SUB-TOPICS

♠Meaning of Research
♠Purpose of research
♠Research Method Vs Research Methodology
♠Research and Scientific Method
♠Motivation in Research
♠Significance of Research
♠Classification of Research
♠Stages on The Research Process
♠Business Research Method
♠When is Business Research Needed?
1.1 MEANING OF RESEARCH
 MEANING OF RESEARCH

♣Research is simply the process of finding

solutions to a problem after a systematic
study and analysis of the situational factors.
♣Research in common parlance refers to
search for knowledge.
♣Research is an in-depth study of the status,
to find out the inner truth, inner story of any
subject of interest, and also to solve
problems.
 CONTI…
♣ Research is essentially an investigation, a recording and analysis
of evidences for the purpose of gaining knowledge (Robert Ross).
♣ Research is an organized enquiry Designed and carried out to
provide information for solving a problem, (Fred kerlinger).
♣ Research is a careful inquiry or Examination to discover new
information or relationship and to expand to and to verify the
existing knowledge (Francis Rummel).
♣ Research comprise defining and redefining problems, formulating
hypotheses, collecting, organizing and evaluating data, making
deduction and reaching conclusions and lastly carefully testing
the conclusions to determine whether they fit for formulating
hypotheses.
 PURPOSE OF RESEARCH

To discover answer to questions

through the application of
scientific procedures.

To find out the truth which is

hidden and which has not been
discovered as yet.
 CONTI…
To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to
achieve new insight into it (Exploratory
Research).

To portray accurately the characteristics of a

particular individual, situation or a group –
studies (Descriptive Research).

To test the hypotheses of a causal relationship

between variables (Hypothesis Testing
Research).
RESEARCH METHOD VS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 RESEARCH METHOD

Research method is all about all those

methods / techniques / procedures for
conduction of research.
Research method, thus, refers to the methods
the researchers use in performing research
operations.
All methods which are used by the researcher
during the course of studying his research are
termed as research methods.
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

♣Research methodology is a way to systematically

solve the research problem.
♣The scope of research methodology is wider than
that of research method.
♣Research Methodology is generally refers to
different approaches to systematically inquiry
developed within a particular paradigm with
associated epistemological assumptions.
 METHODOLOGY ANSWERS THE BASIC QUESTION OF;

Why research study has been undertaken?

How the research problem has been defined?
Why the hypotheses has been formulated and in what
way?
What data have been collected and what particular
method has been adopted? And why not others?
Why particular method of analysis has been used?, and
A host of other similar questions are usually answered
when we talk of research methodology concerning a
research study.
 RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Scientific method is the pursuit of truth as determined by logical
considerations.
The ideas of science are to achieve a systematic interrelation of
facts.
Scientific method attempts to achieve these ideal by observation –
experimentation – logical argument from accepted postulates and
the combination of these three in varying propositions (i.e.,
declarative tentative statements).
In scientific method logic aids in formulating propositions explicitly
and accurately so that their possible alternative become clear with
the consequence of such alternatives.
 MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH
 What makes people to undertake research?
 Desire to get a research degree along with its

consequential benefits
 Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved
problem
 Desire to get intellectual joy of doing creative work

 Desire to be provide service to society

 Desire to get respectability

 Government directives, employment conditions

 SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH

 To philosophers and thinkers research may mean the out let

for new ideas and insights.
 To professional in research, it may mean a source of insights.
 To analysis and intellectuals, it may mean the development
of new theories.
 To literary men & women, it may mean development of new
styles & creative work.
 To managers it helps to get information as basis for making
certain decisions.
 CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
Based On Outcome Of The Research
 Basic/Pure/Fundamental Research
 Applied Research

Based On Purpose
 Exploratory Research (Pilot Survey):
 Descriptive Research

 Explanatory (causal) research

On The Basis of the Process of Research

 Qualitative research
 Quantitative research

On The Basis Of The Environment

 Field Research
 Laboratory Research

 Simulation Research
 CONTI…
On The Basis Of The Time Required To
Complete The Research
One –time research
Longitudinal research

Based on logic
Deductive Research
Inductive Research
 BASED ON OUTCOME OF THE RESEARCH
a. Basic/Pure/Academic/Fundamental Research
 Such research is aimed at investigating or search for new
principles and laws.
 It is mainly concerned with generalization and formulation of a
theory.
 Fundamental research is organized only for the attainment of
knowledge and truth.
 In general, fundamental research is concerned with the
theoretical aspect of science.
Ex. - The relationship between crime and economic status
- Darwin theory of Evolution
 CONTI…

b. Applied/Action Research: A research

aimed finding a solution for an immediate
problem facing a society, a group or industry
(business organization).
Ex. The improvement of safety in the working
place.
Types of Applied Research
I. Social impact analysis
II. Evaluation Research
 BASED ON PURPOSE

A. Exploratory (preliminary) Research (Pilot

Survey);
Discovering, identifying and formulating a research
problem and hypothesis.
When there are few or no studies that can be referred
such research is needed.
Expert surveys, focus groups, case studies and
observation methods are used to conduct the exploratory
survey.
E.g. “Our sales are declining and we don‘t know why?
 B. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
 It describe characteristics of population or phenomenon and it tries
to answer questions like, who how, what, when where questions.
 The main purpose of descriptive research is to describe the state of
view as it exists at present.

For example, trends in the consumption of soft drink with respect to

socio-economic characteristics such as age, family, income, education
level etc. Another example can be the degree of viewing TV channels,
its variation with age, income level, and profession of respondent as
well as time of viewing.
 C. EXPLANATORY (CAUSAL) RESEARCH

Causal research is conducted to

determine the cause and effect
relationship between the two
variables. Example: Effect of
advertisement on sales.
 ON THE BASIS OF THE PROCESS OF RESEARCH

A. Qualitative research: Such research is

applicable for phenomena that cannot be expressed
in terms of quantity. Things related to quality and
kind.

B. Quantitative research: is concerned with

quantitative phenomena. It is based on the
measurement of quantity or amount. It is
applicable for phenomena that can be expressed in
term of quantity.
 ON THE BASIS OF THE ENVIRONMENT

A. Field Research - It is a research carried out in the field. Such

research is common in social science, agricultural science, history
and archeology.

B. Laboratory Research - It is a research carried out in the

laboratory. These are commonly experimental research. Such
researches are common in medical science, agriculture and in
general in natural sciences.

C. Simulation Research - Such research uses model to represent

the real world. Simulation is common in physical science, economics
and mathematics.
ON THE BASIS OF THE TIME REQUIRED TO COMPLETE THE RESEARCH

A. One –time research: it is a

research limited to a single time
period.

B. Longitudinal research: Such

research is also called on-going
research. It is a research carried out
over several time periods.
 BASED ON LOGIC

Deductive Research: It is
moving from the general to
particular
Inductive Research: is a study
in which theory is developed from
the observation of empirical
reality
 STAGES IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS

i. Formulating research problem

ii. Extensive Literature Survey
iii. Developing Objectives and working Hypotheses
iv. Preparing a research Design (creating research
Design)
v. Determining Sample Design
vi. Collecting the Data
vii. Analysis of Data
[Link] and reporting the results
 BUSINESS RESEARCH
 Business research is defined as the systematic and
objective process of gathering, recording, and analyzing
data for aid in making business decisions.
 This definition suggests,
a. That research information is neither intuitive nor
haphazardly gathered.
b. If the information generated or data collected and analyzed
are to be accurate, the business researcher must be objective.
c. The objective is to facilitate the managerial decision process
for all aspects of business: finance, marketing and
personnel.
 WHEN IS BUSINESS RESEARCH NEEDED?

The determination of the need for

research centers on;
(1) time
(2) the availability of data.
(3) Knowledge
(4) the nature of the decision and
(5) Benefits versus costs