THE EXCLUSIVE SOCIETY

Indigenous people in the Philippines form

communities with their own distinct
cultures, traditions, languages, and
social structures.
Historically, they have been living or
isolated from mainstream Philippine
society due to geographic, cultural, and
socio-economic reasons.
THE EXCLUSIVE SOCIETY
has its own rituals, dress, music, dances,
ecological knowledge, and beliefs.
For example:
Rituals done by some tribes in honoring
their “exclusive” gods are not known by
others, hence, the ritual becomes a
unique knowledge to them.
 INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE

UNESCO also emphasized that this kind

of knowledge is the basis for agriculture,
food preparation, health care, education,
conservation, and a wide range of other
activities.
In fact, with all the 110 indigenous groups
in the Philippines, it is not surprising to
know how several practices are
integrated in various cultures.
It can be concluded that these
traditions are indeed the
sources of information to apply
different indigenous beliefs
and customs all over the
country.
J e a n ne tte C a n sing S e r r ano
(former Chairperson of the National Commission on
Indigenous Peoples, 2016.)
These are the following traditions:
Traditional Medicines and Health Care
These indigenous people resort to
different kinds of rituals, depending on
the case.
For example:

1. TINGGUIAN (ethnic group)

practices dawak, or the ritual intended
for couples to bear child/children.
These are the following traditions:

1. TINGGUIAN (ethnic group)

practices ud-udong, or the ritual
intended to free a sick person from
spirits that inhabit his or her body.
2. DUMAGAT tribe
believes in putting ashes on the
umbilical cord of a newborn, to help
assist the healing process.
These are the following traditions:
Traditional Agriculture
The Philippines is known as an agricultural
country for its massive production of
different agricultural products (e.g. rice, sweet potato).
These people still adhere to traditional
practices in selecting seeds, sowing,
harvesting, and preserving, even if modern
technology has offered new and innovative
methods of farming.
These are the following traditions:
Traditional Cultural Expressions
a. Music and dances
are mainly used rituals for feast, harvest
festivities, and other religious and social
ceremonies or activities.
The use of traditional instruments like
gongs, kudyapi (stringed instrument),
and others are also practiced.
These are the following traditions:
Traditional Cultural Expressions
b. Literature
Ethnic groups are highly rich in literature
like legends of their own origin, riddles,
proverbs, chants/songs, and poetry.
c. Weaving
is the most visual representation of
cultures and traditions of different ethnic
groups.
These are the following traditions:
Related Genetic Resources
The Philippines is rich in natural
resources that can offer different
agricultural products, like rice, which has
many variations that can be found in the
country.
Several kinds of medical herbs are also
present that are grown and cultivated by
the primitive indigenous people.
 INDIGENOUS SOURCES
There is a rich background of indigenous
knowledge in the country.

Republic Act No. 8371

“an act to recognize, protect, protest, and
promote the rights of indigenous cultural
communities/indigenous peoples, creating
a national commission on indigenous
peoples.
Library Sources
Years ago, before the Internet
dominated the world, the
library was the go-to place for
people who craved
information. Despite the
dustiness of books that rested
in mazelike shelves, where
information had to be
manually searched,
information seekers persisted.
 ROLES OF LIBRARIES IN THE SOCIETY
Historically, libraries were the first sources of information
that enticed people who yearned for knowledge.
These are some of the roles of the libraries in Krolak (2005) study.

1. Facilitators of information
Libraries help people to obtain the right information
using the most convenient kind of information source.
2. Custodians of national and cultural riches
Libraries are also capable of storing archival files of the
past that may be shared with future generations.
 ROLES OF LIBRARIES IN THE SOCIETY

3. Innovators of information-seeking practices

They have historically been at the forefront of
developing systems, strategies, and technologies to
improve how people find, access, and use information.

4. Facilitators of other activities

In some libraries, there are a number of activities that
may help the learning processes of people. Some offers
study support, creative writing classes, summer reading
programs, discussion groups, art classes, etc.
What libraries can offer:

The library is not a luxury, but one of the

necessities of life.” People are naturally
inclined to know and learn new things,
though it is not like the internet that is
“just one click away.” Still, libraries are
also able to offer a variety of sources.
Henry Ward Beecher
What libraries can offer:

1. BOOKS
The most common information resources in the
library vary from educational or fictional.
2. MAGAZINES
This kind of source has enticing graphics, which are
most appropriate for visual learners, like Time or
Newsweek for educational purposes.
What libraries can offer:
3. NEWSPAPERS
One of the first printed materials in history that
provided people with relevant information and
important news articles about timely issues.
4. JOURNALS
are research-oriented articles that are more in-
depth compared to newspapers because they
offer deeper discussion of topics.
What libraries can offer:
5. MAPS
are visual representations of geographical
information and are highly beneficial in obtaining
information about places.
6. DIGITAL SOURCES
As technology advances, sources from this
avenue also improve. There are also digital
information sources that the library can offer –
CDs, tapes, and even films.
 CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

Dewey Decimal System

First published by
Melvil Dewey in the
United States in 1876,
it is used for small
library collections. It
uses numbers in
classifying books.
 CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
Library of Congress
System
This classification is
patterned after the
Library of Congress of
America and is
designed for large
collections. Instead of
numbers, this
classification uses
letters.
One of the most significant
contributions of modern technology is
the Internet.
Almost everyone uses this kind of
technology because of its endless
possibilities.
Like socialization, entertainment,
information seeking practices,
companionship, and others, can now
be done virtually.
because of the continuous
support or contribution of
Internet users, people who
are part of this virtual
community are now
labeled as “netizens”.
 The Internet, commonly known as the
Net, has been around since 1969 as a
means of computer communication of
the US defense department.

World Wide Web, started to offer

several on-line services like multimedia
interface that was able to transmit
text, pictures, audio, and video
together, known as web pages.
The Rise Of Search Engines
Search Engine
is “a computer program that is used to
look for information on the Internet”.
2015
a website called Top World Fact
named the top 10 search engines in the
world.
 THE RISE OF SEARCH ENGINES
1. Google

was named as the best search engine.

a college project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin
when they studied in Stanford University.
During 1990s, it started to become well-known
site for those who wanted to look for random
information.
 THE RISE OF SEARCH ENGINES
2. Yahoo

Founded in 1994 by David Filo and Jerry Yang.

It was initially created as a directory of
websites.
later became a known search engine that
started to offer other services like a news
portal, a shopping center, a mail box,
horoscope, and others.
 THE RISE OF SEARCH ENGINES
3. Bing

was created by Microsoft in 2009 and is one of

the most established search engines since it is
also powered by yahoo search.
All of these search engines have a common goal
which is to provide any information the user
desires. This may include references,
entertainment, social media, and the like.
 EVALUATING INTERNET SOURCES

Since the Internet has limitless information to

offer, it is important to identify which are valid,
and which are not.
 EVALUATING INTERNET SOURCES
important to consider the following factors, as suggested by Virginia Tech

1. Authority
Know if the web has an author.
In the event that there is, always check his/her
credibility. Is he or she fully knowledgeable about
the topic?
Does he or she have a good educational
background? If yes, then you are on the right
page.
 EVALUATING INTERNET SOURCES
important to consider the following factors, as suggested by Virginia Tech

2. Coverage
It is important to see if the information is able to
cover the necessary information for the researcher.
the coverage is appropriate, the researcher also
has to check if the information is in-depth enough
to properly answer all questions.
the uniqueness of the information must be
checked.
 EVALUATING INTERNET SOURCES
important to consider the following factors, as suggested by Virginia Tech

3. Objectivity
it is important to analyze the stand of the author.
Biases should not be included in getting the right
informationꓼ otherwise, the information becomes
invalid.
4. Accuracy
It should be free from errors, updated, and
preferably edited.
 EVALUATING INTERNET SOURCES
important to consider the following factors, as suggested by Virginia Tech

5. Currency

Some information needs to be

constantly updated because of
possible changes.
the only way a researcher can check is
the date reflected on the page.
Other Sources
Of Information
LESSON 4
Primary Sources
are original
These sources are not filtered,
interpreted, or evaluated yet.
These sources are raw,
freshly coming from a
discovery, a new study, and
others.
Primary Sources
1. Artifacts – coins, plant specimens, fossils, furniture, tools,
clothing, all from the time under study
2. Audio recordings – recordings of radio program
3. Diaries – personal experiences
4. Internet communications – e-mail conversation
5. Interviews – may be through oral histories, telephone, e-mail
6. Letters – may be a snail mail or e-mail
7. Photographs
8. Speeches
9. Video recordings – television programs
[Link] of arts, architecture, literature, and music-paintings,
sculptures, musical scores, buildings, novels, poems
Secondary Sources
these are interpreted and evaluated
versions of the primary sources.
are inclined to commentaries and
discussions about primary sources
not considered evidences.
1. Biography – life story of another person
2. Commentaries, criticisms
3. Histories
Tertiary Sources
these kinds of sources are a collection
of primary and secondary sources.
Some of the examples areꓽ

1. Almanacs
2. Biography (also considered secondary)
3. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias (also considered secondary)
4. Directories
5. Fact books
6. Guide books
7. Manuals
STUDY MODULE 7 AND THE
TERM ‘SCHOLARLY AND
POPULAR SOURCES’