Metamorphic
Rocks
Group 5
EXAMPLES:
What is Metamorphic rock? SLATE MARBLE
A metamorphic rock is a rock that has changed from its original
form due to heat, pressure, or chemical processes. This
transformation happens deep underground, making the rock
harder and sometimes giving it new textures or layers.
Crystal Shape
and Fabric
Crystal Shape GARNET
Idioblastic (Euhedral) Crystals: Well-formed with
defined crystal faces.
Hypidioblastic (Subhedral) Crystals: Partially FELDSPAR
developed crystal faces
Xenoblastic (Anhedral) Crystals: Lacking distinct
crystal faces.
CALCITE
Isotropic Fabric
Fabric
Fabric refers to the arrangement of mineral
grains within a rock. It is influenced by stress,
temperature, and fluid activity during
metamorphism. Anisotropic Fabric
Schist Mylonite
Types of Fabric
Foliation – Layered appearance from aligned minerals.
Lineation – Stretched minerals form linear patterns.
Granoblastic Texture – Equal sized grains in non-foliated
rocks. Marble Garnet in schist
Porphyroblastic Texture – Large crystals in a fine-grained
matrix.
Classification
Classification by Metamorphic
Texture
CLASSIFICATION DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Minerals are aligned in layers
Foliated Rocks or bands due to directed Slate, Phyllite
pressure.
Has no visible layers, and
Non-Foliated Rocks minerals grow in an Marble, Quartzite
interlocking texture.
Classification by Metamorphic
Grade
CLASSIFICATION DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Low-Grade Metamorphic Formed under low
Slate, Phyllite
Rocks temperature and pressure.
Medium-Grade Metamorphic Formed under moderate
Schist
Rocks temperature and pressure
Formed under intense heat
High-Grade Metamorphic
and pressure, with well- Gneiss, Migmatite
Rocks
developed bands.
Classification by Metamorphic
Environment
CLASSIFICATION DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Formed by heat from magma
Contact Metamorphism Hornfels
intrusion
It is a Large-scale of pressure
Regional Metamorphism Schist
& heat
Forms in fault zones under
Dynamic Metamorphism Mylonite
high stress
Contact
Metamorphism
Contact Metamorphism
Happens when hot molten magma
comes into contact with surrounding
rocks, causing them to change due to
high temperatures without much
pressure. This process forms a
metamorphic aureole, a zone around
the intrusion where rocks gradually
change depending on their distance
from the heat source. The closer the
rock is to the magma, the more intense
the transformation.
Shale or clay forms Hornfels, a hard rock with minerals
like biotite, cordierite, and andalusite.
Limestone transforms into Marble,
which can contain calcite, forsterite,
or wollastonite.
Sandstone becomes Quartzite, made of
recrystallized quartz grains.
Pneumatolysis
Pneumatolysis
Happens when hot gases, like fluorine, boron, and
carbon dioxide, from magma react with rocks during
the final stages of cooling. These gases create
valuable minerals like Tourmaline, Topaz, and
Kaolinite. This process often forms mineral deposits
that are important in industries like jewelry, ceramics,
and construction.
Pneumatolysis happens in hydrothermal veins and
cavities where gases can easily move through rocks.
This process is essential for creating mineral deposits
like tin, tungsten, and other rare elements used in
modern industries.
Pneumatolysis
Tourmaline – A boron-rich crystal
often found in granite rocks.
Topaz – A crystal formed with
fluorine, often in igneous rocks.
Kaolinite – A soft clay mineral
formed through the alteration of
feldspar.
Regional
Metamorphism
Regional Metamorphism
Regional Metamorphism
Type of metamorphism that occurs over large areas due to high temperature and
pressure caused by tectonic forces. It typically happens at convergent plate
boundaries, where rocks are buried deep beneath the Earth's surface and subjected to
extreme conditions for long periods.
Regional Metamorphism
Occurs over wide region unlike contact
metamorphism , it affects vast areas
Type of metamorphism that occurs over large areas due to high temperature and
pressure caused by tectonic forces. It typically happens at convergent plate
boundaries, where rocks are buried deep beneath the Earth's surface and subjected to
extreme conditions for long periods.
Regional Metamorphism
Type of metamorphism that occurs over large areas due to high temperature and
pressure caused by tectonic forces. It typically happens at convergent plate
boundaries, where rocks are buried deep beneath the Earth's surface and subjected to
extreme conditions for long periods.
Regional Metamorphism
High pressure and temperature – Caused by
deep burial and tectonic movements.
Type of metamorphism that occurs over large areas due to high temperature and
pressure caused by tectonic forces. It typically happens at convergent plate
boundaries, where rocks are buried deep beneath the Earth's surface and subjected to
extreme conditions for long periods.
Regional Metamorphism
Type of metamorphism that occurs over large areas due to high temperature and
pressure caused by tectonic forces. It typically happens at convergent plate
boundaries, where rocks are buried deep beneath the Earth's surface and subjected to
extreme conditions for long periods.
Regional Metamorphism
Associated with mountain building – Found in
areas where mountains are formed due to plate
collisions.
Type of metamorphism that occurs over large areas due to high temperature and
pressure caused by tectonic forces. It typically happens at convergent plate
boundaries, where rocks are buried deep beneath the Earth's surface and subjected to
extreme conditions for long periods.
Regional Metamorphism
Type of metamorphism that occurs over large areas due to high temperature and
pressure caused by tectonic forces. It typically happens at convergent plate
boundaries, where rocks are buried deep beneath the Earth's surface and subjected to
extreme conditions for long periods.
Regional Metamorphism
Foliation is common – Many regionally
metamorphosed rocks develop a layered or
banded texture due to directed pressure.
Type of metamorphism that occurs over large areas due to high temperature and
pressure caused by tectonic forces. It typically happens at convergent plate
boundaries, where rocks are buried deep beneath the Earth's surface and subjected to
extreme conditions for long periods.
Regional Metamorphism
Type of metamorphism that occurs over large areas due to high temperature and
pressure caused by tectonic forces. It typically happens at convergent plate
boundaries, where rocks are buried deep beneath the Earth's surface and subjected to
extreme conditions for long periods.
Limestone → Marble
Dislocation
Metamorphism
Dislocation Metamorphism
Also called dynamic metamorphism, occurs due to intense pressure and
deformation along fault zones and shear zones, where rocks experience
mechanical crushing, grinding, and shearing. Unlike regional metamorphism,
which affects large areas, dislocation metamorphism is more localized.
Dislocation Metamorphism
Produces highly
Caused by pressure
deformed rocks
Minimal Temperature Occurs in fault zones and
Influence tectonic boundaries
Dislocation Metamorphism
Caused by pressure
Commonly occurs along active fault lines
where rocks are crushed and deformed.
Minimal Temperature Produces highly Occurs in fault zones and
Influence deformed rocks tectonic boundaries
Dislocation Metamorphism
Minimal Temperature
Influence
Unlike regional metamorphism, heat is not
the primary factor.
Produces highly Occurs in fault zones and
Caused by pressure
deformed rocks tectonic boundaries
Dislocation Metamorphism
Produces highly
deformed rocks
Rocks often exhibit cataclastic textures due
to mechanical crushing.
Minimal Temperature Occurs in fault zones and
Caused by pressure
Influence tectonic boundaries
Dislocation Metamorphism
Occurs in fault zones and
tectonic boundaries
Found in areas of high stress and
movement.
Minimal Temperature Produces highly
Caused by pressure
Influence deformed rocks
Fault Breccia
Metamorphic
Rock
Associations
Metamorphic Rock
Associations
-Metamorphic rocks form under specific
conditions of pressure and temperature.
1. HP and LP (High Pressure and Low Pressure)
High Pressure (HP): This happens when rocks are
pushed deep under the Earth's surface, like when
one tectonic plate pushes under another (this is
called subduction).
Low Pressure (LP): These conditions are found
closer to the Earth’s surface, where the pressure
isn’t as strong.
Metamorphic Rock Associations
2. HT and LT (High Temperature and Low Temperature)
High Temperature (HT): When rocks are heated up by nearby magma or deep burial, they undergo changes.
Low Temperature (LT): These conditions occur at shallower depths, where the heat isn’t as intense. The
minerals don’t change much, and the rocks stay finer-grained.
3. Burial with Distortion
Severe Distortion (1): Sometimes, when rocks get buried deep, they don't just change because of heat and
pressure and they get squished and folded, causing severe deformation.
Minimal Distortion (Ia): In other cases, rocks just get buried without much deformation.
4. Eclogite
Eclogite is a special rock that forms under very high pressure and high temperature, typically deep in the
Earth’s crust.
5. Melange
Melange is a type of chaotic rock mixture that forms in areas with a lot of tectonic activity, like fault zones. It’s a
mix of different types of rocks (sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic) that are all mixed up and deformed
by the movement of the Earth’s plates.
Metamorphic Rock Associations
Economic Rocks
and Minerals
Economic Rocks and Minerals
Slate Marble
Asbestos Graphite Talc
Sillimite Kyanite Andalusite
Migmite Hornfels
Garmet
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You