1.
Kinematics
• v = u + at — Used to find final velocity when acceleration and time are known.
• s = ut + ½at² — Used to calculate displacement during uniformly accelerated motion.
• v² = u² + 2as — Used when time is not given in motion problems.
• s = (u + v)/2 × t — Used to calculate displacement from average velocity.
• a = (v − u)/t — Defines acceleration as rate of change of velocity.
• Relative velocity: v_AB = v_A − v_B — Used when two bodies move relative to each other.
2. Newton's Laws and Forces
• F = ma — Calculates force acting on an object.
• W = mg — Weight of an object in gravitational field.
• f = µN — Frictional force between surfaces.
• F_spring = −kx — Hooke’s Law for spring restoring force.
• Centripetal force: F = mv²/r — Force required for circular motion.
• Momentum: p = mv — Quantity of motion of an object.
3. Work, Energy, and Power
• W = Fd cosθ — Work done by a constant force.
• Kinetic Energy: KE = ½mv² — Energy due to motion.
• Potential Energy: PE = mgh — Energy due to height.
• Power: P = W/t — Rate of doing work.
• Efficiency = (useful output / input) × 100% — Used in machine problems.
• Work–Energy Theorem: W = ∆KE — Work changes kinetic energy.
4. Circular Motion and Gravitation
• Centripetal acceleration: a = v²/r — Acceleration toward center.
• Angular velocity: ω = θ/t — Rate of angular displacement.
• v = rω — Relation between linear and angular velocity.
• Gravitational force: F = Gm■m■/r² — Universal law of gravitation.
• Gravitational potential energy: U = −GMm/r — Energy in gravitational field.
• Orbital velocity: v = √(GM/r) — Velocity for satellite orbit.
5. Waves
• Wave speed: v = fλ — Relation between speed, frequency and wavelength.
• Frequency: f = 1/T — Number of oscillations per second.
• Period: T = 1/f — Time for one oscillation.
• Phase difference formula used in interference problems.
• Doppler Effect: f' = f((v ± v_o)/(v ± v_s)) — Used when source or observer moves.
6. Thermodynamics
• Temperature conversion: K = °C + 273.
• Heat formula: Q = mc∆T — Heat needed to change temperature.
• First Law: ∆U = Q − W — Energy conservation in thermodynamics.
• Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT — Relation of pressure, volume, temperature.
• Efficiency of heat engine: η = W/Q_H.
• Heat conduction: Q/t = kA(∆T/L).
7. Electrostatics
• Coulomb’s Law: F = kq■q■/r² — Force between two charges.
• Electric field: E = F/q — Field strength definition.
• Electric potential: V = W/q.
• Potential difference: V = IR (Ohm's law relation).
• Capacitance: C = Q/V — Charge stored per potential.
• Energy in capacitor: U = ½CV².
8. Current Electricity
• Ohm’s Law: V = IR — Relation between voltage, current, resistance.
• Electrical power: P = VI.
• Resistance formula: R = ρL/A.
• Series resistors: R_total = R■ + R■ + R■.
• Parallel resistors: 1/R = 1/R■ + 1/R■ + 1/R■.
• Electrical energy: E = Pt.
9. Magnetism and Electromagnetism
• Magnetic force: F = qvB sinθ — Force on moving charge.
• Force on wire: F = BIL sinθ.
• Magnetic field of wire: B = µ■I/(2πr).
• Faraday’s Law: ε = −dΦ/dt — Electromagnetic induction.
• Lenz’s Law determines direction of induced current.
• Magnetic flux: Φ = BA cosθ.
10. Optics and Modern Physics
• Lens formula: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u — Used to locate image formed by lens.
• Magnification: m = v/u.
• Mirror formula: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u.
• Snell’s Law: n■ sinθ■ = n■ sinθ■ — Refraction of light.
• Photon energy: E = hf — Energy of light quantum.
• de Broglie wavelength: λ = h/p — Wave nature of matter.