27.11.

2025

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL

CONTENT

01. CASE STUDY

PROBLEM
LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
SYSTEM IDEALIZATION AND LOAD FLOW
INTERNAL FORCES
DESIGN
STRENGTH CHECK
STIFFNESS CHECK
02. ASSIGNMENT

Figure: [Link]

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL

01. CASE STUDY

PROBLEM
A classroom floor is shown in the figure. Structural members of the floor are
subjected to both dead load of 10cm-thick reinforced concrete slab and live load of
students (neglect the self weight of steel material and other loads like false ceiling,
mechanical intallations, etc.). CLASSROOM
10cm-thick RC
slab

A B/2
6m 3m
B/2
3m

Unit Conversion:
1 m = 100 cm = 1.000 mm
1 m2 = 1 x 104 cm2 = 1 x 106 mm2
1 m3 = 1 x 106 cm3 = 1 x 109 mm3
1 kN = 1.000 N
1 Mpa = 1 N/mm2

1
 27.11.2025

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL

01. CASE STUDY

PROBLEM
A classroom floor is shown in the figure. Structural members of the floor are
subjected to both dead load of 10cm-thick reinforced concrete slab and live load of
students (neglect the self weight of steel material and other loads like false ceiling,
mechanical intallations, etc.).
10cm-thick
Select the appropriate steel beam section for member ‘CD’. RC slab

A B/2
6m 3m
B/2
3m

Unit Conversion:
1 m = 100 cm = 1.000 mm
1 m2 = 1 x 104 cm2 = 1 x 106 mm2
1 m3 = 1 x 106 cm3 = 1 x 109 mm3
1 kN = 1.000 N
1 Mpa = 1 N/mm2

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL

01. CASE STUDY

LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS

Remember from Week #4

Dead loads are also known as permanent, static or gravitional loads, comprise the
weight of the structure itself and permanent and constant during the lifetime of the
structure, such as columns, beams, walls, walls, doors, windows, etc. as well as 10cm-thick
things like mechanical equipment, ceiling and floor finishes, cladding, etc. Dead RC slab
loads can be calculated by multiplying the unit weight of materials and their volume:

Unit Weight of the RC = 25 kN/m3

Thickness of the RC Slab = 10 cm = 0,10 m
Dead Load (G) = 25 kN/m3 x 0,10 m = 2,50 kN/m2

A B/2
6m 3m
B/2
3m

Unit Conversion:
1 m = 100 cm = 1.000 mm
1 m2 = 1 x 104 cm2 = 1 x 106 mm2
1 m3 = 1 x 106 cm3 = 1 x 109 mm3
1 kN = 1.000 N
1 Mpa = 1 N/mm2

2
 27.11.2025

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL
Uniform Live Load
01. CASE STUDY Occupancy or Use
(kN/m2)
Residential dwellings, apartments, hotels
LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS Private rooms and corridors serving them 1.92
Public rooms and corridors serving them 4.79
Remember from Week #4
Hospitals
Patient Rooms 1.92
Dead loads are also known as permanent, static or gravitional loads, comprise the Operating Rooms, laboratories 2.87
weight of the structure itself and permanent and constant during the lifetime of the Corridors above first floor 3.83
structure, such as columns, beams, walls, walls, doors, windows, etc. as well as Office Buildings
things like mechanical equipment, ceiling and floor finishes, cladding, etc. Dead Lobbies and first floor corridors 4.79
Offices 2.40
loads can be calculated by multiplying the unit weight of materials and their volume: Corridors above first floor 3.83
Recreational Uses
Unit Weight of the RC = 25 kN/m3 Bowling alleys, poolrooms, and similar uses 3.59
Thickness of the RC Slab = 10 cm = 0,10 m Dance halls and ballrooms 4.79
Stadiums and arenas with fixed seats 2.87
Dead Load (G) = 25 kN/m3 x 0,10 m = 2,50 kN/m2
Stores
Retail
Live loads include any temporary or transient forces that act on a building or First floor 4.79
structural element. Typically, they include people, furniture, vehicles, and almost Upper floors 3.59
everything else that can be moved throughout a building. Minimum live loads are Wholesale, all floors 6.00

described in charts and specifications such as ASCE 07-10 as shown in the table Storage Warehouses
Light 6.00
Heavy 11.97
Live Load (Q) = 1,92 kN/m2 (Schools -> Classrooms) Manufacturing
Light 6.00
Uniform Load (W = G + Q) = 2,50 kN/m2 + 1,92 kN/m2 = 4,42 kN/m2 Heavy 11.97
for simlpicity of calculation = 4,50 kN/m2 Schools
Classrooms 1.92
Corridors above first floor 3.83
First floor corridors 4.97

ASCE 07-10 - Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL

01. CASE STUDY

SYSTEM IDEALIZATION AND LOAD FLOW

There are primary structural beams as member ‘AE’ and member ‘BF’ and secondary
floor beams as ‘AB’, ‘CD’ and ‘EF’. The uniform load (W) will have a path:

‘AB’
‘AE’
Load (W) ‘CD’ Columns Foundation
B/4=1,5m
‘BF’
‘EF’
B/4=1,5m

How the load will be distributed over beams?

B/4=1,5m
The Tributary Area is a loaded area that contributes to the load on the member
supporting that area, ex. the area from the center between two beams to the center B/4=1,5m
of the next two beams for the full span is the load on the center beam. It can also be
called the ‘load periphery’.

With the helping of loading area, we can obtain linear loading on the beam:
idealized framing plan
Uniform Linear Load (w) = W x Load Width

Uniform Linear Load (w) = 4,50 kN/m2 x 3,00 m = 13,50 kN/m Unit Conversion:
1 m = 100 cm = 1.000 mm
1 m2 = 1 x 104 cm2 = 1 x 106 mm2
1 m3 = 1 x 106 cm3 = 1 x 109 mm3
1 kN = 1.000 N
1 Mpa = 1 N/mm2

3
 27.11.2025

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL

01. CASE STUDY

w
SYSTEM IDEALIZATION AND LOAD FLOW
System is idealized as simply-supported beam with pin support at one end and the
roller support at the other as in the figure.

Beam is going to be investigated based on both strength and stiffness.

So, let’s first see what are the internal forces... L

idealized framing plan

Unit Conversion:
1 m = 100 cm = 1.000 mm
1 m2 = 1 x 104 cm2 = 1 x 106 mm2
1 m3 = 1 x 106 cm3 = 1 x 109 mm3
1 kN = 1.000 N
1 Mpa = 1 N/mm2

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL

01. CASE STUDY

w = 13,50 kN/m
INTERNAL FORCES
System is idealized as simply-supported beam with pin support at one end and the
roller support at the other as in the figure.

𝒘 refers for unifrom distributed linear load

𝑹𝑪 = 40,50 kN 𝑹𝑫 = 40,50 kN
𝑹𝑪 and 𝑹𝑫 are vertical reaction forces at support C and D, respectively
6m
Shear Diagram
x
𝒘𝑳 𝟏𝟑, 𝟓𝟎 𝒙 𝟔, 𝟎𝟎
𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑹𝑪 = 𝑹𝑫 = = = 𝟒𝟎, 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵 L/2 L/2
𝟐 𝟐

𝑳 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑽𝑿 = 𝒘 −𝒙
𝟐

𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 refers for maximum shear force on the beam SHEAR 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑽𝒙 refers for shear force distant x from 0 point

Unit Conversion:
1 m = 100 cm = 1.000 mm
1 m2 = 1 x 104 cm2 = 1 x 106 mm2
1 m3 = 1 x 106 cm3 = 1 x 109 mm3
1 kN = 1.000 N
1 Mpa = 1 N/mm2

4
 27.11.2025

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL

01. CASE STUDY

w = 13,50 kN/m
INTERNAL FORCES
Shear Diagram
𝒘𝑳 𝟏𝟑, 𝟓𝟎 𝒙 𝟔, 𝟎𝟎
𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑹𝑪 = 𝑹𝑫 = = = 𝟒𝟎, 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵
𝟐 𝟐
𝑹𝑪 = 40,50 kN 𝑹𝑫 = 40,50 kN
𝑳
𝑽𝑿 = 𝒘 −𝒙 6m
𝟐
x
𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 refers for maximum shear force on the beam L/2 L/2
𝑽𝒙 refers for shear force distant x from 0 point

Moment Diagram
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝒘𝑳𝟐 𝟏𝟑, 𝟓𝟎 𝒙 𝟔, 𝟎𝟎𝟐
𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 = = = 𝟔𝟎, 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎
𝟖 𝟖 SHEAR 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝒘𝒙
𝑴𝑿 = 𝑳−𝒙
𝟐

𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 refers for maximum shear force on the beam

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑴𝒙 refers for shear force distant x from 0 point
MOMENT

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL

01. CASE STUDY

DESIGN
Remember from Week #5

The magnitude of bending stress at any point in an element depends on four factors,
namely the bending moment at the cross-section in which the point is situated, the
size of the cross-section, the shape of the cross-section and the location of the point
within the cross-section. The relationship between these parameters is

𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝝈𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝑾𝒚

𝑰
𝑾=
𝑯ൗ
𝟐

𝝈𝒎𝒂𝒙 is maximum bending stress

𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 is maximum bending moment at the cross-section
𝑰 is the Moment of Inertia
𝑾 is the Section Modulus
𝑯 is the section height

Unit Conversion:
1 m = 100 cm = 1.000 mm
1 m2 = 1 x 104 cm2 = 1 x 106 mm2
1 m3 = 1 x 106 cm3 = 1 x 109 mm3
1 kN = 1.000 N
1 Mpa = 1 N/mm2

10

5
 27.11.2025

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL

01. CASE STUDY

DESIGN
Remember from Week #5

Moment of Inertia
Moment of Inertia for an Area, I, is a property of shape that is used to predict
deflection, bending and stress in beams.

When we look at an idealized I beam, it is composed of 1-web and 2-flange (top and
WEB OF THE
bottom) members, each contributes to the total Moment of Inertia of the section
based on their I BEAM
- orientation (perpendicular, parallel, etc. to the load),
- area, and
- distance to the center of the section.

The moment of Inertia is increased as

- Height of each section increased (since h3 is in the equation)
- Distance to the center of the section increased (since d2 is in the equation)

Each section has two perpendicular Moment of Inertia as 𝑰𝒙 and 𝑰𝒚 in x and y

direction resepectively.

Since our beam is located in the strong axis we will use 𝑰𝒙

Unit Conversion:
1 m = 100 cm = 1.000 mm
1 m2 = 1 x 104 cm2 = 1 x 106 mm2
1 m3 = 1 x 106 cm3 = 1 x 109 mm3
1 kN = 1.000 N
1 Mpa = 1 N/mm2

11

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL

01. CASE STUDY TOP FLANGE

OF THE I BEAM
DESIGN
Remember from Week #5

Moment of Inertia
Moment of Inertia for an Area, I, is a property of shape that is used to predict
deflection, bending and stress in beams.

When we look at an idealized I beam, it is composed of 1-web and 2-flange (top and
bottom) members, each contributes to the total Moment of Inertia of the section
based on their
- orientation (perpendicular, parallel, etc. to the load),
- area, and
- distance to the center of the section.

The moment of Inertia is increased as

- Height of each section increased (since h3 is in the equation)
- Distance to the center of the section increased (since d2 is in the equation)

Each section has two perpendicular Moment of Inertia as 𝑰𝒙 and 𝑰𝒚 in x and y

direction resepectively.

Since our beam is located in the strong axis we will use 𝑰𝒙

Unit Conversion:
1 m = 100 cm = 1.000 mm
1 m2 = 1 x 104 cm2 = 1 x 106 mm2
1 m3 = 1 x 106 cm3 = 1 x 109 mm3
1 kN = 1.000 N
1 Mpa = 1 N/mm2

12

6
 27.11.2025

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL

01. CASE STUDY

DESIGN
Remember from Week #5

Moment of Inertia
Moment of Inertia for an Area, I, is a property of shape that is used to predict
deflection, bending and stress in beams.

When we look at an idealized I beam, it is composed of 1-web and 2-flange (top and
bottom) members, each contributes to the total Moment of Inertia of the section
based on their
- orientation (perpendicular, parallel, etc. to the load),
- area, and
- distance to the center of the section. BOTTOM FLANGE
OF THE I BEAM
The moment of Inertia is increased as
- Height of each section increased (since h3 is in the equation)
- Distance to the center of the section increased (since d2 is in the equation)

Each section has two perpendicular Moment of Inertia as 𝑰𝒙 and 𝑰𝒚 in x and y

direction resepectively.

Since our beam is located in the strong axis we will use 𝑰𝒙

Unit Conversion:
1 m = 100 cm = 1.000 mm
1 m2 = 1 x 104 cm2 = 1 x 106 mm2
1 m3 = 1 x 106 cm3 = 1 x 109 mm3
1 kN = 1.000 N
1 Mpa = 1 N/mm2

13

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL

01. CASE STUDY

DESIGN
Profile / Grade Selection
Remember from Week #2
At the end of the steelmaking processes, various sizes and profiles of steel products
emerge from hot and cold rolling.

Steel is not a single product. There are more than 3,500 different grades of steel
with many different physical, chemical, and environmental properties, allowing a
range of thicknesses and shapes. Each grade of steel has properties designed for its
specific application.

Even if we just take into account shapes of structural steel products, we will find
thousands of different options.

In our case, we will use I section...

MOST COMMON STRUCTURAL SHAPES USED AS STRUCTURAL STEEL

(from left top to right bottom)

1. I Sections, 2. H (Wide Flange) Sections, 3. U (Channel) Sections, 4. C Sections

5. T Sections, 6. Circular Hollow Sections (CHS), 7. Square Hollow Sections (SHS),
8. Rectangular Hollow Sections (RHS), 9. Equal-Leg Angles (L), 10. Uneuqal-Leg
Angles (L), 11. Square Bars, 12. Round Bars, 13. Plates, 14. Sheets, 15. Flat Bars
16. Checkered Plates

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 27.11.2025

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL
Section Properties
Dimensions strong axis y-y weak axis z-z
Designation
G h b tw tf Iy Wy Iz Wz
kg/m mm mm mm mm cm4 cm3 cm4 cm3
IPE 80 6,0 80 46 3,8 5,2 80 20 8 4
IPE 100 8,1 100 55 4,1 5,7 171 34 16 6
IPE 120 10,4 120 64 4,4 6,3 318 53 28 9
IPE 140 12,9 140 73 4,7 6,9 541 77 45 12
IPE 160 15,8 160 82 5,0 7,4 869 109 68 17
IPE 180 18,8 180 91 5,3 8,0 1.317 146 101 22
IPE 200 22,4 200 100 5,6 8,5 1.943 194 142 28
IPE 220 26,2 220 110 5,9 9,2 2.772 252 205 37
IPE 240 30,7 240 120 6,2 9,8 3.892 324 284 47
IPE 270 36,1 270 135 6,6 10,2 5.790 429 420 62
IPE 300 42,2 300 150 7,1 10,7 8.356 557 604 81
IPE 330 49,1 330 160 7,5 11,5 11.770 713 788 99
IPE 360 57,1 360 170 8,0 12,7 16.270 904 1.043 123
IPE 400 66,3 400 180 8,6 13,5 23.130 1.156 1.318 146
IPE 450 77,6 450 190 9,4 14,6 33.740 1.500 1.676 176
IPE 500 90,7 500 200 10,2 16,0 48.200 1.928 2.142 214
IPE 550 105,5 550 210 11,1 17,2 67.120 2.441 2.668 254
IPE 600 122,4 600 220 12,0 19,0 92.080 3.069 3.387 308

15

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL
Section Properties Section Properties
Dimensions strong axis y-y weak axis z-z Dimensions strong axis y-y weak axis z-z
Designation Designation
G h b tw tf Iy Wy Iz Wz G h b tw tf Iy Wy Iz Wz
kg/m mm mm mm mm cm4 cm3 cm4 cm3 kg/m mm mm mm mm cm4 cm3 cm4 cm3
HE 100 A 16,7 96 100 5,0 8,0 349 73 134 27 HE 100 B 20,4 100 100 6,0 10,0 450 90 167 33
HE 120 A 19,9 114 120 5,0 8,0 606 106 231 38 HE 120 B 26,7 120 120 6,5 11,0 864 144 318 53
HE 140 A 24,7 133 140 5,5 8,5 1.033 155 389 56 HE 140 B 33,7 140 140 7,0 12,0 1.509 216 550 79
HE 160 A 30,4 152 160 6,0 9,0 1.673 220 616 77 HE 160 B 42,6 160 160 8,0 13,0 2.492 311 889 111
HE 180 A 35,5 171 180 6,0 9,5 2.510 294 925 103 HE 180 B 51,2 180 180 8,5 14,0 3.831 426 1.363 151
HE 200 A 42,3 190 200 6,5 10,0 3.692 389 1.336 134 HE 200 B 61,3 200 200 9,0 15,0 5.696 570 2.003 200
HE 220 A 50,5 210 220 7,0 11,0 5.410 515 1.955 178 HE 220 B 71,5 220 220 9,5 16,0 8.091 736 2.843 258
HE 240 A 60,3 230 240 7,5 12,0 7.763 675 2.769 231 HE 240 B 83,2 240 240 10,0 17,0 11.260 938 3.923 327
HE 260 A 68,2 250 260 7,5 12,5 10.450 836 3.668 282 HE 260 B 93,0 260 260 10,0 17,5 14.920 1.148 5.135 395
HE 280 A 76,4 270 280 8,0 13,0 13.670 1.013 4.763 340 HE 280 B 103,1 280 280 10,5 18,0 19.270 1.376 6.595 471
HE 300 A 88,3 290 300 8,5 14,0 18.260 1.260 6.310 421 HE 300 B 117,0 300 300 11,0 19,0 25.170 1.678 8.563 571
HE 320 A 97,6 310 300 9,0 15,5 22.930 1.479 6.985 466 HE 320 B 126,7 320 300 11,5 20,5 30.820 1.926 9.239 616
HE 340 A 104,8 330 300 9,5 16,5 27.690 1.678 7.436 496 HE 340 B 134,2 340 300 12,0 21,5 36.660 2.156 9.690 646
HE 360 A 112,1 350 300 10,0 17,5 33.090 1.891 7.887 526 HE 360 B 141,8 360 300 12,5 22,5 43.190 2.400 10.140 676
HE 400 A 124,8 390 300 11,0 19,0 45.070 2.311 8.564 571 HE 400 B 155,3 400 300 13,5 24,0 57.680 2.884 10.820 721
HE 450 A 139,8 440 300 11,5 21,0 63.720 2.896 9.465 631 HE 450 B 171,1 450 300 14,0 26,0 79.890 3.551 11.720 781
HE 500 A 155,1 490 300 12,0 23,0 86.970 3.550 10.370 691 HE 500 B 187,3 500 300 14,5 28,0 107.200 4.287 12.620 842
HE 550 A 166,2 540 300 12,5 24,0 111.900 4.146 10.820 721 HE 550 B 199,4 550 300 15,0 29,0 136.700 4.971 13.080 872
HE 600 A 177,8 590 300 13,0 25,0 141.200 4.787 11.270 751 HE 600 B 211,9 600 300 15,5 30,0 171.000 5.701 13.530 902
HE 650 A 189,7 640 300 13,5 26,0 175.200 5.474 11.720 782 HE 650 B 224,8 650 300 16,0 31,0 210.600 6.480 13.980 932
HE 700 A 204,5 690 300 14,5 27,0 215.300 6.241 12.180 812 HE 700 B 240,5 700 300 17,0 32,0 256.900 7.340 14.440 963
HE 800 A 224,4 790 300 15,0 28,0 303.400 7.682 12.640 843 HE 800 B 262,3 800 300 17,5 33,0 359.100 8.977 14.900 994
HE 900 A 251,6 890 300 16,0 30,0 422.100 9.485 13.550 903 HE 900 B 291,5 900 300 18,5 35,0 494.100 10.980 15.820 1.054
HE 1000 A 272,3 990 300 16,5 31,0 553.800 11.190 14.000 934 HE 1000 B 314,0 1000 300 19,0 36,0 644.700 12.890 16.280 1.085

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 27.11.2025

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL

01. CASE STUDY

Steel Group Mechanical Characteristics
DESIGN
S Structural Steel XXX min. Yield Strength in MPa
Profile / Grade Selection
Structural steel is a basic construction material, made from specific grades of steel
and manufactured in a variety of industry standard cross-sectional shapes (or
‘sections’). Structural steel grades are engineered with specific chemical EN 10025-2: S 355 J2 +AR
compositions and mechanical properties formulated for specific applications.

In Europe, Structural Steel must adhere to the European Standard EN 10025,

governed by the European Committee for Iron and Steel Standardization (ECISS), a Mechanical Characteristics
Treatment Conditions
subset of CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (Notch Toughness)
min. 27 J min. 40 J Temp. °C M Thermomechanical Rolling
There are numerous examples of European grades of structural steel, however, for JR KR 20 N Normalized Rolling
the purposes of this lecture, the focus is going to be on the chemical composition, J0 K0 0 AR As Rolled
mechanical properties, and applications of S235, S275, and S355. These are three J2 K2 -20
common structural steel grades used in all manner of construction projects across
the EU. PS: There are also additional physical characteristics and requirements specialized
for intent of use

Unit Conversion:
1 m = 100 cm = 1.000 mm
1 m2 = 1 x 104 cm2 = 1 x 106 mm2
1 m3 = 1 x 106 cm3 = 1 x 109 mm3
1 kN = 1.000 N
1 Mpa = 1 N/mm2

17

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL

01. CASE STUDY Chemical Composition

at nominal thickness between 16 mm and 40 mm (mm)
Structural with min. 27J toughness at room temperature
DESIGN Steel Grade
C Si Mn P S N Cu
Profile / Grade Selection (max %) (max %) (max %) (max %) (max %) (max %) (max %)
Chemical Composition
S235JR 0,190 - 1,500 0,045 0,045 0,014 0,600
The chemical composition of structural steel is very important and highly regulated.
S275JR 0,240 - 1,600 0,045 0,045 0,014 0,600
It is a central factor which defines the mechanical properties of the steel material. In
the table, one can see the maximum % levels of certain regulated elements present S355JR 0,270 0,600 1,700 0,045 0,045 0,014 0,600
in European structural steel grades S235, S275 and S355.

Unit Conversion:
1 m = 100 cm = 1.000 mm
1 m2 = 1 x 104 cm2 = 1 x 106 mm2
1 m3 = 1 x 106 cm3 = 1 x 109 mm3
1 kN = 1.000 N
1 Mpa = 1 N/mm2

18

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 27.11.2025

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL

01. CASE STUDY

DESIGN
Profile / Grade Selection
Mechanical Properties
The mechanical properties of structural steel are central to its classification and
hence, application. Although, chemical composition is a governing factor of the
mechanical properties of steel, it is also very important to understand the minimum
standards for the mechanical properties (performance characteristics) such as
tensile strength and yield strength.

Remember from Week #4

Yield point is the point on a stress-strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic
behavior and the beginning plastic behavior.

Ultimate tensile strength is the maximum on the stress-strain curve, corresponds to

the maximum stress that can be sustained by a structure in tension.

Unit Conversion:
1 m = 100 cm = 1.000 mm
1 m2 = 1 x 104 cm2 = 1 x 106 mm2
1 m3 = 1 x 106 cm3 = 1 x 109 mm3
1 kN = 1.000 N
1 Mpa = 1 N/mm2

19

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL

01. CASE STUDY Minimum Yield Strength

Structural
at nominal thickness 16 mm
Steel Grade
N/mm2 (MPa)
DESIGN S235 235 MPa
Profile / Grade Selection S275 275 MPa
Mechanical Properties S355 355 MPa
The mechanical properties of structural steel are central to its classification and
hence, application. Although, chemical composition is a governing factor of the Ultimate Tensile Strength
Structural
mechanical properties of steel, it is also very important to understand the minimum at nominal thickness between 3 mm and 100 mm
Steel Grade
N/mm2 (MPa)
standards for the mechanical properties (performance characteristics) such as
S235 360 - 510 Mpa
tensile strength and yield strength.
S275 430 - 580 Mpa
S355 510 - 680 Mpa
Remember from Week #4
Yield point is the point on a stress-strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic
behavior and the beginning plastic behavior.

Ultimate tensile strength is the maximum on the stress-strain curve, corresponds to

the maximum stress that can be sustained by a structure in tension.

Unit Conversion:
1 m = 100 cm = 1.000 mm
1 m2 = 1 x 104 cm2 = 1 x 106 mm2
1 m3 = 1 x 106 cm3 = 1 x 109 mm3
1 kN = 1.000 N
1 Mpa = 1 N/mm2

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 27.11.2025

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL

01. CASE STUDY

STRENGTH CHECK
The design of steel construction elements and joints can be performed by applying
either LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design) or ASD (Allowable Stress Design)
approaches.

Uncertainties are everywhere in our design: material, loading and any empirical
formulas or design and construction errors. To compansate these uncertainties,
different techniques are adopted by these two methods. Basically, LRFD uses
factored loads whereas ASD uses factor of safety.

Since we have only one load combination as W = G + Q , it will be more easy to

utilize ASD in our case. Thus,

𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔
𝑨𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 =
𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒂𝒇𝒆𝒕𝒚

In our case, Factor of Safety = 1,67

𝟐𝟕𝟓𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑨𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 = = 𝟏𝟔𝟒, 𝟔𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝟏, 𝟔𝟕

21

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL

01. CASE STUDY

w = 13,50 kN/m
STRENGTH CHECK
Mechanical Properties
𝒘𝑳𝟐 𝟏𝟑, 𝟓𝟎 𝒙 𝟔, 𝟎𝟎𝟐
𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 = = = 𝟔𝟎, 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑵. 𝒎
𝟖 𝟖
𝑹𝑪 = 40,50 kN 𝑹𝑫 = 40,50 kN
For IPE 300
𝑾 is the Section Modulus: 557 cm3 6m
x
𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟔𝟎, 𝟕𝟓 𝒙 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑵. 𝒎𝒎
𝝈𝒎𝒂𝒙 = = = 𝟏𝟎𝟗, 𝟎𝟕𝑴𝑷𝒂 L/2 L/2
𝑾𝒚 𝟓𝟓𝟕 𝒙 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟑

𝟐𝟕𝟓𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 = = 𝟏𝟔𝟒, 𝟔𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝟏, 𝟔𝟕
SHEAR 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝝈𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟗, 𝟎𝟕𝑴𝑷𝒂 ≤ 𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 = 𝟏𝟔𝟒, 𝟔𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝟔𝟔% 𝑶. 𝑲.

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥

MOMENT

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 27.11.2025

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL

01. CASE STUDY

STIFFNESS CHECK
Remember from Week #4

Stiffness is measured by deflection, the extent to which a structural member, such

as a floor, roof, or wall structure, bends when loaded.

When floor joists are designed, it is often deflection rather than strength that
dictates the size of the joists—that is, the depth of the joists is determined by how
much they will bend under load rather than by whether they can safely support the
floor loads.

Deflection
𝟓𝒘𝑳𝟒
𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝟑𝟖𝟒𝑬𝑰

𝒘𝒙
𝜹𝒙 = 𝑳𝟑 − 𝟐𝑳𝒙 − 𝒙𝟑
𝟐𝟒𝑬𝑰

𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 refers for maximum deflection on the beam

𝜹𝒙 refers for defelection distant x from 0 point
𝑬 refers for Modulus of Elasticity
Unit Conversion:
𝑰 refers for Moment of Inertia 1 m = 100 cm = 1.000 mm
1 m2 = 1 x 104 cm2 = 1 x 106 mm2
1 m3 = 1 x 106 cm3 = 1 x 109 mm3
1 kN = 1.000 N
1 Mpa = 1 N/mm2

23

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL

01. CASE STUDY

STIFFNESS CHECK
Deflection
Vertical displacements should be limited so that non-structural elements are not
damaged, their functions are not adversely affected, second-order effects do not
take excessive values and eye safety is not impaired.
6m
The ratio of vertical displacements (deflections) of live loads to the span shall not
exceed the limit value of 1/360 in floors and 1/240 in roof floors.

So, allowable deflection for our beam:

𝑳 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝜹𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 = = = 𝟏, 𝟔𝟕 𝒄𝒎
𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝟑𝟔𝟎

𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 ≤ 𝜹𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 = 𝟏, 𝟔𝟕 𝒄𝒎

Unit Conversion:
1 m = 100 cm = 1.000 mm
1 m2 = 1 x 104 cm2 = 1 x 106 mm2
1 m3 = 1 x 106 cm3 = 1 x 109 mm3
1 kN = 1.000 N
1 Mpa = 1 N/mm2

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 27.11.2025

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL

01. CASE STUDY

STIFFNESS CHECK
Remember from Week #4

The mechanical behavior of solids is usually defined by constitutive stress-strain

relations. According to the Hooke’s law, the stress is proportional to the strain (in
the elastic region), and the slope is Young’s modulus.

σ
E=
𝜺

𝝈 is stress (N/mm2 or MPa)

𝜺 is strain
𝑬 is the Modulus of Elasticity or Young’s modulus (N/mm2 or MPa)

The modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus) of structural steel is specified in the

design standard EN 1993-1-1 Section 3.2.6. For structural design the modulus of
elasticity of structural steel is considered as E = 210.000 MPa

Unit Conversion:
1 m = 100 cm = 1.000 mm
1 m2 = 1 x 104 cm2 = 1 x 106 mm2
1 m3 = 1 x 106 cm3 = 1 x 109 mm3
1 kN = 1.000 N
1 Mpa = 1 N/mm2

25

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL

01. CASE STUDY

STIFFNESS CHECK
Deflection
𝟓𝒘𝑳𝟒 𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟑, 𝟓𝟎 𝒙 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎 / 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟒
𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 = = = 𝟏, 𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒎
𝟑𝟖𝟒𝑬𝑰 𝟑𝟖𝟒 𝒙 𝟐𝟏𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟖. 𝟑𝟓𝟔

𝑳 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝜹𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 = = = 𝟏, 𝟔𝟕 𝒄𝒎
𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝟑𝟔𝟎

𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝟑𝟎𝒄𝒎 ≤ 𝜹𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 = 𝟏, 𝟔𝟕 𝒄𝒎 𝟕𝟖% 𝑶. 𝑲.

Unit Conversion:
1 m = 100 cm = 1.000 mm
1 m2 = 1 x 104 cm2 = 1 x 106 mm2
1 m3 = 1 x 106 cm3 = 1 x 109 mm3
1 kN = 1.000 N
1 Mpa = 1 N/mm2

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 27.11.2025

ARC3932 | STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: SÜHA KÜLTÜR W05 | DESIGN WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL

02. ASSIGNMENT #01 (DUE DATE 11.11.2025 17:00)

PROBLEM
A similar problem as assigned with the following inputs:

SOLVED GROUP #01 GROUP #02 GROUP #03

Classrooms Classrooms Offices Offices
PLACE
RC t=10cm RC t=10cm RC t=15cm RC t=15cm
Thickness
A=6m A=12m A=6m A=12m
of RC slab
B=6m B=6m B=6m B=6m
Steel: S275JR Steel: S275JR Steel: S275JR Steel: S275JR

GROUP #01 GROUP #02 GROUP #03

ALANUR GÜRBÜZ BERKAY ERGÜN EGEMEN AKDEMİR
AYŞE NESLİŞAH COŞKUN ECEM KÜÇÜKDÜVEYKİ HATİCE ŞULE KORKMAZ
DENİZ TURGUT GİZEM ÖZDEMİR KARDELEN AZRA AKYOL
A B/2
FIDAN ALIYEVA HATYJA BADYSHEVA MELEK MELEKİS
KEREM SALTYK LARA EZGİ OKTAY OZAN DÜZGEN B/2
NAMUUNA GANTSETEG SİMAY GÖZALIR YAĞMUR UYSAL
RABİA DEMİR ŞADİYE BÜŞRA ŞENGÜL YASİN YARGI
ÜNAL BOSTANLI ZEYNEP KURT ZEYNEP ÖYKÜ HARAS
YAREN ÇELİK

Unit Conversion:
1 m = 100 cm = 1.000 mm
1 m2 = 1 x 104 cm2 = 1 x 106 mm2
1 m3 = 1 x 106 cm3 = 1 x 109 mm3
1 kN = 1.000 N
1 Mpa = 1 N/mm2

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