Pailan College of Management & Technology

B. Tech Division (College Code-156)

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CA-II Examinations
(REPORT WRITING)
(Full Marks=25)
Student Name
University Roll No
Subject Name Electrical Machine Design
Subject Code PC - EEE - 601B
Semester 6th
Department Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Instructions:
1. Please don’t change the formatting and font.
2. Topics should be selected based on the syllabus covered in the class.
3. Convert the word into PDF before submission.

Module / Topic Output Equation of an Induction Motor

Explanation:
Output equation is the mathematical expression which gives the relation between the various physical
and electrical parameters of the electrical machine. In an induction motor the output equation can be
obtained as follows Consider an ‘m’ phase machine, with usual notations.
Output Q in kW = Input x efficiency
Input to motor = mVph Iph cos Φ x 10-3 kw
For a 3 Φ machine m = 3,
Input to motor = 3Vph Iph cos Φ x 10-3 kW Assuming
Vph = Eph, Vph = Eph = 4.44 f Φ TphKw = 2.22 f ΦZphKw
f = PNS/120 = Pns/2,
Output = 3 x 2.22 x Pns/2 x ΦZphKw Iph η cos Φ x 10-3 kW
Output = 1.11 x PΦ x 3Iph Zph x ns Kw η cos Φ x 10-3kW,
PΦ = BavπDL, and 3Iph Zph/ πD = q Output to motor = 1.11 x BavπDL x πDq x ns Kw η cos Φ x 10-3 kW
Q = (1.11 π2 Bav q Kw η cos Φ x 10-3) D2L ns kW
Q = (11 Bav q Kw η cos Φ x 10-3) D2L ns kW
Therefore, Output Q = Co D2L ns kW
where Co = (11 Bav q Kw η cos Φ x 10-3)

Vph = phase voltage Φ = air gap flux/pole

Iph = phase current Bav = Average flux density
Zph = no of conductors/phase kw = winding factor
Tph = no of turns/phase η = efficiency
Ns = Synchronous speed in rpm cosΦ = power factor
ns = synchronous speed in rps D = Diameter of the stator
p = no of poles L = Gross core length
q = Specific electric loading Co = Output coefficient

Module / Topic Rules for Selecting Rotor Slots

Explanation:
Number of slots:
Proper numbers of rotor slots are to be selected in relation to number of stator slots otherwise
undesirable effects will be found at the starting of the motor. Cogging and Crawling are the two
phenomena which are observed due to wrong combination of number of rotor and stator slots. In
addition, induction motor may develop unpredictable hooks and cusps in torque speed characteristics or
the motor may run with lot of noise. Let us discuss Cogging and Crawling phenomena in induction
motors.
The number of rotor slots should never be equal to number of stator slots. Generally, for wound rotor
motors a suitable value is assumed for number of rotor slots per pole per phase, and then total number
of rotor slots are calculated. So selected number of slots should be such that tooth width must satisfy
the flux density limitation. Semi closed slots are used for rotor slots.
The number of rotor slots may be selected using the following guide lines.
(i) To avoid cogging and crawling: (a)Ss Sr (b) Ss - Sr ±3P
(ii) To avoid synchronous hooks and cusps in torque speed characteristics ±P, ±2P, ±5P.
(iii) To noisy operation Ss - Sr ±1, ±2, (±P ±1), (±P ±2)

Module / Topic Design of Rotor Bars and Slots

Explanation:
There are two types of rotor construction. One is the squirrel cage rotor and the other is the slip ring
rotor. Most of the induction motor are squirrel cage type. These are having the advantage of rugged and
simple in construction and comparatively cheaper. However, they have the disadvantage of lower
starting torque. In this type, the rotor consists of bars of copper or aluminium accommodated in rotor
slots. In case slip ring induction motors the rotor complex in construction and costlier with the
advantage that they have the better starting torque. This type of rotor consists of star connected
distributed three phase windings. Between stator and rotor is the air gap which is a very critical part.
The performance parameters of the motor like magnetizing current, power factor, over load capacity,
cooling and noise are affected by length of the air gap. Hence length of the air gap is selected
considering the advantages and disadvantages of larger air gap length.
Advantages Disadvantages
Increased overload capacity Increased Magnetising current
Increased cooling Reduced power factor
Reduced unbalanced magnetic pull
Reduced in tooth pulsation

Module / Topic Design of wound rotor

Explanation:

These are the types of induction motors where in rotor also carries distributed star connected 3
phase winding. At one end of the rotor there are three slip rings mounted on the shaft. Three ends
of the winding are connected to the slip rings. External resistances can be connected to these slip
rings at starting, which will be inserted in series with the windings which will help in increasing the
torque at starting. Such type of induction motors are employed where high starting torque is
required.

 Number of stator slots should not be equal to rotor slots satisfactory results are obtained when Sr
is 15 to 30% larger or smaller than Ss.
 The difference (Ss - Sr) should not be equal to + or - p, + or – 2p or + or – 5 p to avoid synchronous
cusps.
 The difference (Ss - Sr) should not be equal to + or - 1, + or – 2 , + or – (p+1) or + or – (p+2) to avoid
 noise and vibrations.

Module / Topic Losses and Efficiency in Induction Motor

Explanation:
Constant or Fixed Losses
Constant losses are those losses which are considered to remain constant over normal working range of
induction motor. The fixed losses can be easily obtained by performing no-load test on the three-phase
induction motor. These losses are further classified as-
1. Iron or core losses,
2. Mechanical losses,
3. Brush friction losses.
Iron or Core Losses
Iron or core losses are further divided into hysteresis and eddy current losses. Eddy current losses are
minimized by using lamination on core. Since by laminating the core, area decreases and hence
resistance increases, which results in decrease in eddy currents. Hysteresis losses are minimized by using
high grade silicon steel. The core losses depend upon frequency of the supply voltage. The frequency of
stator is always supplying frequency, f and the frequency of rotor is slipping times the supply frequency,
(sf) which is always less than the stator frequency. For stator frequency of 50 Hz, rotor frequency is
about 1.5 Hz because under normal running condition slip is of the order of 3 %. Hence the rotor core
loss is very small as compared to stator core loss and is usually neglected in running conditions.
Mechanical and Brush Friction Losses
Mechanical losses occur at the bearing and brush friction loss occurs in wound rotor induction motor.
These losses are zero at start and with increase in speed these losses increase. In three phase induction
motor the speed usually remains constant. Hence these losses almost remain constant.

Variable Losses

These losses are also called copper losses. These losses occur due to current flowing in stator and rotor
windings. As the load changes, the current flowing in rotor and stator winding also changes and hence
these losses also change. Therefore, these losses are called variable losses. The copper losses are
obtained by performing blocked rotor test on three phase induction motor. The main function of
induction motor is to convert an electrical power into mechanical power. During this conversion of
electrical energy into mechanical energy the power flows through different stages.
This power flowing through different stages is shown by power flow diagram. As we all know the input
to the three phase induction motor is three phase supply. So, the three phase supply is given to the
stator of three phase induction motor.
Let, Pin = electrical power supplied to the stator of three phase induction motor,
VL = line voltage supplied to the stator of three phase induction motor,
IL = line current,
Cosφ = power factor of the three phase induction motor.
Electrical power input to the stator, Pin = √3VLILcosφ
A part of this power input is used to supply stator losses which are stator iron loss and stator copper
loss. The remaining power i.e. (input electrical power – stator losses) are supplied to rotor as rotor
input.
So, rotor input P2 = Pin – stator losses (stator copper loss and stator iron loss).
Now, the rotor has to convert this rotor input into mechanical energy but this complete input cannot be
converted into mechanical output as it has to supply rotor losses. As explained earlier the rotor losses
are of two types rotor iron loss and rotor copper loss. Since the iron loss depends upon the rotor
frequency, which is very small when the rotor rotates, so it is usually neglected. So, the rotor has only
rotor copper loss. Therefore, the rotor input has to supply these rotor copper losses. After supplying the
rotor copper losses, the remaining part of Rotor input, P2 is converted into mechanical power, Pm.
Let Pc be the rotor copper loss,
I2 be the rotor current under running condition,
R2 is the rotor resistance,
Pm is the gross mechanical power developed.
Pc = 3I22R2
Pm = P2 – Pc
Now this mechanical power developed is given to the load by the shaft but there occur some mechanical
losses like friction and windage losses. So, the gross mechanical power developed has to be supplied to
these losses. Therefore, the net output power developed at the shaft, which is finally given to the load is
Pout.
Pout = Pm – Mechanical losses (friction and windage losses).
Pout is called the shaft power or useful power.

Efficiency of Three Phase Induction Motor

Efficiency is defined as the ratio of the output to that of input,

Rotor efficiency of the three phase induction motor ,

= Gross mechanical power developed / rotor input

Three phase induction motor efficiency,

Three phase induction motor efficiency