Principle of Flight
Objective
To ensure the student understands and exhibits knowledge of basic aerodynamics and a range of factors which affect
airplane stability and controllability.
Introduction
● Airplane aerodynamics, stability and controllability is an essential factor for every pilot.
● This will introduce students to the four forces of flight which are the fundamentals of flying.
Schedule Equipment
● Ground Lesson: 45 minutes ● Whiteboard / Markers (optional)
● Student Q&A: 15 minutes ● Model Airplane (optional)
● laptop/ tablet (optional) / Projector (optional)
Student Actions Instructor Actions
● Participate in discussion ● Discuss lesson objectives
● Take notes ● Present lecture
● Ask and respond verbally to questions ● Ask and answer student’s questions
● Assign homework/ seatwork
Completion Standards
A. Student shall explain:
● The Four Forces
● Angle of attack, and how airfoils produce lift
● Axes of Motion
● The left-turning tendencies
B. Students will be required to complete a written knowledge exam with a minimum passing score of 75%.
References
●Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
● The Pilot’s Manual 2
● Private pilot Handbook (JEPPESEN)
Ground Lesson Outline
● The Four Forces
○ Weight, Lift, Thrust, Drag
○ How Airplanes Climb
● Airfoils
○ Any moving object creates drag
■ Creating lift creates drag
■ Parasite drag: Form drag, interference drag, & skin friction drag
○ Parts of an airfoil
■ Leading Edge, Trailing Edge
■ Chord, Camber, Thickness, Span / Aspect Ratio
● How Airfoils Produce Lift
■ Bernoulli’s Principle
■ Newton’s third law
■ Angle of Attack
● Axes of Motion
○ Lateral Axis (Elevator/Pitch)
○ Longitudinal Axis (Ailerons/Roll)
○ Vertical Axis (Rudder/Yaw)
● Left Turning Tendencies
○ Torque reaction,
○ Spiraling Slipstream,
○ ‘P-Factor,’
○ Gyroscopic Precession
Prepared by: Brave SON
Aircraft General Knowledge
Objective
To understand and exhibit knowledge of aircraft systems.
Introduction
Aircraft General Knowledge are those required to operate an aircraft efficiently and safely. These include aircraft systems,
and their complexities vary with the type of aircraft.
Schedule Equipment
● Ground lesson: 45 minutes ● White board/ Markers (optional)
● Student Q&A: 15minutes ● Model engine (optional)
● Laptop & Tablet (optional)
● POH
Student Actions Instructor Actions
● Participate in discussion ● Discuss lesson objectives
● Take notes ● Present lecture
● Ask and respond verbally to questions ● Ask and answer student’s questions
● Provide students’ hand-on experience
Completion Standards
A. Student Shall exhibit knowledge relating to basic aircraft systems relevant to the aircraft being flown which are
include,
● Powerplant (Reciprocating engine)
● Basic Induction System
● Basic Ignition System
● Basic Fuel System.
B. Students will be required to complete a written knowledge exam with a minimum passing score of 75%.
References
●Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
● POH
● Private pilot Handbook (JEPPESEN)
Ground Lesson Outline
● Powerplant
○ Reciprocating Engine
○ Parts of the Cylinder
○ Otto Cycle/4-Stroke
● Induction System
○ The Intake port
○ Carburetor
○ Carburetor Icing
● Ignition System
○ Magnetos
○ Spark plug and fouling
● Fuel System
Prepared by: Brave SON
Navigation
Objective
To ensure the student understands and be familiar with the elements of navigation and exhibit knowledge of its
application in flight.
Introduction
The process of determining the geographic position and maintaining the desired direction of an aircraft relative to the
surface of the earth. There are three types of navigation: Dead Reckoning Navigation, Visual Navigation, and Electronic
Navigation.
Schedule Equipment
● Ground Lesson: 45 minutes ● Airplane POH
● Student Q&A: 15 minutes ● VFR Sectional Charts / Plotter / E6B
● Nav Log / Scratch Paper
● Whiteboard / Markers (optional)
Student Actions Instructor Actions
● Ask any questions, receive study material for ● Deliver the ground lesson (below).
the next lesson. ● Answer student questions.
● Review listed references. ● Seatwork
Completion Standards
A. Student shall explain the following concepts:
● Heading, Course, Track, True vs. Magnetic Headings
● How to use a Plotter and E6-B
● Pilotage, Dead Reckoning, and Navigation Logs
● How to compute fuel and endurance figures
B. Students will be required to complete a written knowledge exam with a minimum passing score of 75%.
References
●Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
● POH
● Private pilot Handbook (JEPPESEN)
● The Pilot’s Manual 2
Ground Lesson Outline
● Navigation Terms
○ Heading, Course, Ground track, True Airspeed, Ground Speed, etc.
● Types Aeronautical Charts
○ World Aeronautical Chart (WAC)
○ Sectional Chart
○ VFR Terminal Area Chart
○ Aerodrome Chart
● Coordinate System
● Flight planning
○ Determining the COURSE (Heading) & DISTANCE by using a plotter
○ Magnetic Heading, Wind Correction Angle and True Heading.
○ Finishing the Flight Plan including a NAVIGATION LOG
○ VFR Cruising Altitude (Half-Moon Principle)
● Flight Computer
○ Speed, Distance and Time Calculations
○ Fuel used, Time remaining (Endurance), Fuel consumption rate, TAS & DA
○ Wind Correction Angle
Prepared by: Brave SON
Air law
Objective
The student should understand and exhibit knowledge of the air transport and regulatory services by the civil aviation
authority of the philippines.
Lesson Overview
● Licenses and Requirements
○ Student Pilot License
○ Private Pilot License
○ Commercial Pilot License
● Ratings and Certificates
○ Categories and Classes
○ Pilot Ratings
○ Medical and ELP Certificates
● Pilot Limitations
○ Age Limitations ○ Recurrency
○ PIC Responsibilities
○ Psychoactive Substances
○ Dangerous Goods
○ Flight Plan
○ Fuel Requirements
○ Minimum Altitudes
○ Right of Way Rules
○ Aerobatic, Formation Flights, and entry to Prohibited Areas
○ Flight Time Limitations
○ Aircraft and PIC Documents
Schedule Equipment
● Ground Lesson: 45 minutes ● laptop & PowerPoint
Student Actions Instructor Actions
○ Participate in discussion ○ Discuss lesson objectives
○ Take notes ○ Present lecture
○ Ask and respond verbally to questions ○ Ask and answer student’s questions
Completion Standards
○ Students will be required to complete a written knowledge exam with a minimum passing score of 75%.
Reference
Civil Aviation Authority Regulations (PCAR)
Ground Lesson Outline
● Licenses and Requirements
○ Student Pilot License
○ Private Pilot License
○ Commercial Pilot License
● Ratings and Certificates
○ Categories and Classes
○ Pilot Ratings
○ Medical and ELP Certificates
● Pilot Limitations
○ Age Limitations ○ Recurrency
○ PIC Responsibilities
○ Psychoactive Substances
○ Dangerous Goods
○ Flight Plan
○ Fuel Requirements
○ Minimum Altitudes
○ Right of Way Rules
○ Aerobatic, Formation Flights, and entry to
Prohibited Areas
○ Flight Time Limitations
○ Aircraft and PIC Documents
Prepared by: Brave SON
Human Performance
Objective
The student should understand, be familiar and exhibit knowledge of Physiological factors in flight such as stress,
complacency, fatigue and its limitations on human performance.
Introduction
● Human beings have the remarkable ability to adapt to their environment. In aviation, the demands upon the
compensatory mechanisms of the body are numerous and of considerable magnitude.
● Advances in aviation engineering in the past decade have resulted in the development of highly versatile aircraft. Since
we are essentially creatures of the ground, we must learn how to adjust to the low pressures and temperatures of flight,
and the effects of acceleration on the body.
Schedule Equipment
● Ground Lesson: 45 minutes ● laptop & PowerPoint
Student Actions Instructor Actions
○ Participate in discussion ○ Deliver the ground lesson (below).
○ Take notes ○ Answer student questions.
○ Ask and respond verbally to questions
Completion Standards
○ Students will be required to complete a written knowledge exam with a minimum passing score of 75%.
Reference
●Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
● The Pilot’s Manual 2
● Private pilot Handbook (JEPPESEN)
Ground Lesson Outline
●Respiration and Circulation
○ Respiration
○ Circulation
● Hypoxia
○ Signs and Symptoms
○ Types of Hypoxia
○ Prevention and Treatment
● Hyperventilation
○ Recognizing and Treating
● Carbon monoxide poisoning
○ Source of Carbon monoxide
○ Symptoms and Prevention
Prepared by : Brave SON