovations and venture of life after death. Our
concept of human flourishing today proves to be different from what Aristotle originally perceived
then–humans of today are expected to become a “man of the world’.
Eudamonia, literally “good spirited”, is a term coined by renowned Greek Philosopher Aristotle
(385-323 BC) to describe the pinnacle of happiness that is attainable by humans. This has often been
translated into “human flourishing” in literature arguably likening human to flowers achieving their full
bloom. As discussed in the Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle’s human flourishing arises as a result of
different components such as phronesis, friendship, wealth, and power. In the Ancient Greek society,
they believed that acquiring these qualities ill surely bring the seekers happiness, which in effect
allows them to partake in the greater notion of what we call Good.
In school, the scientific method is introduced in the earlier part of discussions. Even though the
number of steps varies, it presents a general idea of how to do science.
1. Observe and determine if there are unexplained occurrences folding.
2. Determine the problem and identify factors involved.
3. Through past knowledge of similar instance, formulate hypothesis that could explain the said
phenomenon. Ideally, the goal is to reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative
hypothesis for the study “to count as significant” (can also be separated into additional steps
such as “to generate prediction” or “to infer from past experiments”).
4. Conduct experiment by setting up dependent and independent variables, and trying to see
how independent one affect dependent ones.
5. Gather and analyze results throughout and upon culmination of the experiment. Examine if the
data gathered are significant results.
6. Formulate conclusion and prove recommendation in case others would want to broaden the
study.

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Verification Theory
The earliest criterion that
distinguishes philosophy and
science is verification theory. The
idea proposes that a discipline is
science if it can be confirmed or
interpreted in the event of an
alternative hypothesis being
accepted. In that regard said
theory gives premium to
empiricism and only takes into
account those results which are
measurable experiments which
are repeatable.
A classic example is astrology,
whose followers are able to
employ these verification method in ascertaining its reliability. The idea is that since one already has
some sort of expectations on what to find, they will interpret events in line with said activities.
American philosopher Thomas Kuhn warned us against bridging the gap between and theory by
attempting to interpret the former according to our biases, that is whether or not we subscribe to the
theory. Below is a short story illustrating this point:

Falsification Theory
Perhaps the current prevalent methodology in science, falsification theory asserts that as long as
an ideology is not proven to be false and can be best explain a phenomenon over alternative
theories, we should accept the said ideology. Due to its hospitable character, the shift to this theory
allowed emergence of theories otherwise rejected by verification theory. It does not promote ultimate
adoption of one theory but instead encourage research in order to determine which among theories
can stand the test of falsification. The strongest one is that which is able to remain upheld amidst
various tests, while being able to make particularly risky predictions about the world. Karl Popper is
the known proponent of this view.

Science as a Social Endeavor

Due to inconclusiveness of the methodologies previously
cited, a new school of thought on the proper demarcation
criterion of science emerged. Several philosophers such as
Paul Thagard, Imre lakatos, Helen Longino, David Bloor
and Richard Rorty, among others, present an alternative
demarcation the explores the social dimension of science
and effectively, technology. Science cease to belong solely
to gown-wearing, bespectacled scientists at laboratories.
The new view perpetuates a dimension which generally
benefits the society. For instance, far-off places in South
America where many of the tribes remain uncontacted, do
not regard western science as their science. Whatever their
science is, it can be ascertained that it is no way inferior to
that globalized peoples’ science. Thus, it presents an alternative notion that goes beyond the
boundaries or cold, hard facts of science and instead projects it in a different light, such as
manifestation of shared experience forgoing solidarity over communities.

Science and Results

For the most part, people who do not understand science are
won over when the discipline is able to produce results. Similar to
when Jesus performed miracles and garnered followers, people are
sold over the capacity of science to do stuff they cannot fully
comprehend. In this particular arguments, however, science is not
the only discipline which is able to produce result-religion, luck, and
human randomness are some of its contemporaries in the field. For
some communities without access to science, they can run to
divination and superstition and still get the same results. Science is not entirely fool proof, such that it
is correct 100% of the time. Weather reports, for one, illustrate feasibility and limitations of their scope
as well as their inability to predict disasters. The best that can be done during an upcoming disaster is
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 to reinforce materials to be more calamity proof and restore the area upon impact. It can be then
concluded that science does not monopolize the claim for definite results.

Science as Education
Aforementioned discussion notes that there is
no such thing as singular scientific method, offering
instead a variety of procedures that scientists can
experiment with to get results and call them
science. Discoveries in physics, specifically in
quantum mechanics, appeared to have debunked
the idea of objectivity in reality, subscribing instead
to alternative idea called intersubjectivity. With
objectivity fone, it has lost its number one
credence. Nevertheless, there still exists as
repressing concept that comes about as repressing concept that comes about as a result of
unjustified irreverence of science-our preference of science-inclined students over those which are
less adept.

TECHNOLOGY AS A MODE OF REVEALING

In his seminal work, Question of Technology, Martin Heidegger urges us to question technology
and see beyond people’s common understanding of it.
According to ancient doctrine, the essence of a thing is considered to be what the thing is. We ask
the question concerning technology when we ask what is. Everyone knows the two statements that
answer our question. Our says: Technology is a means to an end. The other says; Technology is a
human activity. The two definitions of technology belong to get her. For posit ends and procedure and
utilize the means to them is a human activity. The manufacture and utilization of equipment, tools, and
machines, the manufactured and used things themselves, and the needs and ends that they serve, all
belong to what technology is. The whole complex of this contrivance is technology. Technology itself is a
contrivance- in Latin, an instrument tum. The current concept of technology, according to which it is a
means and human activity, can therefore be called the instrumental and anthropological definition of
technology (Heidegger, 1997, p.5)
This definition is correct but not necessarily
true. The “true” entail so much more meaning and
significance. Heidegger, however, asserted that the
true can be pursued through the correct. In other
words, the experience and understanding of what is
correct lead us to what is true. Heidegger urged
peopled to envision technology as a mode
revealing as it shows so much more about the
human person and the world. Technology is a way of
bringing forth, a making something.
 By considering technology as a mode
of revealing, then truth is brought forth.
 The truth that the Earth is weeping
could be revealed by the information
and data taken by the modern devices.
 Heidegger also put forward the ancient Greek concepts of aletheia, poesis, and techne.

 Aletheia means unhiddenness or disclosure.

 Poesis is defined as bringing forth. For Aristotle Poesis it means making or predicting
something for a purpose. It is sometimes used to refer to poetry and composition.
 Techne (the root word for technology) means skill, art, or craft. It is a means of bringing
forth something. Thus, in Heidegger’s work, technology is a poesis that discloses or
reveals the truth.
To think of technology as poetry takes a different mindset, a more reflective and sensitive way of
looking at the world. This perspective is not easy to take especially in this era when instant knowledge is
demanded and split-second updates are the norm, and when the pursuit of fame and fortune is
unceasingly bannered on social media.
There is so much noise in the world that would take a disciplined stepping back to see what
Heidegger meant and not to appreciate how technology could actually be poetry that brings forth truth.

TECHNOLOGY AS POESIS: APPLICABLE TO MODERN TECHNOLOGY

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  Age of switches
 Standing reserve
 Stockpiling for its own sake

The revealing that rules in modern technology is a challenging, which puts to nature the
unreasonable demand that it supply energy which can be extracted and stored as such “Modern
technology challenge nature and demand or resources that are, most of the time, forcibly extracted for
human consumption and storage. It brings about a setting upon” of the land.
Mining is an example of modern technology that challenge forth and brings about the setting upon
of land. It extract mineral from the earth and forcefully assigns the land as a mean to fulfill the never-
ending demand of people. With modern technology, revealing never come to as end.
The revealing always happen on our own terms as everything is on demand. Information at our
fingertips, food harvested even out of season, gravity defied to fly off to space – such is the capacity of
the human person. We no longer need to work with the rhythms of nature because we have learned to
control it. We order nature, and extract, process, make ready for consumption, and store what we have
forced it to reveal. Heidegger described modern technology as the age of switches, standing reserve, and
stockpiling for its own sake. This observation is manifested in the mechanization and digitization of many
aspect of our life- from agriculture to communications and transportation, among many others.
“What kind of unconcealment is it, them, that is peculiar to that which results from this setting upon
those challenges? Everywhere everything is ordered to stand by to be immediately on hand, indeed to
stand there just so that it may be on call for a further ordering. Whatever ordered about on this way has
its own standing-reserve (Heidegger, 1977, p. 5)”.

QUESTIONING AS THE PIETY OF THOUGHT

In this stepping back and taking stock of things, we begin to wonder and question. One may
admire the intricacy of mechanisms and the sophistication of mobile applications. Another may marvel at
the people and circumstances allowed for such technology. There is no much wealth insights that can be
gathered when people stop think and questioned, “Questioning is the piety of thought”, stated Heidegger
in The Questioning concerning technology.
Normally, piety is associated with being religious.
For Heidegger, however, piety means obedience
and submission. In addressing what technology
has brought forth, one cannot help but be
submissive to what his/her thoughts and
reflections elicit. Sometimes, thinking brings forth
insights that the mind has not yet fully understood
or developed. There are times when one’s thinking
bring forth eureka moments.
Whatever understanding found becomes
significant because it evoked by questioning who
or what we essentially are in the world. For
example, it is known truth that we, human being
and everything around us, are made of same substance that constitutes stars. Therefore, we actually are
stardust. Do we just take this matter-of-factly or do we wonder as its significance? It is when we start
questioning that we submit ourselves to our thoughts. This kind of questioning leads one to search for
his/her place in the universe and in the grand scale of things. It is through this process that our builds a
way towards knowing the truth of who he/she is a being in this world.

ENFRAMING: WAY OF REVEALING IN MODERN TECHNOLOGY

The way of revealing in modern technology is an enframing. This enframing that challenges forth
and sets upon nature is a way of looking at reality. In simpler terms, it is as if nature is put in box or in
frame so that it can be better understood and controlled according to people’s desire. Poesis concealed in
enframing as nature is viewed as an orderable and calculable system of information.
In looking at the world, Heidegger distinguished
between calculable thinking and meditative
thinking. In calculative thinking, as mentioned
earlier, one orders and puts a system to naure so it
can be understood better and controlled. In
meditative thinking, one let nature revealed itself to
him/her without forcing it. The human person has
the faculty or both and would do well to use them
in synergy.

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 However, people also want to control and are afraid of unpredictability, so calculative thinking is
more often used. Enframing is done because people want security, even if ordering that happens in
enframing is violent and even if the Earth is made as a big gasoline station from which we extract,
stockpile, and put in standing-reserve ready to be used as we fit.

HUMAN PERSON SWALLOWED BY TECHNOLOGY

Though it is true that the individual takes part in the
revealing of nature, limits must still be recognized.
Humans do not really call the shots on the Earth. If we
allow ourselves to get swallowed by modern technology,
we lose the essence of who we are as beings in this
world. If we are constantly plugged online and so loner
have the capacity for authentic personal encounters, and
then we are truly swallowed by technology. If we cannot
let go of the conveniences and profits brought about by
processes and industries that pollute the environment and
cause climate change, then technology has consumed our
humanity.
Nevertheless, as expressed by the poet Holderlin, “But
where danger is, grows the saving power also”. The
saving power lies in the essence of technology as
technology. Essence is the way in which things are, s that
which endures. Heidegger further asserted that the
“essence of technology is nothing technological” (1977).
The essence of technology is not found in instrumentality
and functioned of machine constructed, but in the
significance such technology unfolds.
He also expressed that the various problems
brought about by human’s technology cannot be simply
resolved by refusing technology altogether. He stated:

Thus we shall never experience our relationships to the essence of technology so long as we merely
represent and pursue our technological, put up with it, or evade it. Everywhere we remain unfree and
chained to technology, whether we passionately affirm or denied it. But we are delivered over to it in the
worst possible way when we regard it as something neutral; for this conception of it, to which today
particularly like to pay homage, makes us utterly blind to the essence of technology (1977, p.1).
As expressed by the poet Holderlin, “But where danger is, grows the saving power alos”. The
saving power lies in the essence of technology as technology. Essence is the way in which things are, as
that which endures. Heidegger further asserted that the “essence of technology is nothing technological”.
The essence of technology is not found in the instrumentality and functioned of machine constructed,
but in the significance such technology unfolds. He also expressed that the various problems brought
about by human’s dependence on technology cannot be simply resolved by refusing technology
altogether.

ART AS A WAY OF ENFRAMING

Enframing, as the mode of revealing in modern technology tend to block poeisis. The poetry that is
found in nature can no longer be easily appreciated when nature is enframed. If the Earth has just
become a gas station for us, then we have become enframed as well. In modern technology, the way of
revealing is no longer poetic; it is challenging. When
instruments are observed linearly, its poetry can no
longer be found. For example, the watermill is a
primitive structure compared to the hydropower plant;
or the first iPhone model is just an obsolete piece of
machine. People no longer realize how the watermill is
more in tune with the rhythms of nature or how much
genius went into the building of the first iPhone.
Heidegger proposes art as a way out of this
enframing. With art, we are better able to see the
poetic in nature in reality. It leads us away from
calculative thinking and towards meditative thinking.
Through meditative thinking, we will recognize that nature is art of par excellence; hence, nature is the
most poetic.
There was a time when it was not technology alone that hore the name techne. Once the revealing that
brings forth truth into the splendor of radiant appearance was also called techne.
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 Once there was a time when the bringing-forth of the true into the beautiful was called techne. The poesis
of the fine arts was also called techne.
At the outset of the destining of the West, in Greece, the arts scared to the supreme height of the
revealing granted them. They illuminated the presence (Gegenwart) of the gods and the dialogue of
divine humans destining. And art was called simply techne. It was a single, manifold revealing. It was
pious, promos, i.e., yielding to the holding sway and the safekeeping of truth.
The art were not derived from the artistic, Artworks were not enjoyed aesthetically. Art was not a sector of
cultural activity.

What was art-perhaps only for that brief but magnificent age? Why did not bear the modest name techne?
Because it was a revealing that brought forth and made present, and therefore belonged within poesis. It
was finally that revealing which holds complete sway in all the fine-arts, in poetry, and in everything
poetical that obtained poeisis as its proper name (Heidegger, 1977, p.13).
When meditatively looking at technology, one will begin to question its significance in his/her life
more than in its instrumental use. Technology is normally thought of as that which solves problems, but
Heidegger asserted that it is something that must be questions. Again, it is in questioning that build a way
to understand. In the nuclear age, we view nature as a problem to be solved the calculative thinking in
which we perceive nature in a technical and scientific manner is being becoming more important in the
modern world. On the other hand, it is meditative thinking that provides a way for us to remain rooted in
the essence of who we are. It grounds us so as not to let our technological devices affect our real core
and warp our nature.
Aristotle’s conception of the four causes was mechanical. As explained by Heidegger:
For centuries, philosophy has taught that there are four causes: (1) the causa Material, the material, the
matter out of which, for example, a silver chalice is made; (2) the causa formalis, the form, the shape into
which the material enters; (3) causa finalis, the end, for example, the sacrificial rite in relation to which the
chalice required is determined as to its form and matter; (4) the causa effeciens, which brings about the
effect that is the finished, actual chalice, in this instance, the silversmith. What technology is, when
represented as a means, discloses itself when we trace instrumentality back to fourfold causality (1977, p.
2).
Though the correct in the four cases, Aristotle remained in the mechanical sense and did not allow
for a larger truth to disclose itself. The poetic character may be hidden but it is there. For example, the
ancient Greeks revere the sun because they are indebted to it, and not because the sun is the cause of
energy on Earth. Aition is responsible for bringing forth.
Though enframing happens, it cannot completely snuff out the poetic character of technology. We
ponder technology and question it. In doing so, we also become aware of the crisis we have plunged the
Earth into. The danger is made present and more palpable though art and poetry. Amid this realization,
we remain hopeful because, as the poet Holderlin put it, “…poetically man dwells upon this Earth”
(Heidegger, 1977. P. 13).
Enframng, as the mode of revealing in modern technology tend to block poesis. In modern technology,
the way of revealing is no longer poetic; it is challenging.
Heidegger proposes art as a way out of this enframing. With art, we are better able to see the
poetic nature in reality. In art as enframing, Heidegger uses meditative thinking that provides a way for us
to remain rooted in the essence of who we are. It grounds us so as not to let our technological devices
affect our real core and warp our nature.
Aristotle’s conception of the four was mechanical. As explained by Heidegger: For centuries
philosophy has taught that there are four causes:
 The causa Material, (the materials) the matter
out of which, for example, a silver chalice is
made
 The causa formalis, (the form) the shape into
which the material enters
 The causa finalis, (the end) for example, the
sacrificial rite in relation to which the chalice
required is determined as to its form and matter
 The causa effeciens, which brings about the
effect that is the finished, actual chalice, in this
instance the silversmith. What technology is,
when represented as a means, discloses itself
when we trace instrumentality back to fourfold
causality.
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 -the ancient Greek experience of cause is aition or indebtedness, not cause and effect.
-Aition is responsible for bringing forth.

ACTIVITY #2: Questions for Reflections

Instruction: Explain each of the following questions in 5-10 sentences. You may refer to the rubrics
provided on how your work will be graded. (25 points)

1) How is technology a mode of revealing?

2) In your daily experience of Technology, what else is revealed to you aside from its function?
3) Why should technology be questioned?
4) How is Questioning the piety of thought?
5) How does art provide a way out of enframing?

ACTIVITY #3: Tech in a Pic

Instruction: Form five groups and pick a work of art that you feel best reveals technology. Reflect
and discuss among yourselves on how the artwork describes and reveals technology. Ground your
discussion from the concept learned in this chapter. (10 points)
Note: In forming your groups, please try to contact your classmates via messenger or email, etc. and
plan out the said activity. (Online communication must be observed)

Test Your Understanding: Multiple Choice

Direction: Read the following questions carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer in your assessment
notebook.
1. A German philosopher who question technology and see beyond people’s common understanding
of it.
a. Aristotle c. Martin Luther
b. Horlins d. Martin Heidegger
2. It employs the best specific and technological principles to come up with cures for disease and
ways to prevent illnesses to ensure a good quality of life.
a. Medical Research c. Respirator
b. Incubator Invention d. Hospitalis
3. A philosopher who urged people to envision technology as a mode of revealing as it shows so
much more about the human person and the world.
a. Martin Luther c. Martin Heidegger
b. Aristotle d. Leonardo Da Vinci
4. It is a way of bringing forth or making something.
a. Technology c. Society
b. Science d. none of the choices
5. The following are Heidegger’s ancient Greek concepts EXCEPT?
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 a. Techne b. Aletheia c. Poesis d. Truth
6. What does Aletheia means as defined by Heidegger?
a. means unhiddenness or disclosure
b. defined as bringing forth
c. means skill, art or craft
d. it means making or predicting something for a purpose
7. What does Poesis mean as defined by Heidegger?
a. means unhiddenness or disclosure
b. defined as bringing forth
c. means skill, art or craft
d. it means making or predicting something for a purpose
8. What does Poesis mean as defined by Aristotle?
a. a. means unhiddenness or disclosure
b. defined as bringing forth
c. means skill, art or craft
d. it means making or predicting something for a purpose
9. In Heidegger’s work, technology is defined as _______ that discloses or reveals the truth.
a. Techne b. Aletheia c. Poesis d. Truth
10. An example of modern technology that challenge forth and brings about the settling upon of land. It
extract mineral from the earth and forcefully assigns the land as a mean to fulfill the never-ending
demand of people.
a. Mining c. Cellphone
b. Computer d. iPhone
11. A German philosopher, Martin Heidegger introduces a way of thinking in order for a human person
to reflect on something. What wat of thinking is?
a. Calculable Thinking c. Reflective Thinking
b. Developmental Thinking d. Meditative Thinking
12. With modern technology, revealing never come to as end. The revealing always happen on our
own terms as everything is on demand EXCEPT.
a. Information at our fingertips c. Gravity defied flying off to space
b. Food harvested even out of season d. Work with the rhythms of nature
13. The progress of human civilizations throughout history mirrors the development of science and
technology. The human person should play the ____ science and technology.
a. Bearer and beneficiary c. Holder and bearer
b. Bearer and holder d. Beneficiary holder
14. To be able to appreciate the fruits of science and technology, we must examine not only for this
function and instrumentality, but for the
a. Greater impact on humanity as a whole c. Greater contribution to humanity
b. Greater influence to humanity d. Greater benefits for human
15. Field of Science that employs the best scientific and technological principles to come up with cures
for disease and ways to prevent illnesses to ensure a good quality of life.
a. Medical Nanotechnology c. Medical Research
b. Medical Technology d. Medical Science
16. With modern technology, revealing never come to as end. The revealing always happen on our
terms as everything is on demand EXCEPT
a. Information at our fingertips
b. Food harvested even out of season
c. Gravity defied fly off to space
d. Work with the rhythms of nature
17. The following modern technology described by Heidegger EXCEPT
a. Age of Switches c. Standing reserve
b. Food harvested even out of season d. Stockpiling for its own sake

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 18. The way of revealing in modern technology is an _________ that challenges forth and sets upon
nature is a way of looking at reality.
a. Enframing b. Revealing c. Training d. Giving
19. It is one that orders and puts a system to nature so that it can be understood better and controlled.
a. Calculable Thinking c. Controller Thinking
b. Meditative Thinking d. Personal Thinking
20. It is one that lets nature revealed itself to him/her without forcing it. One kind of thinking is not in
itself better than the other.
a. Calculable Thinking c. Controller Thinking
b. Meditative Thinking d. Personal Thinking
21. In his seminal work, Martin Heidegger urges us to question technology and see beyond people’s
common understanding of it.
a. The Piety of Science c. The Question of Science
b. The Piety of Technology d. The Question of Technology
22. The way of revealing in modern technology is an
a. Poesis c. Questioning
b. Enframing d. Revealing of Truth
23. What will happen if we allow ourselves to get swallowed by modern technology?
a. We lose the essence of who we are as beings in this world.
b. It will boost our self towards reality identity.
c. The more technology we had, the more friends we gain.
d. None of the above
24. Art as a way of Enframing the mode of revealing in modern technology tend to be
a. Block Poesis c. Block Aletheia
b. Block Techne d. Block propaganda
25. The following are the Aristotle’s conception of the four causes was mechanical and explained by
Heidegger EXCEPT
a. the causa naturalis c. the causa finalis
b. the causa formalis d. the causa effeciens
26. In modern technology, the way of revealing is defined as
a. no longer poetic c. no longer Epic
b. no longer dramatic d. none of the above
27. Flourishing in humans as stated by Aristotle, it is as a result of different components EXCEPT
a. phronesis b. friendship c. wealth and power d. family
28. Sometimes, it is used to refer poetry and composition
a. Poesis b. Aiton c. Aletheia d. Techne
29. Characterized by Martin Heidegger as a challenging forth since it is very aggressive.
a. Science and Technology c. Modern Tehnology
b. Biotechnology d. Technology in Society
30. A Causa that brings about the effect that is the finished, actual chalice, in this instance, the
silversmith. What technology is, when represented as a means, discloses itself when we trace
instrumentality back to four fold causality.
a. the causa naturalis c. the causa finalis
b. the causa formalis d. the causa effeciens
31. A term coined by renowned Greek philosopher Aristotle to describe the pinnacle of happiness that
is attainable by humans, often translated into “human flourishing”?
a. Eudaimonia b. Phronesis c. Ethics d. Good work
32. In Ancient Greek Society, they believe that acquiring these qualities will surely bring the seekers
happiness. What are those four qualities?
a. Frienship, Phronesis, Wealth and Power
b. Friendship, Health, Wealth and Power
c. Wealth, Health, Phronesis and Friendship
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 d. Power, Health, Wealth and Friendship
33. The following is the reason of people live more comfortably EXCEPT
a. Explore more places
b. Develop more products
c. Wasting time and money for self-satisfaction
d. Makes more money and repeating the process in full circle
34. What theory is the earliest criterion that distinguishes philosophy and science?
a. Falsification Theory c. Holins Theory
b. Verification Theory d. Big Bang Theory
35. Considered as one of the most poetic
a. Mining b. art c. nature d. Robots

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LESSO
N
HUMAN FLOURISHING AS
2 REFLECTED IN PROGRESS AND
DEVELOPMENT
4
HOURS

 The quest for human progress and flourishing has always been at the center of civilization. People
always seek to live better lives and provide a better life for their kids. In the process, they seek to live
lives of meaning and aspire to fulfill their potential. Although societies are made up of heterogeneous
individuals with different preferences, people reliably organize themselves in groups, communities,
or nations in an effort to improve the status quo (progress).

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

a. critique human flourishing vis-à-vis the progress of science and technology
b. explain Hickel’s paradigm of “de-development”
c. differentiate it from the traditional notions of growth and consumption

ACTIVITY #4: Name that Country

Instruction: Match column A with column B to name the country based on their flag. Write your answer
in your assessment notebook. (5 points)
Column A Column B

1. 5. a. UAE
b. Qatar
c. Ireland
d. Singapore
2. e. Norway

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 3.

4.

 Rich countries around the world are something to emulate for. As they develop more and more, progress is
visible. Even though the Philippines is not included in the list but it is growing as time goes on. What should
be the best step for the poor countries to grow? Let’s find out as we dig deeper in this lesson.

How do we know that we are progressing? What are the indicators of development? More often than not,
development is equated with growth and greater consumption. The more that a population is able to consume,
the weather it is. Likewise, the more that a person is able to buy stuff, the planet, however, is already
overburned with human activitives. It is about time that we rethink our standards of development if we truly want
to live the good life. Jason Hickel, an anthropologist at the London School of Economics, challenges us to
rethink and reflect on a different paradigm of “de-development”.

FORGET ‘DEVELOPING’ POOR COUNTTRIES,

IT’S TIME TO ‘DE-DEVELOP’ RICH COUNTRIES
Jason Hickel

Heads of state are gathering in New York to sign the UN’s

new sustainable development goals (SDGS). The main
objective is to eradicate poverty by 2030. Beyoncé, One
Direction and Malala are on board. It’s set to be a monumental
international celebration.
Give all the fanfare, one might think the SDGs are about to
offer a fresh plan for how to save the world, but beneath all the
hype it’s business as usual. The main strategy for eradicating
poverty is the same growth.
Growth has been the main object of development for the
past 70 years, despite the fact that it is not working since 1980,
the global economy has grown by 380%, but number of people
living in poverty on less than $ (£3.20) a day has increased by
more than 1.1 billion. That’s 17 times the population of Britain.
So much for the trickle down effect.
Orthodox economies insist that all we need is yet more growth. More progressive type tells us that we
need to shift some of the yields of growth from the richer segments of the population to the poorer ones evening
things out a bit. Neither approach is adequate. Why? Because even at current level of average global
consumption, we’re overshooting our planet bio-capacity by more than 50% each year.
In other words, grown isn’t an option ant more-we’ve already grown too much. Scientists are now telling us
that we’re blowing past planetary boundaries at breakneck speed. And the hard truth is that this global crisis is
due almost entirely to overconsumption in rich countries.
Right now, our planet only has enough resources for each of us to consume 1.8 “global hectares”
annually- a standardized unit that measures resources use and waste. The figure is roughly what the
average in Ghana or Guatemala consumes. By contrast people in the US and Canada consume about 8
hectares peer person while Europeans consume 4.7 hectares- many times their fair share.
What does this mean for our theory of development? Economist Peter Edward argues that instead of
pushing poorer countries to “catch up” with rich ones, we should be thinking of ways to get rich countries to
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“catch down” to more appropriate levels of development. We should look at scientist where people live long
and happy lives at relatively low levels of income and consumption not as basket cases that need to be
developed towards western models, but as exemplars of efficient living.
How much do we really need to live long and
happy lives? In the US, life expectancy is 79 years and
GDP per capita is $53,000. But many countries have
achieved similar life expectancy with a mere fraction of
this income. Cuba has a comparable life expectancy to
the US and one of the highest literacy rate in the
world with GDP per capita of only $6,000 and
consumption of only 1.9 hectares-right at the threshold
of ecological sustainable. Similar claims can be made
of Peru, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Tunisia.
Yes some of the excess income and consumption
we see in the rich world yields improvements in quality
of life that are not captured by life expectancy, or even
literacy rates. But even if we look at measures of overall
happiness and wellbeing in addition to life expectancy, a number of low and middle income countries rank
highly. Costa Rica manage to sustain one of the highest happiness indicator and life expectancies in the
world with per capita income on fourth that of the US.
In light of this, perhaps we should regard such countries not as underdevelopment, but rather as
appropriately. And maybe we need to start calling on rich countries to justify their excesses.
The idea of “de-developing” rich countries might be prove to be a strong rallying cry in the global south: but
it will be tricky to sell to westerns. Tricky but not impossible. According to recent consumer to reach, 70% of
people in middle- and high-income countries believe overconsumption is putting our planet and society at risk. A
similar majority also believe we should strive to buy and own less, and that doing so would not compromise.
People sense there is something wrong with the dominant model of economic progress and they are hungry for
an alternative narrative.
The problem is that pundits promoting this kind of transition are using the wrong language. They use
terms such as de-growth, zero growth or-worst of all-de-development, which are technically because but
off-putting for anyone who’s not already on board. Such terms are repulsive because they run against the
purpose of life itself, it’s like asking people to stop moving positively thorough life, to stop learning, improving,
growing.
“Development” is equated with growth and greater consumption
Negative formulation won’t get us anywhere. The idea of “steady-state” economics is a step in the right
direction and is growing in popularity, but still doesn’t get the farming right. We need to reorient ourselves
toward a positive future, truer from of progress. One that is geared toward quality instead of quantity. One that is
more sophisticated than just accumulating ever increasing amount of stuff, which doesn’t make anyone
happier anyway. What is certain is that GDP as a measure is not going to get us there and we need to get rid of
it.
Perhaps we might take a cue from Latin Americans, who are organizing alternative vision around the
indigenous concept of buenVivir, or good living. The west has own tradition of reflection on the good life and it’s
time we revive it. Robert and Edward Skidelsky take us down this road in his book How Much is Enough?
Where they lay out the possibility of intervention such as banning advertising, a shorter working week and a
basic income, all of which would improve our lives while reducing consumption.
Either we slow down voluntarily or climate change will do it for us, we can’t go on ignoring the laws of
nature. But rethinking our theory of progress is not only an ecological imperative; it is also a development one. If
we do not act soon, all our hard-own gains against poverty will evaporate, as food system collapse and mass
famine re-emerges to as extent not seen since the 19th century.
This is not about giving anything up. And it’s certainly not about living a life of voluntary misery or imposing
harsh limit on human potential. On the contrary, it’s about reaching a higher level of understanding and
consciousness about what we’re doing here and why.

ACTIVITY #5: Questions for Reflection

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Instruction: Explain each of the following questions in 5-7 sentences. You may refer to the rubrics
provided on how your work will be graded. (25 points)
1. Why must we change our paradigm of growth and consumption to that of “de-development”?
2. Why are the terms de-development, de-growth and zero growth seemingly unacceptable to the
usual framework of human progress?
3. How have we been enframed by the nation of growth?
4. How do we improve our lives and yet reduce consumption?
5. What are the similarities and differences between Heidegger’s Question Concerning technology
and Hickel’s article?

ACTIVITY #6: Reading Exercises

Instruction: Explain each of the following questions briefly (1-2 sentences). You may refer to the rubrics
provided on how your work will be graded.
1. What is the main objective of the sustainable development goals of the United Nation?
2. What is the standardize unit that measures resource use and waste?
3. What is the standard response to eradicating poverty?
4. What is the threshold of the Earth for adequately sustaining life?
5. According to the majority of people in middle-and high-income countries, what puts the planet and
society at risk?
6. How many hectares should each of us consume annually based on the resources available in the
planet?
7. What are two indication of the quality of life in the article?
8. What crisis in the planet would force us to slow down if we do not do so voluntarily?
9. According to Hickel, what must be done instead of urging poor countries to “catch up” with rich
ones?
10. How would the different areas of the world react to the idea of “de-development”?

ACTIVITY #7: Video Reaction

Instructions: Explain each of the following questions in 3-10 sentences. You may refer to the rubrics
provided on how your work will be graded. Write your answer on your assessment notebook.
Watch the video clip entitled “The Magician’s Twin: CS Lewis and the Case against Scientism”. Reflect
on the nations of development that may evolve into scientism. In pairs, discuss and take note of your
thoughts on the video clip with the following guide questions:
1. What is scientism?
2. How is science comparable to magician?
3. Why is science more dangerous than magic?
4. What is the presented essence of modernity and the consequence?
5. What do we need for the science to be good?

Note: In finding a pair, please try to contact your classmates via messenger or email, etc. and plan out the
said activity. (Online communication must be observed)

Check Your Understanding: Multiple Choice

Direction: Read the following questions carefully. Write the correct answer in your Assessment Notebook.
1. What is attributed mainly changes brought about by technology?
a. Generation gap c. Generation transfer
b. Generation speed d. Generation goal
2. A way of thinking which perceive nature in a technical and scientific manner that is becoming more
important in modern world.
a. Calculative thinking c. Over thinking
b. Meditative thinking d. Develop thinking
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 3. According to Hickel, what must be done instead of urging poor countries to “catch up” with rich
ones?
a. Eradicate Poor Countries. c. Growth and Development
b. Zero Unemployment d. Rich country would “catch down”
4. Economist state that forget ‘developing’ poor countries, it’s time to ‘de-develop’ rich countries.
a. Aristotle b. Heidegger c. Jason Hickel d. Peter Edward
5. What crisis in the planet would force us to show down if we do not so voluntarily?
a. poverty c. climate change
b. tidal wave d. earthquake

6. Economist states that instead of pushing poorer countries to catch up with rich ones, we should be
thinking of ways to get rich countries to “catch down” to more appropriate levels of development.
a. Aristotle b. Heidegger c. Jason Hickel d. Peter Edward
7. The idea which rich countries might be proved to be strong rallying cry in the global south: but it will
be tricky to sell to Westerns. Tricky but not impossible.
a. De-developing b. De-growth c. De-decline d. De-denote
8. What is the main objective of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations?
a. is to eradicate poverty by 2030 c. is to eradicate poverty by 2025
b. is to eradicate poverty by 2020 d. is to eradicate poverty by 2023
9. What is the indicator of the quality of life?
a. Power b. Happiness c. Contentment d. Efficient Living
10. Who gave the definitive distinction between theoretical and practical?
a. Aristotle b. Heidegger c. Jason Hickel d. Peter Edward
11. In the eighteenth century, a philosopher who declared the Greatest Happiness Principle by saying
that the action is right as far as it maximizes the attainment of happiness for the greatest number of
people.
a. Peter Edward b. Heidegger c. Jason Hickel d. John Stuart Mill
12. What is the standardized unit that measure resource use and waste?
a. Geology b. Global Meter c. Global Unit d. Global Hectare
13. What virtuous actions require in taking care of the environment through proper waste management
which results in clean environment and add people’s well-being and happiness?
a. Discipline and Practice c. Greatness and Discipline
b. Happiness and Choice d. Practice and Reward
14. What is the standard response to eradicating poverty?
a. growth c. employment
b. development d. Family planning
15. Hectares of threshold ecological sustainable of the Earth for adequately sustaining life?
a. 1.6 hectares b. 1.7 hectares c. 1.8 hectares d. 1. Hectares
16. According to the majority of people in the middle – and high-income countries, what puts the planet
and society at risk?
a. poverty c. overpopulation
b. corruption d. overconsumption
17. Hectares should be each of us that consume annually based on the resources available in the
planet?
a. 1.5 hectares b. 1.6 hectares c. 1.7 hectares d. 1.8 hectares
18. What activities that contrary virtues which do not result happiness?
a. The lack of discipline in eating healthful food eventually makes one stick
b. The lack of concern for the environment destroys the Earth we live in.
c. Letter A and B are both correct
d. None of the above
19. What book was written by Robert and Edward Skidelsky where they lay out the possibility of
interventions such as banning advertising, shorter working weeks, and a basic income that woud
improve our lives while reducing consumption?
a. Questioning of Thoughts c. How Much is Enough?
b. Piety of Thoughts d. First as Tragedy, Then as Force
20. What is Poesis according to Aristotle?
a. making or predicting something for a purpose
b. disclosing or revealing the truth
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 c. bringing forth the truth
d. none of the above
21. What is the main objective of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations according to
the article entitled “Forget developing poor countries, its time to de-develop rich countries by
Jayson Hickel?
a. Reduce Employment by 2030 c. Eradicate Poverty by 2020
b. Eradicate Poverty by 2030 d. Eradicate Poverty by 2040
22. How many hectares should each of us consume annually based on the resources available in the
planet?
a. 8 hectares b. 4.7 hectares c. 1.9 hectares d. 1.8 hectares

23. In the article written by Hickel, according to the majority of people in middle and high income
countries, what puts the planet and society at risk?
a. overpopulation c. overconsumption
c. climate change d. overproduction
24. What crisis in planet would force us to slow down if we do not do voluntarily?
a. overpopulation c. overconsumption
b. climate change d. overproduction
25. According to Hickel’s article, what must be done instead of urging poor countries to “catch up” with
rich ones?
a. Think of ways to get rich countries to catch down to more appropriate levels of development
b. Make ways to get poor countries compete with rich countries
c. Create strategy like producing robot so that poor countries will become progressive
d. Negotiate with rich countries to share of their resources

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LESSON

SC
3 THE GOOD LIFE
3
HOURS

 What is the “good life”? This is one of the oldest philosophical questions. It has been posed in
different ways – How should one live? What does it mean to “live well”? – but these are really just
the same question. After all, everyone wants to live well and no one wants the “bad life”. “But the
question isn’t as simple as it sounds. Philosophers specialize in unpacking hidden complexities, and
the concept of the good life is one of those that needs quite a bit of unpacking.
 In this lesson, you will realize what “good life” really means to you. Open your mind and broaden
your understanding as you learn more in this chapter.

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

a. evaluate contemporary human experience to strengthen the human person functioning in society
b. discuss the importance of human rights in the face of changing social conditions and technological
development
c. identify laws or policies in the country that protect the well-being of the person in technological
advancement and ethical dilemmas
d. create a flow chart on the national policies or laws that addresses the ethical and moral concerns in
the technological era.

ACTIVITY #8: Pick JUAN

Direction: Select a picture and give your own opinion into 5-10 sentences. You may refer to the rubrics
provided on how your work will be graded. (5 points)
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 Poor but HAPPY Rich but SAD

 “It’s not what we have in life but who we have in our life that matters”. Indeed, Margaret Laurence has a
point. But the meaning of life varies from person to person. This module will enlighten you what is life
according to philosophers. Let’s jump on it, and learn something new.

Everyone is in pursuit of the good life. We do certain things because we want to achieve a life
which will make us happy and content. By studying and working hard, we try to attain this goal not only for
ourselves but also for our loved ones and the rest of humanity. People’s definition of the good life may
vary and differ in the particulars. In general, however, we recognize universal truth that cut across our
differences.
Aristotle, an important ancient Greek philosopher whose work spans from natural philosophy to
logic and political theory, attempted to explain what the good is. His definition may be useful in our pursuit
of the truth. In Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle stated:

All human activities aim at

some good. Every art and human
Inquiry, and similarity, every action
and pursuit, is thought to aim
at some good; and for this reason
the good has been rightly declared
as that at whih all things aim
(Nicomachean Ethics 2:2)

Everyone is moving towards the good. Thus, completing one’s studies, training for a spot, or taking a rest is
a good. The good is expressed and manifested in many various ways for different person and
circumstances. The good life, however, is more than these countless expressions of what is good. It is
characterized by happiness that springs from living and going well.
…both the many and the cultivated call it happiness, and suppose that living well and doing well
are the same as being happy (Nicomachean Ethics 1:4)
The ancient Greek called this concept of “living well and going well” as eudaimonia. The word
came from the Greek word cu meaning “good” and daimon meaning “spirit.” Taken together, it generally
refers to the good life, which is marked by happiness and excellence. It is a flourishing life filled with
meaningful endeavors that empower the human person to be the best version of himself/herself. If is a
student, then he/she act to be the best version of a student by studying well and fulfilling the demand of
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school. If one is an athlete, the he/she strives to be the best version of an athlete by training hard as well
as joining and winning in sports competitions.
Furthermore, according to Aristotle, happiness the ultimate end of human action. It is that which
people pursue for its own sake. Financial stability for one’s family, the power achieved from winning the
election, or the harmony and peace as reward for taking care of the environment-all these and more
are pursued for the sake of happiness.
Mow such a thing as happiness above all else. Is held to be; for this we choose always for itself
and never for the sake of something else, but honor, pleasure, reason, and every virtue we choose indeed
for themselves, but we choose them also for the sake of happiness, judging that by means of them we shall
be happy. Happiness, on the other hand. no one choose for anything other than itself (Nicomachean Ethics
2:7)
Happiness defines a good life. This happiness however is not the kind that comes from sensate
pleasure. It is that which comes from living a life of virtue, a life of excellence, manifested from the personal
to the global scale.
It is the activities that express virtue that control happiness, and the contrary activities that control
its contrary (Nicomachean Ethics 1:10).
For example, making sure that one avoids sugary and processed foods to keep healthy is an
activity that expresses virtue. The resulting health adds to one’s well- being and happiness. Another
example is taking care of the environment through proper waste management which results in a clean
environment and adds people’s well-being and happiness. These virtuous actions require discipline and
practice. On the other hand, activities contrary to virtue are those which do not result in happiness. The
lack of discipline in eating healthful food eventually makes one stick. The lack of concern for the
environment destroys the Earth we live in. Thus, disregard for virtuous actions, especially for sake of
convenience and gratification, does not contribute to happiness. The good life is marked by happiness
brought about by virtuous human actions and decision that affect the individual self and the greater
community. It is characterized by a life flourishing of one self and others. The good life does not happen in
a bubble where only one person is flourishing; other have to be it, too.
Virtue plays a significant role in the living and attainment of the good life. It is the constant practice
of the good no matter how difficult the circumstances may be. Virtue is the excellence of character that
empowers one to do and be good. Such virtues is cultivated with habit and discipline as it not a one-time
deed, but a constant and consistent series of actions. Everyone has the capacity within himself/herself to
be good, but he/she also has to be disciplined to make a habit of exercising the good.

Virtue, then, being of two kinds, intellectual

and moral intellectual virtue in the main owes
its birth and growth to teaching (for which
reason it requires experience and time), while
the moral virtue comes about as a result of
habit (Nicomachean Ethics 2:1).
In Ancient Greece, long before the word the
word “science” has been coined, the need to
understand the world and reality was bound
with the need to understand the self and the
god life. It was Aristotle who gave a definite
distinction between the theoretical and
practical sciences. Among the theoretical
disciplines, Aristotle included logic, biology, physics, and metaphysics, among others. Among the practical
one, Aristotle counted ethics and politics. Whereas “truth” is the aim of the theoretical sciences, the “good”
is the end goal of the practical ones.

Happiness as the goal of a Good Life

In the eighteenth century, John Stuart Mill declared the Greatest Happiness Principle by saying
that the action is right ad far as it maximizes the attainment of happiness for the greatest number of people.
At a time when people were skeptical about claims on the
metaphysical, people could not make sense of the
human flourishing that Aristotle talked about in the
days of old. Mill said that individual happiness of each
individual should be prioritized and collectively dictates
the kind of action that should be endorsed. Consider
the pronouncement against mining.
When an action benefits the greatest number of
people, said action is deemed ethical. Does mining
benefit rather than hurt the majority? Does it offer
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more benefits rather than disadvantages? Does mining result in more people getting happy rather than
sad? If the answers to the said questions are in the affirmative, then the said action, mining, is deemed
ethical.

Materialism
The first materialists were the atomists in Ancient Greece. Democritus and Leucippus led
a school whose primary belief is that the world is made up of and is controlled by the tiny
indivisible units in the world called atomos or seeds. For Democritus and his disciples, the world,
including human beings, is made up of matter. There is no need to post immaterial entities as
sources of purpose. Atomos simply come together randomly to form thins in the world. As such,
only material entities matter. In terms of human flourishing, matter is what makes us attain
happiness. We are this at work with the most people who are clinging on the material wealth as
the primary source of the meaning of their existence.

Hedonism
The hedonists, for their part, see end goal of life in
acquiring pleasure. Pleasure has always been the priority of
hedonists. For them, life is about obtaining and indulging in
pleasure because life is limited. The mantra of this school of
thought is the famous, “Eat, drink and be merry for tomorrow
we die.’ Led by Epicurus, this school of thought also does
but buy any notion of afterlife just like materialists.

Stoicism

Another school of thought led by Epicurus

Epicurus, the stoics espoused the idea that to generate
happiness, one must learn to distance oneself and
be apathetic. The original term, apatheia,
pricesely means to be indifferent. For the stoics,
happiness can only be attained by a careful practice of
apathy. We should, in this worldview, adopt the fact
that some things are not within our control. The sooner
we realize this, the happier we can become.

Theism
Most people find the meaning of their lives using God
as a fulcrum of their existence. The Philippines, as a
predominantly Catholic country, is witness to ho w people
base their life goals on beliefs that hinged on some form of
supernatural reality called heaven. The ultimate bases of
happiness for theists is the communion with God. The world
where we are in is only just a temporary reality where we
have to maneuver around while waiting for the ultimate return
to the hands of God.

Humanism
Humanism as another school of thought espouses the freedom
of man to carve his own destiny and to legislate his own laws, free from
the shackles of God that monitors and controls. For humanists, man is
literally the captain of his own ship. Inspired by the enlightenment in
seventeenth century, humanists see themselves not merely as
stewards of the creation but as individuals who are in control of
themselves and the world outside them. This is the spirit of most
scientists who thought that the world is a place and space for freely
unearthing the world in seeking for ways on how to improve the lives of
inhabitants.

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ACTIVITY #9: Questions for Reflection
Instruction: Explain each of the following questions in 5 – 10 sentences. You may refer to the rubrics
provided on how your work will be graded. Write the letter of the correct answer in your assessment
notebook. You may refer to the rubrics provided on how your work will be graded. (15 points)
1. In your opinion, what constitute a good life?
2. What does Aristotle say about the good life? Does it still stand in the contemporary world?
3. How is the progress of science and technology a movement towards the good life?
ACTIVITY #10: Reading Exercise
Instruction: Answer the following items based on what you have learned from this lesson. (10 points)
___________1. It is that which all things aim.
___________2. It is an ancient Greek word which means living and doing well.
___________3. It is said to be the ultimate end of human action.
It is pursued for its own sake
___________4. He is the Ancient Greek Philosopher known for Nicomachean Ethics.
___________5. The good life means that I make sure I prove without necessarily taking the others into
consideration. True or False?
___________6. One does not need to eat healthfully to live the good life. True or False?
___________7. Excellence of character is innate. It does not have to be practiced. True or False?
___________8. It is the constant practice of the good.
___________9. For item 9 and 10, give Aristotle’s two kinds of virtue.
___________10.

Check Your Understanding: Multiple Choice

Instruction: Read the following questions carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer in your
Assessment notebook.
1. What is that which all things aim?
a. Good Life b. happiness c. virtues d. Good Spirit

2. Who was the ancient Greek Philosopher known for Nicomachean Ethics?
a. Martin Heidegger c. Nicolar Carr
b. Aristotle d. Jason Hickel

3. Which is said to be the ultimate end of human action? It is pursued its own sake.
a. Virtuous Life c. Happiness
b. Good Life d. Eudamonia

4. Which is referring to the constant practice of the good?

a. Happiness c. Eudamonia
b. Virtue d. Discipline

5. What is the ancient Greek word which means living and doing well?
a. Eudaimonia b. Aition c. Poesis d. Daimon

6. Which among the following statements is NOT true?

a. Happiness defines a good life. It is not the kind that comes from sensate pleasure.
b. Virtue is a constant practice of the good no matter how difficult the circumstances.
c. Virtue is utmost cultivated with habit and circumstances.
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 d. The lack of discipline in eating healthful food eventually makes one sick.

7. Which is an ultimate core value of our existence?

a. Human Rights c. Human Dignity
b. Human Freedom d. Human Life

8. Which thing may compare us to robot because of at par action and decision?
a. Performance Task c. Thinking and Production
b. Artificial Intelligence d. Recognition of Human Rights

9. Virtue is acquired by
a. Practice and Habit c. Thought and Reflection
b. Instinct and Action d. Instruction and Memory
10. Pleasure and Happiness are alike n that both are
a. Distinctive of man c. Aimed in all activities
b. Sought for themselves d. Concerned with living well

11. Aristotle’s concept of happiness is closest to?

a. Wisdom b. Pleasure c. Well-being d. Enjoyable Experience

12. In acting morally, the virtuous person derives

a. Reward b. Pleasure c. Happiness d. Reciprocity from others

13. Aristotle states that if we ask what the highest of good human action is
a. Most people agree that it is pleasure
b. There is no agreement about the answer
c. Nearly everyone agrees that it is happiness
d. No objective answer to this question

14. Aristotle divides virtues into

a. Human Virtues and Divine Virtues c. Positive Virtues and Negative Virtues
b. Natural Virtues and Artificial Virtues d. Moral Virtues and Intellectual Virtues

15. Is the marked by happiness brought about by virtuous human actions and decision that affect the
individual self and the greater community
a. The Good Life c. The Good Creator
b. The Good Human d. The Good Son

16. It plays a significant role in the living and attainment of the good life. It is the constant practice of
the good no matter how difficult the circumstances may be. It is the excellence of character that
empowers one to do and be good.
a. Virtue b. Love c. Discipline d. Culture

17. According to Aristotle, what is the ultimate end of human action?

a. Virtue b. Love c. Happiness d. Money

18. What book was written by Robert and Edward Skidelsky where they lay out the possibility of
interventions such as banning advertising, shorter working weeks and a basic income that would
improve our lives while reducing consumption?
a. Questioning of thoughts c. How much is enough?
b. Piety of thoughts d. First as Tragedy, Then as Farce

19. A school of thought believed that life is about obtaining and indulging in pleasure because life is
limited.
a. Materialism b. Hedonism c. Stoicism d. Theism

20. A school of thought led by Epicurus believed that stoics espoused the idea to generate happiness;
one must learn to distance oneself and be apathetic.
a. Humanism b. Hedonism c. Stoicism d. Theism

21. School of thoughts believed the find of meaning of their lives using God as a fulcrum of their
existence, and the ultimate basis of happiness for them is the communion with God.
a. Humanism b. Hedonism c. Stoicism e. Theism

22. Another school of thought that espouses the freedom of man to carve his own destiny and legislate
his own laws, free from the shackles of a God that monitors and controls.
a. Humanism c. Stoicism
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 b. Hedonism d. Theism

23. Is an ultimate core value of our existence, fully recognize and appreciate this truth in ourselves and
in all the person around us, regardless of their status in life, then we pave the way for a just and
progressive society.
a. Human Respect c. Human Dignity
b. Human Love d. Human Life

24. Aristotle states that if we ask what the highest good of human action is
a. Most people agree that it is pleasure
b. There is no agreement about the answer
c. Nearly everyone agrees that it is happiness
d. No objective answer to this question

25. Aristotle divides the virtues into?

a. Human Virtues and Divine Virtues
b. Natural Virtues and Artificial Virtues
c. Positive Virtues and Negative Virtues
d. Moral Virtues and Intellectual Virtues

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LESSON

WHEN TECHNOLOGY AND SC

4 HUMANITY CROSS
5
HOURS

 Our world is entering a period of truly transformative change, and many of us will be surprised by the
scale and pace of developments we simply hadn’t anticipated. Tremendous potential lies in these
exponential technological advances, yet with these new opportunities also come tremendous new
responsibilities. An avalanche of technological changes will reshape the very essence of humanity
and touch every aspect of life of our planet. In the past, each radical shift in human society has been
driven primarily by one key enabling shift factor – from wood, stone, bronze and iron to steam,
electricity, factory automation and the Internet. Today, however a combinatory set of science- and
technology-enabled mega shifts are coming together that will redraw not only commerce, culture and
society but also our biology and our ethics.

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

a. evaluate contemporary human experience to strengthen the human person functioning in the society
b. discuss the importance of human rights in the face of changing social conditions and technological
development
c. identify laws or policies in the country that protect the well-being of the person in technological
advancement and ethical dilemmas
d. create a flow chart on the national policies or laws that addresses the ethical and moral concerns in
the technological era.

ACTIVITY #11:

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 Instruction: Explain your thoughts into 5-10 sentences. You may refer to the rubrics on how your work will
be graded. (5 points)
Somebody very close to you, like a parent or a sibling,
is a victim of a massive stroke. The doctors say that
he/she is “brain dead”, and therefore, he/she is only
alive because of life support machines; and only a
miracle can make him/her recover. The doctors are
making you decide whether to keep the life support
going or to turn it off. What would be your decision and
why?

 It is amazing to think how technology makes our life easier and convenient. But in the long we just rely on it
and we became slaves of our own technology. In this lesson, you will learn how to value yourself and the
people around you. Let’s go and discover new things.

The good life entails living in a just and progressive society whose citizens have the freedom to
flourish. The human person has the autonomy to make choice which may enable the flourishing of his/her self
and society.
The United Nation General Assembly proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) on
December 10, 1948 as the global standard of fundamental human rights for universal recognition and
protection. The UDHR begins, “Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable
rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world”(UDHR
Preamble).
As implied, everyone has absolute moral worth by virtue of being human. Human dignity is an ultimate core
value of our existence. When we fully recognize and appreciate this truth in ourselves and in all the person
around us, regardless of their status in life, then we pave the way for a just and progressive society. It is in this
kind of society that we are able to become fully human- more free, more rational, and more loving.
Human beings become more free when we are empowered to make choice for our flourishing. We become
more rational when we are able to value and apply the principles of logic an d science in our lives. We become
more loving when we ensure that human dignity lies at the foundation of our endeavors, whether scientific or
not. It entails knowing one’s fundamental human rights that must always be protected in the face of changing
conditions.

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
The UDHR explicates the fundamental human rights in 30
articles. It outlines inalienable human rights that are vital and
necessary in the pursuit of the good life. These are the freedoms
everyone is entitled to and guaranteed by virtue of being human. The
first articles state the essential principle of being human in a just, free,
and rational society.
Everyone is born free and equal in dignity and rights, the
common experience, however, does not always manifest such truth.
More often than not, those who have more to offer are given special
treatment, the good life, nevertheless, as a life of justice,
demand not just equal treatment of human beings but also
preferential treatment to those who have less or are disadvantaged.

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The first seven articles of the UDHR encapsulate the spirit of this so-called “milestone
document in the history of human rights.” They are as follow:

ARTICLE 1
All human being are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and
conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

ARTICLE 2
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of
any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social
origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of
political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs,
whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.

ARTICLE 3
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person

ARTICLE 4
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and thee slave trade shall be prohibited in all
their forms.

ARTICLE 5
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of punishment

ARTICLE 6
Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

ARTICLE 7
All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the
law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration
against any incitement to such discrimination.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights has a long, bloody history. Crafted in 1948, after World War II,
the UDHR now serves as a common understanding of what each person’s fundamental rights are. These rights
apply to everyone, everywhere. It is imperative that we all know and live these rights to prevent injustice and
oppression.

HUMANS VS ROBOTS
The rise of the machines accompanying the progress in science
and technology may render humans useless. Manual labor is
gradually being replaced by machinery.
Computers become more and more sophisticated. Robots,
usually design like human beings, are created to perform complex
repetitive, or dangerous task. With the development of artificial
Intelligence (AI). Robots may also eventually act and decide like
humans.
In the possibility that machines adopt the nature of humans,
there is need to reflect on the ethical problems posed by such
development.
Through the Philippines has not yet reached the point of
producing robots on a commercial scale for household use, it
still behooves us to ponder the ramification of replacing person with machinery. Much as the BBC News has
reported the experts in South Korea are crafting ethical guidelines to prevent humans form exploiting robots
and vice versa ( Evans, 2007), and that roboticists in Europe are lobbying for government legislation, such
reality is generally unheard of in the Philippines.
To Filipinos, artificial Intelligence seems like the stuff of science fiction movies. Be that as it may, its use in
the country is surely gaining ground, especially in the business process outsourcing (BPO) industry.
Technology enables the growth of the BPO industry but it seems that it is also technology what will kill the
industry as we know it. Investors and business people find as a sure return of investment the use of business
analytics is a means by which consumer and industry data are used to come up with better decision-making.
With the help of AI, decisions now arise from sophisticated statistical analyses made from massive data. As of
August 2017, it is estimated that a million Filipino BPO workers may be affected and lose their jobs with the
adoption of artificial intelligence (Santos, 2017).

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 Unemployment is only one of the many ethical considerations in the widespread use AI. What does this
mean for human beings who can be replaced by machines? Is the value of the person inversely proportional to
that of a machine exhibiting artificial intelligence? How do we guard against mistakes committed by machines?
These point are but a sample of the questions that should be solved when faced with technology that may
become a threat to human dignity and security. In the future, when machines and robots become more human-
like, with all the at tender feelings and thoughts, people may also have to consider the ethical treatment for AI.
It is interesting to note that as machine and robots approach having a
human-like nature, humans may also have the tendency to become
machines-like. Since many of the things people need, from
conveniences to information, are available with just the touch and swipe
of the fingertips, human begin to function more like automatons.
The internet has become an instant go-to tool for answer to
questions. More often than not, people accept what the search
engine, like Google, spews, out in bytes size and forget how to
process, read, think further, or put things is context. As the internet
gets more intelligent, we are in danger of becoming less so. In the
article, “is Google making us stupid?” Nicolas Carr (2008) asserted that “as we come to rely on computers to
mediate out understanding of the world, it is our own intelligence that flattens into artificial intelligence”
The development of society along with science and technology gives rise to more and complex issues.
What is vital is that, at the very least, we are able to protect and exercise human rights for everyone in our
pursuit of the good life. It is important that amid these developments, human being become more free, more
rational, and more living in our practice of science and technology.
As we examine contemporary issues in science and technology- information, genetically modified
organism, nanotechnology, and climate change-we keep in mind that the building of a just progressive society
entails the constant practice of the good. It may be exhibited in exceptional scientific methodologies, personal
virtue, social responsibility, and global concern.

WHY THE FUTURE DOES NOT NEED US

Chief scientist and corporate executive officer of Sun Microsystem, Bill Joy, wrote in 200 a controversial
easy, “Why the future does not need us.” In his work, he contended that our most powerful 21st-century
technologies-genetics, nanotech, and robotic (GNR)-are threatening to make human an endangered
species. This possible extinction of the species may largely come out about due to the unreflective and
unquestioning acceptance of new technology by human. Joy also asserted that:
Accustomed to living with almost routine scientific breakthroughs,
we have yet to come to terms with the fact that the most compelling
21st- century technologies-robotics, genetic engineered organisms,
and nanobots share a dangerous amplifying factor: they can self-
replicate. A bomb is blown up only once- but one bot can
become many, and quickly get out of control.
Humans should have learned the lesson in the atomic bombing
of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 that killed
over a hundred thousand people. Brilliant physicists, led by J.
Robert Oppenheimer, brought into existence a deadly nuclear
weapon.
A definite testament to the success of science and technology,
the atomic bomb was also a fatal reminder of its destructive power. Now with GNR, we are called to be
circumspect and questioning of technology. Again, as Heidegger (1977) propounded, it is in questioning that
we build a way. GNR today is accessible to small group and individuals and does not require funding and
facilities as huge as those needed by the nuclear weapons of mass destruction.
This makes GNR more prone to accident and abuses. It is scary to imagine that such accidents and
abuses may self-replicate and spin out of control, especially when placed in the hands of extremist group and
individuals.
Science and technology may be the highest expression of human rationality. People are able to shape or
destroy the world with it. Theoretical physicist and mathematician Freeman Dyson, in the documentary The
Day after Trinity (1981), shared his thoughts and sentiment as scientist taking part in the developing of
nuclear power.
“I have felt. The glitter of nuclear weapon. It is irresistible if you come to them as a scientist. To feel it’s
there in your hands, to release this energy that fuels the start, to let it do your bidding. To perform these
miracles, to lift a million tons of rock into the sky. It is something that gives people an illusion of illimitable
power, and it is, in some ways, responsible for all our troubles-this, what you might call technical arrogance,
that overcomes people when they see what can do with their minds”.

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 Human nature may be corrupted when the powers of our mind, our rationality, and our science and
technology become manifest. If we are not able to rein in the vanity and arrogance that such power unleash,
then we are on the way to destroying the world.
“The wasteland grows; woe unto him who harbor the wasteland within”.
-Friedrich Nietzsche.

Television Sets, Mobile Phones, Computers and Humanity

A number of technological devices can be easily found inside the
home, the most accessible place to anyone. Having said that, it can
also be easily inferred that these technological devices are some of
the most popular and most commonly used types of devices across all
age groups. Almost all households, if not all, own these types of
devices. To be more specific, these “celebrities” in the field of
technology are television sets, mobile phones, and computers. People
all over the world use these technologies e very day to accomplish
different purposes.
First, according to Kantar Media, one of the most trusted television
audience measurement providers, in the Philippines, 92 percent of
urban homes and 70 percent of rural homes own at least one television set. It is for this reason why television
remains to be the ultimate medium for advertisement placements (The Manila Times, 2014}. This survey simply
shows that almost all Filipinos use this particular type of device. In fact, Filipinos are believed to have
this big fascination for television.
Most of the time, they watch television during their free time or any time of the day when they have nothing
important to do. In addition to this, Kantar Media also reported that in the Philippines, the current count of
households with television set already reached 15.135 million (Noda, 2012}. This number signifies something,
that is, television plays a great role in the lives of the people or in this case, the Filipinos.
Television is product of different experiments by various people. Paul Gottlied Nipkow, a German student,
in the late 1800s was successful in his attempt to send images through wires with the aid of a rotating metal
disk. This invention was then called the “electric telescope” that had 18 lines of resolution. After some time, in
1907, two inventors, Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton who was an English scientists and Boris Rosing
who was a Russian scientist, created a new system of television by using the cathode ray tube in addition
to the mechanical scanner system. This success story gave rise to two types of television systems, namely,
mechanical and electronic television (Jezek, n.d.}. These experiments inspired other scientist to improve the
previous inventions, which led to the modern television people now have. However, it is important to remember
that several scientist and several experiments were performed first before finally achieving the modern
television at present.
Second, Filipinos love to use their mobile phones anywhere, anytime. They use it for different purposes
other than for communication. More than a half of the Filipino population own at least one mobile phone
regardless of type. In 2010, global research agency Synovate conducted a survey and declared 67
percent product ownership in the country. In fact, it was also claimed that mobile phones are considered a
must-have among young Filipinos (ABS-CBN news, 2010}. To prove that Filipinos cannot live without a mobile
phone. In other words, 30 percent of the Philippine urban population nationwide said that mobile phones are
necessities in life (Roa, 2012}. Philippine streets are full of people using their mobile phones. Not only this,
there some Filipinos who even own more than one mobile phone.
Mobile phones have a very interesting background story. On April 3, 1973, Martin Cooper, a senior
engineer of Motorola, made the world’s first mobile phone call. He called their rival telecommunications
company and properly informed them that he was making the call from a mobile phone. The mobile phone
used by Cooper weighed 1.1 kilograms and measured 228.6 x 127 x4.4 mm. This kind of device was capable
of a 30-minute talk time. However, it took 10 hours to charge. In 1983, Motorola made their first commercial
mobile phone available to the public. It was known as the Motorola Dyna TAC 8000X (Goodwin, 2016).
Lastly, computers and laptops have become part of
many or the Filipino households. There are some Filipino
families who own more than one computer or laptop while
some own at least one computer or laptop. However, the
number of computers or laptops sold per year may not be as
high as the number of mobile phones and television sets.
This is because of the relatively higher cost of computers
and laptop. While it is true that almost all Filipino families
own at least one television set and a mobile phone, it is not
possible for all Filipino families to own at least one computer
of laptop.

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 In fact, most of the profits gained by computer and laptop manufacturers come from the offices, business,
or schools where such devices have become part of their necessities.
In 2010, 3.6 trillion was the estimated total value output of all manufacturing establishments. Semi-
conductor devices and other electronic components took more than half of the total value output of all
manufacturing establishments. To be more specific, 5.4 percent of the total value output came from computers
and peripheral equipment and accessories (PSA, 2013). In line with the growing number of computer and
laptop sales, there has also been a growing number of Internet users in the Philippines. Although there have
been problems regarding the Internet providers, this never hindered Filipinos from continuously using the
Internet.
Here are some facts about Filipinos and their use of gadgets and the Internet (Rappler, n.d.):
 Mobile phone subscription is at 119 million
 Filipinos spend approximately 3.2 hours on mobile and 5.2 hours on desktop daily
 Currently, the Philippines have one of the digital populations in the world
 There are now 47 million active Facebook accounts in the Philippines
 The Philippines is the fastest-growing application market in Southeast Asia

Roles Played by These Technological Advancements

Television sets, mobile phones, and computers or laptops have all different functions and roles played in
the lives of the people, although some may be a little similar. These roles have become so essential that
people, more specifically Filipinos, developed a strong inclination toward techno logy and its products.
For instance, a television is mainly used as a platform for advertisements and information dissemination. In
fact, television remains to be the most used avenue by different advertising companies not only in the
Philippines but also all over the world. Various advertising companies trust that a television is still one of the
most used technological devices up until today.
However, it is important to note that these are just
some of the roles played by televisions. Aside from the
ones mentioned above, it also serves as a recreational
activity and good stress reliever to most families,
specifically to Filipino families. Televisions also are a
good platform for different propagandas and
advocacies. Lastly also is a good way to bond with
one’s family members.
Mobile phones, on the other hand, also have their
own roles in the lives of the people. They are primarily
used for communication. Mobile phones offer services
like texting and calling. In the past, these were the only
functions of the mobile phone but as technology progressed, there have been many additional features
included on mobile phones. For example in the present, people use their mobile phones to surf the Internet and
to take pictures more than to text or call people. This is the reason why more and more people all over the
world prefer to buy smartphones over the old models where such features are not available. Other applications
include music player, calendar, radio, television, and photo editor, among others. These are just some of the
additional features of mobiles phone in the present. These make this particular technological device very
appealing to the masses. It is like an all-in-one device. In addition, it is very portable and convenient because it
can fit into any spaces, may it be inside the pocket or bag.

Ethical Dilemma Faced by These Technological Advancements

While it is true that these technological devices are useful and beneficial the fact remains that there
are several dilemmas faced by these “necessities.” First, most parents would argue that these devices make
their children lazy and unhealthy. This is because of the fact that people who are fixated on these technological
advancement start and end their day by using such devices. They have a great tendency to sit and chill all day
long without doing anything productive in their homes, thus making them unhealthy because they do not just
skip meals sometimes but also lack exercise or any bodily movements. Here, it can be inferred that these types
of people are already overly dependent on these technological devices.
For example, those who love to watch television shows
stay in front of the television for more than six hours a day
while those who love to surf the internet or play computer
games stay on their laptops, computers, or mobile phones
for more than half a day. These people have the tendency to
be unaware of the time because they are so engrossed with the
use of technological device.
In fact, if they get disturbed, there is a great chance that
they will get mad or annoyed. Moreover, these are the same

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people who are more likely to experience alienation because they no longer take time to get out of their houses
and mingle with other people.
Another dilemma faced by the technological devices is the moral dilemma. People, especially the
children who are not capable yet of rationally deciding for themselves what is right or wrong, are freely
exposed to different things on television, mobile phones, laptops, or computers. Because of the availability and
easy access to the Internet, they can just easily search the web and go to different websites without
restrictions. This allows them to see, red, or to hear thing which are not suitable for their very young age. This
makes them very vulnerable to character change and can greatly affect the way they view the world and the
things around them.
On the first dilemma, it really concerning to know that there are people who develop different kinds of
sickness because of too much use of technological devices. Not only this, it also causes them to become
reclusive, alienating themselves from the people. Although some would argue that technology brings people
together, it can also be argued that this is not alw3ays the case in the real world because it may bring them
virtually closer but not physically or personally. In fact, there are people who are friend, for example, only on
social media but not in real life. This just shows that there are thing that technology claims to do but in reality,
does not. It is for the reasons why there are people who call for the establishment of ethics of technology. This
subcategory of ethics will in one way or another guide people on how technology ought to be used in order to
prevent abuse and other unfortunate results.
Digging deeper, it can be said that these reasons make such devices somewhat unethical because they
bring undesirable consequences to people. However, it can also be argued that it is not the fault of the
technological devices but the agents using them or the ones making them. The classic deontological and
teleological approaches to ethics are already too old to be applied in such cases.
The “responsibility” in the sense of being accountable for and accountable to is very appropriate to the
ethics of technology because it makes each and every person in the scientific-technology development a proxy
with reference to one another. In other words, each person must indicate the priorities, values, norms, and
principles that constitute the grounds for one’s actions and define one’s contribution to the scientific and
technological event. The ethics of responsibility focuses on the positive rather than the negative.
However, it is also important for the people in the scientific
world to inform the masses of the dangers of their contribution/s
to the world of technology. In this way, the people will be
sufficiently aware of what to do and what not to do. In addition to
this, the agents using the devices should also be accountable to
and accountable for their use of their gadgets.
Going back to the first dilemma, it can be said that the agent
using the devices are the ones to be blamed for the undesirable
consequences, namely, laziness and unhealthiness. However, it
is assumption that the people in the scientific-
technological world have properly informed the public of the
positive tenor of their action in technology and the possible dangers of the misuse of their technological
contribution, thus, the undesirable consequences are brought about by the misuse of the agent. Now, talking
about alienation, it can be concluded that the people in the scientific-technological world are blameworthy
because they tell the people something that seems positive but when examined closely, brings more bad
than good.
On the second dilemma, the people in the scientific world nor the children are blameworthy because first,
the children are not yet capable rationally deciding for themselves what is good and what is bad. Second, even
if creators of these technologies went out of their way to inform children of the pros and cons of these
technological contributions, it would still be useless because the children have no capacity to understand them
yet. So in this dilemma, the ones to be blamed are the adults who allowed the children to have access to such
devices in the first place without any supervision.

Robotics and Humanity

Another great product of the innovative minds of the people is the robot. Robots are now widely used. For
example, there are the so-called service robots. These particular robots do specific tasks but focus mainly in
assisting their masters in their everyday tasks.
The International Federation of Robotics (IFR) and
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
(UNECE) made it their task to formulate a working
definition for service robots. A preliminary extract
of the relevant definition is (IFR, 2012):
A robot is an actuated mechanism
programmable in two or more axes with a degree
of autonomy, moving within its environment, to

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perform intended tasks. Autonomy in this context means the ability to perform intended task based on current
state and sensing without human intervention.
 A service robot is a robot that performs useful tasks for humans or equipment excluding industrial
automation application. Note: A robot may be classified according to its intended application as an
industrial robot or service robot.
 A personal service robot or a service robot for personal use is a service robot used for a noncommercial
task, usually by laypersons. Examples are domestic servant robot, automated wheelchair, personal mobility
assist robot, and pet exercising robot.
 • A professional service robot or a service robot for professional use is a service robot use for a commercial
task,, usually operated by a properly trained operator. Examples are cleaning robot for public places,
delivery food in offices or hospitals, fire-fighting robot, rehabilitation robot, and surgery robot in hospitals. In
this context, an operator is a person designated to start, monitor, and stop the intended operation of a robot
or a robot system.
Germany was one of the first countries to develop service robots. As part of the German Federal Ministry of
Education and Research’s “Service Robotics Innovation Lead Initiative,” it sponsored a collaborative project
called DESIRE (Deutsche Servicerobotik Initiative-Germany Service Robotics Initiative) which was launched on
October 1, 2005. DESIRE has the following individual objectives (DESIRE, 2009):
 To achieve a technological edge toward attaining key functioning and components that are suited for
everyday use
 To create a reference architecture for mobile manipulation
 To promote the convergence of technologies through integration into a common technology platform
 To conduct pre-competition research and development activities for new product and technology
transfer in start-up enterprises in the field of service robotics.
Some of the expected work to be perform by DESIRE are the following: (1) “Clear up the kitchen
table” – all objects on top of the kitchen table will be moved to where they belong; (2) “Fill the dishwasher” – the
dirty dishes will be sorted correctly into the dishwasher; and (3) “Clear up this room” – all objects that are not in
their proper places will be moved to where they belong (Mock, n.d.).
The earliest conception of robots can be traced around 3000 B>B from the Egyptians. Their water clocks
used human figurines to strike the hour bells. This mechanical device was built to carry out a specific physical
task regularly. From that time on, different machines were already built that displayed the same mechanism
and characteristics as the robots in the present.
For example, there was a wooden pigeon that could fly, a
talking doll, steam-powered robots, and hydraulically- operated
statues that could speak and gestures. However, the earliest
robots and people know them were created in the early 1950s by
George Devol.
“Unimate” was his first invention from the words “Universal
Automation.” Unfortunately, his attempt to sell his producr to the
industry did not succeed. After Unimate, several robots were
also invented which were better versions of the previous ones
(Standford, n.d.). evr since, people never stopped their quest in
the field of robotics.

Roles Played by Robotics

Robots play different roles not only in the lives of the people but also in the society as a whole. They are
primarily use to ease the workload of mankind. They were invented to make life more efficient and less
stressful. On one hand, they perform complicated activities which human beings are incapable of doing. On the
other hand, they perform the simplest tasks at home so that their masters can perform the complex ones
without stressing themselves over the simple tasks. There are also robots which are made for pleasure. To be
more specific, these types of robot perform activities to entertain people. They can usually found in amusement
parks or exhibits. In addition, there are also some robots which were made to serve as toys. They also perform
different activities but they are usually child-friendly. Other example of robots are very famous is because of
movies. A number of local and national movies were inspired by robots. This goes to show that people have
developed a distinct fascination over robots.
Just like people living in the society, robots also have their own set of rules and characteristics that define
what a good robot is. These laws were formulated by Isaac Asimov back in the 1940s, when he was thinking
of the ethical consequences of robots. These are the following (Stanford, n.d.):
Law One:
A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
Law Two:

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 A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict the First
Law.
Law Three:
A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second
Law.

Ethical Dilemma/s Faced by Robotics

Just like any other technological advancements,
robotics also faces different problems and dilemmas.
Although the idea is to help people and make their lives a
lot easier than before, it is still not immune to different
ethical dilemmas and possible undesirable outcomes. One
of the dilemmas faced by robots is safety. Who should be
held a accountable if someone’s safety is compromised by
a robot? Who should be blamed, the robot, the agent
using the robot, or the maker/inventor of the robot? It is
important to know who should be blamed and who should
be held responsible if such things happens.
Another ethical dilemma faced by robots is the
emotional component. This may seem a little absurd as of
the moment, but looking at how fast technology progresses
nowadays, it is not completely impossible for robots to
develop emotions (Evans, 2007).
So here, the questions become, “What if robots become sentiment? Should they be granted robot rights?
Should they have their own set of rights to be upheld, respected, and protect5ed by humans?” it is interesting
to know how people would react if the time comes when robots can already feel pain and pleasure. Would they
act different or not at all?
In the field of robotics, there are so-called-partial autonomy and full autonomy. Partial autonomy includes
active human-robot interaction while full autonomy excludes active human-robot interaction. In other words, a
robot with full autonomy can perform actions or activities even without a master telling it what should be done
or what should be performed next (IFR, 2012).

ACTIVITY #9: Questions for Reflection

Instruction: Explain each of the following questions in 5 – 10 sentences. You may refer to the rubrics
provided on how your work will be graded. Write the letter of the correct answer in your assessment
notebook. You may refer to the rubrics provided on how your work will be graded. (15 points)
1. How does science and technology affect contemporary life and vice versa?
2. How do we protect our human rights in the face of technological advancement and ethical dilemmas?
3. Do you believe that Google makes people stupid? Cite at least three examples to support your
assertion.
4. Read the entirely of Joy’s article. Why doesn’t the future need us?
5. Do people really need technology in their lives? Is it really a necessity?
6. How do you reconcile the “need” for technology and the dilemma/s it faces?
7. Should there be an ethics of technology?

ACTIVITY #9: Be A Lawmaker

Instruction: Work in Pairs. Search for a National Policy or Laws that address the ethical and moral
concerns in the technological era. Afterwards, create a flow chart about it You may refer to given rubrics on
how your work will be graded. (15 points).
Note: In forming your pairs/groups, please try to contact your classmates via messenger or email, etc. and
plan out the said activity. (Online communication must be observed)

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Check Your Understanding
Direction: Read the following questions carefully. Write the correct answer in your Assessment Notebook.
(30 points)
1. Which of the following article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that all humans
have an innate freedom and equality?
a. Article 1 c. Article 3
b. Article 2 d. Article 4

2. What is an Artificial Intelligence?

a. An Intelligence demonstrated by machines which is programmed by humans
b. An Intelligence demonstrated by humans unconsciously
c. An Intelligence developed by certain animals with the help of humans
d. An Intelligence shared by both animals and human

3. According to Controversial Essay of Bill Joy, which of the following 21at century technologies are
threat to human existence?
a. Genetics, Nanotech and Robotics c. GMO, Biotech and Robotics
b. Microchips, Computers and Robotics d. Genetics, Biotech and Robotics
4. Which of the following article of UDHR that stresses on Banning of Slavery?
a. Article 4 b. Article 5 c. Article 6 d. Article 7

5. Which of the following UDHR that stresses on the banning of torture?

a. Article 4 b. Article 5 c. Article 6 d. Article 7

6. Which of the following article of UDHR that stresses on equality before the law?
a. Article 4 b. Article 5 c. Article 6 d. Article 7

7. Which of the following does not belong to the lay out possibility of intervention in the book “How
Much is Enough?” by Robert and Edward Skidelsky.
a. Banning Advertising c. Basic Income
b. Shorter Working Week d. Basic Needs

8. Which of the following is the highest Literacy rates in United States?

a. Costa Rica b. Cuba c. Canada and US d. Europe

9. It states that “no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor
any person be denied the equal protection of the laws”.
a. Article VI c. Court Oders
b. Bill of Rights d. Republic Act

10. What is the only one of the many ethical considerations in the widespread use AI?
a. Unemployment c. Laziness
b. Employment d. All of the above

11. It is gradually being replaced by machinery. Computers become more and more sophisticated.
Robots, usually design like human beings, are created to perform complex, repetitive, or
dangerous task.
a. Manual Labor c. Laziness
b. Unemployment d. All of the above

12. When we fully recognize and appreciate this truth in ourselves and in the entire person around us,
regardless of their status in life, then we pave the way for a just and progressive society. What
does it mean that talks about the ultimate core values of our existence?
a. Human Dignity c. Human Core
b. Human Existence d. Values

13. How many articles are in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
a. 25 b. 30 c. 35 d. 40

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 14. The following is the reason why UDHR written EXCEPT
a. As a global standard of fundamental human rights for universal recognition and protection
b. As basis for comprehensive statement of inalienable human rights
c. Make ways to get poor countries compete with rich countries
d. All of the above

15. How do we protect our human rights in the face of technological advancements and ethical
dilemmas?
a. Knowing one’s human dignity and civil rights on the use and function of technology.
b. Know and live the UDHR to prevent injustice and oppression.
c. Make ways to get poor countries compete with rich countries.
d. All of the above

16. What does singularity means according Gerd Leonhard?

a. The point in time when machine will equal then surpass humans and brain powers.
b. It is the point of all magical algorithms that change our lives.
c. These are the mega shifts that might happen in the future.
d. It is the present and future digital world, where all are equal

17. Which of the following statements support the declaration of the universal human rights?
a. it was proclaimed by United Nations General Assembly dated December 10, 1949
b. UDHR was the basis of human rights for national recognition and protection
c. recognizes inherent dignity and of the equal rights of all the members of the human family is the
foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world
d. it was declared that human has equal rights to do whatever they want as long as it alleviates
them from the poverty line.

18. What will happen if human will most likely make use of their time in searching for answers in the
internet?
a. it will make humans dull and lazy
b. it will make humans in tune in the world
c. it will allow human to discover new technology
d. make human productive

19. The ethics of technology should be identified?

a. Not sure, since they never become never exist in the real world
b. Maybe, because they needed and it is necessary to human
c. Yes, to ensure the safety and morality of these devices to people
d. No, they do not have life and it is not affected by UDHR

20. Technology devices are helpful and beneficial to humans. Which of the following dilemmas most
experienced now a day by most parents?
a. Most people are not capable yet of rational deciding for themselves what is right or wrong due to
frequent use of technology
b. Create a virtual entertainment more interesting
c. Create a gap between people and lack of socializations
d. Most people would argue that frequent use of technology make their individuals lazy and
unhealthy

21. What would happen if humans will be replaced by machines?

a. makes the lives of humans easier
b. human will only facilitate robots
c. work will be done with perfection
d. threat to human dignity and security

22. The development of society along with science and technology rise to more and more complex
issues. What is vital is that, at the very least, we are able to protect and exercise ______
a. good life
b. human rights
c. our existence
d. our essence as human

23. What was the name of the chief scientist and corporate executive office of Sun Microsystems who
wrote a controversial essay entitled “Why the future does not need us?”
a. Bill Joy
b. Bill Gates
c. J. Robert
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 d. D. Robert

24 – 30. List the remaining Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

RUBRICS
Video Presentation
Criteria Excellent Good Satisfactory Needs Improvement
(5 points) (4 points) (3 points) (1-2 points)
Concept The video clearly The video The video The video does not
demonstrates a key demonstrates key demonstrates a demonstrate a clear
concept. concepts. previous concept. concept.
Design The video clearly The quality and The quality and The quality and
demonstrates a key materials in the video materials in the video materials in the video
concept. adequately organized lacked some are not organized and
and somewhat clear. organization and 50% lack clarity.
clear.
Participation All members The majority of the Half of the group did Only one person
demonstrate an members most of the work. demonstrated an
active role in the demonstrate an active role.
process. active role,
Final Final product looks Final product looks Final product required Final product looks
Product professional and the decent and the more revisions and the unrefined and the
concepts were concepts were concepts were not concepts were not
visibly somewhat clearly demonstrated. demonstrated.
demonstrated. demonstrated.

Explanation Writing Rubrics

Criteria Description
Distinguished Shows a thorough understanding of the concept or material and extends the
(5 points) understanding beyond the requirements (e.g., relating concepts/materials to other
concepts/materials, offering new ideas, by a deep and nuanced analysis, or by
demonstrating a level of skill beyond expectations for proficiency)
Proficient Show a competence and correct understanding of the concept or the ability to perform
(4 points) the skill as articulated.

Basic Shows partial mastery of prerequisite knowledge and a rudimentary or incomplete

(3 points) understanding of the concept or a rudimentary ability to perform the skill as articulated.

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 Unsatisfactory Shows serious misconceptions or lack of understanding of the concept or an inability to
(1-2 points) perform the skill.

Activity Output Rubrics

Criteria 5 Points 4 Points 3 Points 2 Points 1 Point
Overall Excellent Very Good Good but still Fair and need to Poor. Add some
Impact could do better try harder effort to get a
higher grade
Answers to Excellent. The Very Good. The Good. Answered Fair. Answered Poor. Put no
Each student was able to students were the questions the questions effort in
Question answer the able to almost correctly but still without trying. answering the
question correctly. answer the missing the Did not explain question. Did not
Explained the idea question whole point for the answers explain answer at
very well correctly through their answer to very well. all.
missing some the question.
more idea. Needs to improve
Explained the the way he/she
idea well. explains his/her
answer
Neatness No erasures on the Has little Has lots of The paper is Very dirty output
and paper. Very neat. erasures. erasures but still almost full of and the writing is
Readability The writing is very Almost neat. looking neat. The erasures and very untidy
neat as well. The writing is writing makes it the writing is making it
neat. difficult to read. almost unreadable.
impossible to
read.

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This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 1 | Page 40
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