Unit 1 (Part A)

By Akshada Tari
Asst. Professor S.R.I.E.I.T
Cloud Computing
• Cloud Computing is a technology that allows users to access computing resources such as
• storage,
• software,
• servers, and
• processing power
over the internet ,on demand and pay only for what they use.

Example:
• Google Drive → Cloud Storage
• Canva → Cloud Software
• Gmail → Cloud Email Service
• Netflix → Cloud Streaming
Need For Cloud Computing
• Ex. Earlier days if we want to carry a file we have to take it on CD, hard disk, external
devices,

• But cloud ensures :You can access them

•From any computer
•From any location
•As long as internet connection is available

•Data is stored in multiple servers (backup copies)

•Even if one server fails, data is still available
Hence Losing data /file using cloud is much less likely.
According to National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST)
• Cloud is composed of
• Five essential characteristics,
• Four deployment models and
• Three service models
 Cloud is composed of /
5-4-3 Principles of Cloud Computing
Five essential characteristics Four deployment models Three service models

• On demand Self Service • Public Cloud • SAAS

• Broad access Network • Private Cloud • PAAS
• Resource pooling • Hybrid Cloud • IAAS
• Rapid Elasticity • Community Cloud
• Measured Service
5-4-3 Principles of Cloud Computing (10 MARKS)
Five Essential Characteristics
Five Essential Characteristics

1. On-Demand Self-Service
• The Consumers can use cloud resources like Server time, Storage
whenever needed, without interacting with the service provider.

2. Broad Network Access

• Cloud services are available over the internet and can be accessed
using different devices. (eg. Mobile phones, laptops, tablets).
 Five Essential Characteristics
3. Resource Pooling (Elastic Resource Pooling)
• The cloud provider pools resources and shares them among
multiple users using a multi-tenant model. Eg. Storage, processing,
network bandwidth.

4. Rapid Elasticity
• Resources can be quickly increased or decreased based on
demand.

5. Measured Service
• Cloud usage is measured, monitored, and billed based on
consumption.
 Four Cloud Deployment Models

• Deployment models describe the ways with which the cloud services can
be made available to its customers depending on the organisational
structure and the provisioning location.
 1. Public Cloud
• Provisioned for open use by general public.
• It can be owned, managed and operated by business, academic
or govt. organisation.
• It exists on the premises of cloud provider.
• Ex. Microsoft Azure, Amazon web services, Google Cloud
2. Private Cloud
• A Private Cloud is provisioned for exclusive use by a single
organization, even if it has multiple departments or business
units.
• Owned / managed by: The organization itself OR A third party
• Cloud Infrastructure may exist on or off premises.
 3. Hybrid Cloud
• A Hybrid Cloud is a combination of two or more distinct cloud
infrastructures (private, public) that remain separate but are
connected to allow data and application portability.
 4. Community Cloud
• A Community Cloud is shared by several organizations that have
common goals or requirements, such as security, policy, or
mission.
• It may be owned by organisations or third party .
• May exist on or off premises.
Three Service Offering Models
 1. Software as a Service(SAAS)
• Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) means using software over the
internet instead of installing in on your computer.
• You don't have to worry about downloading, updating, or
maintaining anything- the company that provides the software
handles all of that.

• Examples
• Gmail
• Google Docs
 2. Platform as a Service(PAAS)
• Platform as a Service (PaaS) provides a platform and tools that allow
developers to build, test, and deploy applications without managing the
underlying hardware or operating system.

•Used by developers
•Provider gives:
•Operating system
•Runtime
•Development tools

•Developer focuses only on writing code

• Examples
• Google App Engine
• Microsoft Azure App Service
• Heroku
 3. Infrastructure as a Service(IAAS)
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) provides virtualized computing resources
such as servers, storage, and networking over the internet.

• User gets:
• Virtual machines
• Storage
• Network
• Maximum control

• Examples
• Amazon EC2
• Google Compute Engine
• Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines
Cloud Ecosystem

• A cloud ecosystem is the complete

environment made up of different
independent components that work
together to provide and consume
cloud services.

• These components are called

Independent actors.
Actors in a Cloud Ecosystem
• There are three main actors:
1. Cloud Service Users (CSUs) : consume cloud services

2. Cloud Service Providers (CSPs): provide and manage cloud services

such as SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS

3. Cloud Service Partners (CSNs): support CSPs in building and delivering

services
Requirements of Cloud Services
“The requirements of cloud services are the essential features that any system must satisfy to be
considered a cloud service in a cloud computing ecosystem.”

1. Multitenancy
2. Service Life Cycle Management
3. Security
4. Responsiveness
5. Intelligent Service Deployment
6. Portability
7. Interoperability
8. Regulatory Aspects
9. Environmental Sustainability
10. Service Reliability, Service Availability and Quality Assurance
11. Service Access
12. Flexibility
13. Accounting and Charging
14. Massive Data Processing
 Cloud Application
• Application executes in the cloud and is used through a web
browser

• It combines features of desktop applications such as fast

responsiveness and interactivity with the portability of web-
based applications.(Google Docs)

• Cloud applications do not require permanent installation on

local devices, are easily updated online, consume minimal local
storage, and can sometimes work offline
 Benefits
1. Accessibility- access your data and apps from anywhere, anytime.

2. Right amount of computing power-Enables precisely the right amount of

computing power and resources to be used for application.

3. No capital expenditure (CapEx), only operational expenditure (OpEx):No need

to buy costly computers or servers, You pay only for what you use

4. Virtualization:One physical computer is divided into many virtual computers.

5. Separate backup systems: data is automatically copied and saved

6. Provides green alternative: save energy and protect environment

 Drawback
• If we loose internet connection we have lost the link to the cloud and thereby data
and applications.

• Security: entire working with data and applications depends on others computing
power.

• Does not permit the control on resources as these are not owned by the user or
customer.

• Restriction on availability of applications.

• Interoperability of applications.

As the two applications may not be with the single cloud vendor and different two
vendors may not cooperate with each other.
 Drawbacks

• Cloud needs internet

• Data is not fully in your control
• You don’t own resources
• Some apps won’t work
• Different clouds don’t always work together
 Unit 1 (Part B)
By Akshada Tari
Asst. Professor S.R.I.E.I.T
Cloud Computing Architecture and
Management
Cloud Architecture
 Layer 1 ( User/Client) Layer
• Layer 1 (User/Client Layer) is the entry point of cloud computing.
• This is where the user or client initiates a connection to the cloud.

• Who is the Client / User?

• The client can be any device that can access cloud services, such as:
• Desktop computer
• Laptop
• Mobile phone
• Tablet
• Thin Client: completely dependent on some other system for its complete functionality.
• Thick Client: sufficient capability for independent work
 Layer 2 (Network Layer)
• The Network Layer is responsible for connecting users to the cloud.

• How Users Connect to the Cloud?

• Public Cloud: Internet (Wifi, Mobile data)
• Private Cloud: LAN

• When accessing the private or public cloud the users require

minimum bandwidth, which is sometimes defined by the cloud
providers.

• Cloud providers may specify:

• Minimum internet speed
• Network requirements
 Layer 3 ( Cloud Management Layer)
• The Cloud Management Layer consists of software tools that are used to manage, control, and optimize cloud
resources.

• This layer:
• Decides who gets what resources
• Monitors performance
• Ensures cloud runs smoothly and efficiently

• Cloud Operating system (OS) or management software allows:

1. Resource Management. (Assign resources to users as needed: Storage, memory)
2. Resource Optimization.(Avoid wastage of resources. Improve performance)
3. Internal Cloud Governance:(Enforce policies, Maintain compliance)

• SLA (Service Level Agreement)It is an agreement between:

• Cloud Service Provider
• Cloud Service User

• Any delay in processing or any discrepancy in service provisioning may lead to SLA violation.
• SLA violation results in penalty to be given by the service provider.
 Layer 4 ( Hardware resource layer)
• This is the physical backbone of the cloud.

• This layer includes:

• Physical servers
• Storage devices
• Networking hardware
• Data centers

• A data center is used at the backend

• This Layer comes under purview of SLAs.

• Whenever user access the cloud, it should be available to the users as
quickly as possible and would be within the time that is defined by the SLAs.
 Anatomy of the cloud
Anatomy of cloud refers to the internal structure or building blocks of the cloud.
 Anatomy of the cloud
1. Physical Hardware (Server / Storage / Data Centers)
• This is the base layer of the cloud.
• Contains: (Real physical machines)Physical servers, Storage devices,
Networking equipment, Data centers.

2. Virtualization
• Process of creating logical (virtual) resources from physical hardware.
• Converts physical servers into: Virtual machines &Virtual storage
• Ensures : Isolation & Independence between users
 Anatomy of the cloud
3. Virtualized Infrastructure
• This layer consists of virtual resources created by virtualization.
• Includes: Virtual machines, Virtual storage, Virtual networks.

4. Platform
• Platforms that are responsible for the execution of the application
• Includes: Operating systems, Runtime environments, Development
frameworks & Databases

5. Application
• Applications are executed.
 Network connectivity in cloud computing
• What happens when we use a cloud application?
• When a user runs a cloud application:
1. The request is sent over the internet
2. The cloud automatically selects required resources
• Server
• Storage
• Network
3. These resources are already connected via the internet
4. The cloud processes the request and sends the result back to the user

• Because everything depends on the network,

 Example: Sending an Email Using Gmail
Step 1: Request is Sent Over the Internet
• Student types email
• Clicks Send
• The request travels:
• From laptop/mobile
• Through Wi-Fi / Mobile data
• Over the internet
• To Google’s cloud servers
 Example: Sending an Email Using Gmail
• Step 2: Cloud Selects Required Resources
• Once the request reaches Google’s cloud:

• The cloud automatically selects:

a) Server
• To process the email
• Check login authentication
• Validate recipient address

b) Storage
• Save the email in:
• Sent folder
• Receiver’s inbox

c) Network
• Route the email to the recipient’s server
 Example: Sending an Email Using Gmail
• Step 3: Cloud Processes the Request
• Google’s servers:
• Encrypt the email
• Store it safely
• Deliver it to recipient

• All this happens in seconds.

 Example: Sending an Email Using Gmail
• Step 4: Result is Sent Back to User
• Gmail shows:
“Message Sent”
 Network connectivity in cloud computing
• Network performance is the key issue to cloud computing
performance.

• If the network is slow → cloud is slow

• If the network has delay → response is delayed

• Even powerful servers cannot help if the network is weak

 [Link] cloud Access Networking
• Accessing public cloud services will always create issues related to security.

• Since data travels over the public internet:

• There is a security risk
• Data can be intercepted

• To solve this, cloud providers use encryption.

• An encrypted tunnel is like a secure pipe through the internet.

• Data is encrypted (converted to unreadable form)
• Only sender and receiver can read it

• Example:
• HTTPS
• VPN
 [Link] cloud Access Networking
• Security Affects Performance
• Encryption and decryption take extra time
• Data passes through secure checks
• This increases delay

• More security → more delay

• Less security → less delay

• Delay can be reduced by selecting suitable routing method for reducing

delay by minimizing transit hops in the end to end connectivity between
the cloud provider and cloud consumer.
 [Link] cloud Access Networking
• Users connect to a private cloud that belongs to an organization.

• How do users connect to a Private Cloud?

• In-House Network (LAN):Used when employees inside the
organization
• Internet VPN: Used when employees are outside the organization
 [Link] Intracloud Networking
• Internal networking within the cloud provider’s infrastructure.

• Cloud resources such as servers and storage may be geographically

distributed but are connected through high-speed internal networks.

• These networks are managed by the cloud service provider and are
not visible to cloud users.
 4. Private Intracloud Networking
• Private intracloud networking means Internal networking between
multiple data centers owned by the same company, used to connect
cloud resources with users and applications.

• All cloud computing implementations rely on intracloud networking

for internal communication.

• If applications are designed using Service-Oriented Architecture

(SOA), network traffic occurs not only between users and applications
but also among application components.

• Cloud computing performance depends on the relationship between

application design and network connectivity.
 Applications on the Cloud
1. Stand Alone Application
2. Web Application
3. Cloud Application
 1. Stand Alone Application
• Functioning depends on resources available within the system
• Does not require internet
• Does not require external data or processing power
• Examples:
• Calculator
• Notepad
• MS Paint
 2. Web Application
• A web application works using a client–server architecture.
• Server: Has the web application installed
• Client: Can be anywhere in the network
• Client accesses the application through the internet
• Examples:
• Online shopping websites
• College portal
• Online forms
 3. Cloud Application
• A cloud application is different from standalone and web applications
because it has unique cloud features.

• Supports:
1. Multitenancy
2. Elasticity
3. Heterogeneous cloud platform
4. Quantitative measurement
5. On demand service

• Examples:
• Gmail
• Dropbox
• Google Docs
 Managing the cloud
• Cloud management means efficiently managing the cloud so
that the Quality of Service (QoS) is maintained.

• Cloud management divided into 2 parts.

[Link] the infrastructure of the cloud.
[Link] the cloud application.
 1. Managing the infrastructure of the cloud.
a. If the infrastructure is not managed, then the whole cloud can fail and
QoS would be affected.

b. Resource management involves several internal tasks such as:

• Resource scheduling, provisioning and load balancing.
• Poor resource management may lead to several inefficiencies in terms of
performance, functionality and cost.
• SLAs can be satisfied only if the performance is good.
 1. Managing the infrastructure of the cloud.
c. On the part of service providers,
• if they incur less cost for managing the cloud, then they would try to
reduce the cost so as to get a strong user base.

• If the cost of resource management is high, the cost of accessing the

resources would be high then the users have to pay more.

• This will prove costly for the service providers as they have high chance
of loosing a wide user base.
1. Managing the infrastructure of the cloud.
d. Data centers consume huge amounts of power
• Reducing power usage is critical
• Solution: Consolidation, Server consolidation reduces energy
usage
• Improves performance
 1. Managing the infrastructure of the cloud.
e. Load Fluctuation: Cloud load keeps changing
• Load can be:
• Predictable (e.g. office hours)
• Unpredictable (e.g. sudden traffic spike)
• “Cloud must adapt to changing load.”

f. Cloud Governance
• Cloud governance is the process of:
• Creating strategic objectives
• Ensuring growth of the organization
• Maintaining control over cloud operations

• SLA is the important aspect of cloud governance.

 2. Managing the cloud application
• For moving on cloud, applications require leveraging not only
capabilities like storage, database offered by cloud providers
but also third party SaaS capabilities like email and messaging.

• Managing cloud applications ensures cloud-based apps run

smoothly, securely, and according to company policies.
 2. Managing the cloud application
• For moving on cloud, applications require leveraging not only capabilities like
storage, database offered by cloud providers but also third party SaaS
capabilities like email and messaging.

• It requires visibility into all the services to determine the overall availability and
uptime.

• Cloud application management proposes solution to make it possible to have

insight into the application that runs in the cloud and enforce enterprise policies
like governance and auditing and environment management while application is
deployed in the cloud.

• It should be supported with tools and processes required for managing other
environments.
 Migrating application to cloud
• Cloud migration means moving applications from local servers
to cloud servers to reduce cost and improve efficiency.
 Migrating application to cloud
• Moving one or more enterprise applications and their IT
environments from the traditional hosting type to the cloud
environment.

• Provides opportunities to reduce cost.

 Phases of cloud migration
[Link]- Carried out for current infrastructure and application
architecture, environments in terms of compute, storage, SLAs, risk,
security, financial, licencing.

2. Migration strategy- hotplug strategy, fusion strategy.

3. Prototyping- validate and ensure that small portion of applications are

tested on cloud environment with test data setup.
 Phases of cloud migration
[Link]
• Cloud servers are provisioned for all the identified environments,
necessary platform software and applications are deployed, databases
and files are replicated.
• All internal and external integration points are properly configured.
• Web services, batch jobs, and operation and management software are set
up in the new environments.

5. Testing
• Post migration tests are conducted to ensure that migration is successful.
• Performance and load testing, failure and recovery testing and scale out
testing are conducted against the expected traffic load and resource
utilization levels.
 Approaches to Cloud Migration
1. Migrate existing applications
2. Start from scratch
3. Separate company
4. Buy an existing cloud vendor
 Approaches to Cloud Migration

Approach Meaning

Migrate & Rebuild Improve existing app

Start from Scratch Build new cloud app

Create a new company or separate division that operates fully as a cloud-

Separate Company
based organization.
Instead of building cloud capability, buy a company that already has cloud
Buy Vendor
expertise.
 Approaches to Cloud Migration
1. Migrate existing applications
Rebuild or rearchitect some or all the applications, taking advantage of the virtualization technologies
to accelerate the work.
Requires top engineers to develop new functionality.

2. Start from scratch

Rather then cannibalize sales, confuse customers with choice and tie up engineers trying to rebuild
existing application ,it may be easier to start again.
Many R&D decisions will be different now, one can achieve more even with small focussed working
team.

3. Separate company
The investment and internet protocol may come from existing company but many of the conflicts
disappear once a new born in the cloud company established. New company can act, operate and
behave like a cloud based setup.
 Approaches to Cloud Migration
4. Buy an existing cloud vendor
Serves two things
[Link] removes a competitor.
[Link] enables the vendor to hit the ground running in the cloud
space.

The innovation, drive and operational approach of loud based

company are destroyed as it is merged into the larger acquirer.