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Natural Selection

The document discusses three biological processes: antibiotic resistance in bacteria, evolution of Galápagos finches through natural selection, and selective breeding in agriculture. It explains how genetic variation leads to survival and reproduction of resistant bacteria, adaptation of finches to their environments, and the methodical process of breeding organisms for desirable traits. Each process illustrates the principles of evolution and adaptation in different contexts.

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jenishbaral82
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6 views2 pages

Natural Selection

The document discusses three biological processes: antibiotic resistance in bacteria, evolution of Galápagos finches through natural selection, and selective breeding in agriculture. It explains how genetic variation leads to survival and reproduction of resistant bacteria, adaptation of finches to their environments, and the methodical process of breeding organisms for desirable traits. Each process illustrates the principles of evolution and adaptation in different contexts.

Uploaded by

jenishbaral82
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Bacteria Become Resistant to Antibiotics

1. Genetic variation (mutation)


In a bacterial population, some bacteria develop a random mutation in their DNA that makes them resistant
to a particular antibiotic.

2. Use of antibiotics
When an antibiotic is taken, it kills most of the non-resistant (susceptible) bacteria.

3. Survival of resistant bacteria


The few bacteria with the resistance mutation survive because the antibiotic does not affect them.

4. Reproduction of resistant bacteria


These resistant bacteria reproduce rapidly by binary fission, producing many new bacteria with the same
resistance gene.

5. Spread of resistance
Over time, the number of resistant bacteria increases, and the antibiotic becomes less effective against the
infection.

Galápagos finches evolved different shaped beaks through natural selection.

1. Genetic variation
The original finch population had variation in beak size and shape due to mutations and genetic differences.

2. Different environments and food sources


Finches spread to different islands where the types of food available (seeds, insects, cactus, etc.) were
different.

3. Natural selection
Birds with beak shapes best suited to the available food were more likely to survive.

4. Reproduction
These birds survived and reproduced, passing their advantageous beak traits to their offspring.

5. Evolution over generations


Over many generations, populations of finches developed different shaped beaks adapted to their specific
food sources.
Selective breeding is the process in which humans choose organisms with desirable characteristics and breed them
so that these traits are passed on to the offspring.

Stages in the Process of Selective Breeding

1. Selection of parents
Individuals that show the desired characteristics (e.g., high milk production in cows or disease resistance in
plants) are chosen.

2. Breeding (crossing)
The selected parents are mated or crossed to produce offspring.

3. Selection of best offspring


From the offspring produced, those that show the desired traits most strongly are selected.

4. Repeat the process


The selected offspring are bred again with other individuals showing the same desirable traits.

5. Establishment of improved variety


After several generations, the desired characteristic becomes more common and stable in the population,
producing an improved breed or variety.

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