📚 Class 5 Mathematics

Complete Study Guide

Admission Test Preparation

Topics Covered
1. Place Value
2. Factors & Multiples
3. Fractions
4. Decimals
5. Perimeter & Area
6. Time
Topic 1: Place Value
Place value tells us WHAT a digit is worth based on WHERE it sits in a number.

Understanding Place Values

Every digit in a number has a place. From right to left the places are:

Place Value it represents

Ones 1
Tens 10
Hundreds 100
Thousands 1,000
Ten-Thousands 10,000
Hundred-Thousands 100,000
Millions 1,000,000

Example: The number 4,72,538

Let's break it down digit by digit:

Digit Place Value — What it means

4 4 Lakhs = 4,00,000
7 7 Ten-Thousands = 70,000
2 2 Thousands = 2,000
5 5 Hundreds = 500
3 3 Tens = 30
8 8 Ones = 8

So: 4,72,538 = 4,00,000 + 70,000 + 2,000 + 500 + 30 + 8

Face Value vs. Place Value

Term Meaning & Example
 Face Value The digit itself. In 4,72,538 — face value of 5 is just 5
Place Value Digit × its position. In 4,72,538 — place value of 5 is 500

Comparing Numbers
To compare two numbers, follow these steps:
• Step 1: Count the digits. More digits = bigger number
• Step 2: If same number of digits, compare from LEFT to RIGHT
• Step 3: The first digit that differs tells you which is bigger

Compare 52,341 and 52,819

Both have 5 digits. Compare left to right:
• 5 = 5 (same)
• 2 = 2 (same)
• 3 < 8 ← Here they differ!
So: 52,341 < 52,819

Quick Memory Tricks!

• Ones, Tens, Hundreds — think of money: 1p, 10p, 100p coins
• When a digit is 0, it still holds the place! (e.g., 305 = 3 hundreds + 0 tens + 5 ones)
• To find place value: Digit × position value (e.g., 7 in hundreds = 7 × 100 = 700)

Practice Questions
• What is the place value of 6 in 36,492?
• Write 85,307 in expanded form.
• Which is greater: 4,52,860 or 4,56,280?
• Write the number: 3 lakhs + 4 thousands + 7 tens + 2 ones
Topic 2: Factors & Multiples

What are Factors?

A factor is a number that divides another number exactly (no remainder).

Factors of 12:
Ask: What numbers divide 12 exactly?
• 1 × 12 = 12 ✓
• 2 × 6 = 12 ✓
• 3 × 4 = 12 ✓
Factors of 12: {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12}

What are Multiples?

A multiple is what you get when you multiply a number by 1, 2, 3, 4...

Multiples of 5:
5×1=5, 5×2=10, 5×3=15, 5×4=20, 5×5=25...
Multiples of 5: {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, ...} (go on forever!)

Prime & Composite Numbers

Type Definition & Examples
Prime Number Has exactly 2 factors: 1 and itself. Examples: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17,
19, 23
Composite Number Has more than 2 factors. Examples: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15
Special: 1 Neither prime nor composite — it has only 1 factor (itself)
Special: 2 The ONLY even prime number!

HCF — Highest Common Factor

HCF is the biggest number that divides both numbers exactly.
 Find HCF of 12 and 18:
• Factors of 12: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
• Factors of 18: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
• Common Factors: 1, 2, 3, 6
HCF = 6 (the biggest common factor)

LCM — Lowest Common Multiple

LCM is the smallest number that is a multiple of both numbers.

Find LCM of 4 and 6:

• Multiples of 4: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24...
• Multiples of 6: 6, 12, 18, 24, 30...
• Common Multiples: 12, 24, 36...
LCM = 12 (the smallest common multiple)

Easy Way to Remember!

• Factors go DOWN (they are smaller than or equal to the number)
• Multiples go UP (they are bigger than or equal to the number)
• HCF × LCM = Product of the two numbers (e.g., HCF(4,6)=2, LCM=12 →
2×12=24=4×6 ✓)

Practice Questions
• List all factors of 24.
• Write the first 5 multiples of 7.
• Is 37 prime or composite? Why?
• Find the HCF of 16 and 24.
• Find the LCM of 8 and 12.
Topic 3: Fractions
A fraction represents a PART of a whole. Written as: Numerator / Denominator

Parts of a Fraction
Part Meaning
Numerator (top) How many parts we have
Denominator (bottom) How many equal parts the whole is divided into

Types of Fractions
Type Definition & Example
Proper Fraction Numerator < Denominator. Example: 3/5 (less than 1 whole)
Improper Fraction Numerator ≥ Denominator. Example: 7/4 (equal to or more than 1
whole)
Mixed Number Whole number + proper fraction. Example: 1¾
Like Fractions Same denominator. Example: 1/5, 3/5, 4/5
Unlike Fractions Different denominators. Example: 1/2, 1/3, 2/5
Equivalent Fractions Different numbers but same value. Example: 1/2 = 2/4 = 3/6

Converting Between Forms

Improper → Mixed: 11/4

• Divide: 11 ÷ 4 = 2 remainder 3
• Answer: 2 and 3/4 (written as 2¾)

Mixed → Improper: 3¼
• Multiply whole number by denominator: 3 × 4 = 12
• Add numerator: 12 + 1 = 13
• Answer: 13/4

Adding & Subtracting Fractions

 SAME denominators — just add/subtract numerators:
2/7 + 3/7 = 5/7

DIFFERENT denominators — find LCM first:

1/3 + 1/4 → LCM of 3 and 4 = 12
1/3 = 4/12 and 1/4 = 3/12
4/12 + 3/12 = 7/12

Multiplying Fractions

Multiply tops together AND bottoms together:

2/3 × 4/5 = (2×4)/(3×5) = 8/15

Simplify before or after — your choice!

Comparing Fractions

To compare fractions quickly:

• Same denominator? Compare numerators. (3/7 > 2/7 because 3 > 2)
• Same numerator? Bigger denominator = smaller fraction. (1/3 < 1/2)
• Different? Convert to same denominator first using LCM.

Practice Questions
• Convert 17/5 to a mixed number.
• Convert 4⅔ to an improper fraction.
• Add: 2/9 + 5/9
• Add: 1/2 + 2/3
• Which is greater: 3/4 or 5/7?
• Multiply: 3/5 × 5/6
Topic 4: Decimals
Decimals are another way to write fractions — using a dot (decimal point).

Decimal Place Values

Position Name
Just left of dot Ones
1st place after dot Tenths (= 1/10)
2nd place after dot Hundredths (= 1/100)
3rd place after dot Thousandths (= 1/1000)

In the decimal 46.375:

• 4 is in the Tens place = 40
• 6 is in the Ones place = 6
• 3 is in the Tenths place = 3/10 = 0.3
• 7 is in the Hundredths place = 7/100 = 0.07
• 5 is in the Thousandths place = 5/1000 = 0.005

Fractions ↔ Decimals
Fraction Decimal
1/10 0.1
1/4 0.25
1/2 0.5
3/4 0.75
1/5 0.2
2/5 0.4

Adding & Subtracting Decimals

RULE: Always line up the decimal points!

Example: 14.65 + 8.3

 14.65
+ 8.30 ← add a zero to make it easier
------
22.95

Multiplying & Dividing Decimals

Multiply: 2.4 × 3
• Ignore decimal: 24 × 3 = 72
• Count decimal places in question: 1 place
• Put decimal back: 7.2

Divide: 6.4 ÷ 2
• Divide normally: 64 ÷ 2 = 32
• Put decimal back in same position: 3.2

Comparing Decimals

How to compare decimals:

• Compare whole number part first
• If equal, compare tenths digit, then hundredths, then thousandths
• Example: 3.72 vs 3.69 → Whole parts equal, Tenths: 7 > 6 → 3.72 > 3.69
• Trick: 0.5 = 0.50 = 0.500 — adding zeros doesn't change the value!

Practice Questions
• What is the place value of 4 in 12.456?
• Convert 3/4 to decimal.
• Add: 12.5 + 8.75
• Subtract: 20 - 13.45
• Multiply: 1.5 × 4
• Which is greater: 0.8 or 0.79?
Topic 5: Perimeter & Area

Perimeter
Perimeter = the total distance around the outside of a shape.

Shape Perimeter Formula

Rectangle P = 2 × (Length + Width) or P = 2L + 2W
Square P = 4 × Side
Triangle P = Side1 + Side2 + Side3
Any polygon P = Sum of all sides

Rectangle: Length = 8 cm, Width = 5 cm

P = 2 × (8 + 5) = 2 × 13 = 26 cm

Square: Side = 7 cm
P = 4 × 7 = 28 cm

Area
Area = the space inside a shape. Measured in square units (cm², m²).

Shape Area Formula

Rectangle A = Length × Width
Square A = Side × Side (= Side²)
Triangle A = ½ × Base × Height
Parallelogram A = Base × Height

Rectangle: Length = 9 cm, Width = 4 cm

A = 9 × 4 = 36 cm²

Triangle: Base = 6 cm, Height = 5 cm

A = ½ × 6 × 5 = ½ × 30 = 15 cm²
Key Differences
Perimeter Area
Distance around the edge Space inside the shape
Measured in cm, m, km Measured in cm², m², km²
Add all sides Multiply length × width (for rectangles)

Remember!
• Perimeter = think of building a fence around your garden (goes along the edge)
• Area = think of buying carpet for a room (covers the floor)
• Always write the correct units: cm for perimeter, cm² for area

Practice Questions
• Find the perimeter of a rectangle with length 12 cm and width 7 cm.
• Find the area of a square with side 9 cm.
• A triangle has a base of 10 cm and height of 6 cm. Find its area.
• A room is 5 m long and 4 m wide. How much carpet is needed to cover it?
• A field has a perimeter of 60 m. If the length is 20 m, what is the width?
Topic 6: Time

Units of Time
Unit Equals
1 minute 60 seconds
1 hour 60 minutes
1 day 24 hours
1 week 7 days
1 fortnight 14 days (2 weeks)
1 month 28, 29, 30, or 31 days
1 year 365 days (366 in a leap year)
1 decade 10 years
1 century 100 years

12-Hour vs 24-Hour Clock

12-Hour 24-Hour
12:00 midnight 00:00
6:00 AM 06:00
12:00 noon 12:00
1:00 PM 13:00
6:00 PM 18:00
11:00 PM 23:00

Converting 12-hour to 24-hour:

• AM times: just write the same (6:30 AM = 06:30)
• PM times: add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM → 3+12 = 15:45)
• 12 PM (noon) stays as 12:00; 12 AM (midnight) becomes 00:00

Calculating Time Duration

 Example: A movie starts at 2:45 PM and ends at 5:10 PM. How long is it?

Method: Count forward

• From 2:45 PM to 3:00 PM = 15 minutes
• From 3:00 PM to 5:00 PM = 2 hours
• From 5:00 PM to 5:10 PM = 10 minutes
Total duration = 2 hours 25 minutes

Adding & Subtracting Time

Add: 3 hours 45 min + 2 hours 30 min

• Add minutes: 45 + 30 = 75 min = 1 hour 15 min
• Add hours: 3 + 2 + 1 (carried) = 6 hours
Answer: 6 hours 15 minutes

Subtract: 5 hours 10 min - 2 hours 40 min

• Can't subtract 40 from 10, so borrow 1 hour = 60 min
• Minutes: 70 - 40 = 30 min
• Hours: 4 - 2 = 2 hours
Answer: 2 hours 30 minutes

Calendar & Dates

Month Days
January, March, May, July, 31 days
August, October, December
April, June, September, 30 days
November
February 28 days (29 in a leap year)

Knuckle Trick for Month Days:

Make a fist. Start from your first knuckle — HIGH knuckle = 31 days, LOW gap = 30 days (or
28). January on first knuckle, February in gap, March on next knuckle... and so on!

Practice Questions
• How many minutes are there in 3½ hours?
• Convert 3:30 PM to 24-hour format.
• A train leaves at 08:15 and arrives at 11:50. How long is the journey?
• Add: 4 hours 55 minutes + 3 hours 20 minutes.
• How many days are there from March 5 to April 10 (inclusive)?
Quick Reference Summary
Use this page for fast revision before your exam!

Place Value Place tells value. Expanded form = sum of each digit × its place value.
HCF × LCM = product of numbers.
Factors & Factors divide exactly. Multiples are products. HCF = biggest common
Multiples factor. LCM = smallest common multiple. Prime = only 2 factors.
Fractions Proper: top < bottom. Improper: top ≥ bottom. Same denom to
add/subtract. Multiply tops & bottoms. LCM for unlike fractions.
Decimals Line up decimal points to add/subtract. Count decimal places to multiply.
Tenths=1/10, Hundredths=1/100.
Perimeter & Perimeter = total of all sides (cm). Area = length × width (cm²). Triangle
Area area = ½ × base × height.
Time 60 sec=1 min, 60 min=1 hr, 24 hr=1 day, 365 days=1 year. PM + 12 = 24-
hr time. Line up and carry/borrow for time calculation.

Best of luck on your exam! You've got this! 🌟