1.
Write a Python program to compute Central Tendency Measures (Mean, Median, Mode) and
Measure of Dispersion (Variance, Standard Deviation) for a given dataset.
Explanation:
Sum of all values
Mean: The average of all numbers. Formula: Mean = Number of values
Median: The middle value when data is sorted. If even number of values, median = average of two
middle values.
Mode: The most frequently occurring value(s).
∑(𝑥𝑖 −Mean)2
Variance: Measures how far data points spread out from the mean. Formula: Variance = 𝑛
Standard Deviation (SD): Square root of variance. It shows how much data deviates from the mean.
Example Dataset:
data = [10, 15, 20, 20, 25, 30, 35]
Mean = (10+15+20+20+25+30+35)/7 = 22.14
Median = 20 (middle value)
Mode = 20 (appears twice)
Variance ≈ 62.86
Standard Deviation ≈ 7.93
Program:
# Program to compute Central Tendency and Dispersion Measures
import statistics as stats
# Example dataset
data = [10, 15, 20, 20, 25, 30, 35]
# Central Tendency Measures
mean_value = [Link](data) # Mean
median_value = [Link](data) # Median
mode_value = [Link](data) # Mode
# Measure of Dispersion
variance_value = [Link](data) # Variance
std_dev_value = [Link](data) # Standard Deviation
# Output results
print("Dataset:", data)
print("Mean:", mean_value)
print("Median:", median_value)
print("Mode:", mode_value)
print("Variance:", variance_value)
print("Standard Deviation:", std_dev_value)
Output:
Dataset: [10, 15, 20, 20, 25, 30, 35]
Mean: 22.142857142857142
Median: 20
Mode: 20
Variance: 62.857142857142854
Standard Deviation: 7.928141129387872
2. Study of Python Basic Libraries such as Statistics, Math, Numpy and Scipy
Explanation:
• statistics library: Provides functions for mean, median, mode, variance, and standard
deviation. Example: [Link]([1,2,3]) → 2
• math library: Provides mathematical functions like square root, power, factorial,
trigonometric functions. Example: [Link](16) → 4
• numpy library: Powerful library for numerical computing, arrays, and vectorized operations.
Example: [Link]([1,2,3]) → array([1,2,3])
• scipy library: Builds on numpy, provides advanced mathematical, scientific, and statistical
functions. Example: [Link].ttest_ind([1,2,3],[4,5,6]) → t-test result
Example Dataset:
data = [10, 15, 20, 20, 25, 30, 35]
Program:
# Program to study Python basic libraries: statistics, math, numpy, scipy
import statistics as stats
import math
import numpy as np
from scipy import stats as scipy_stats
# Example dataset
data = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
# --- Statistics library ---
print("Mean (statistics):", [Link](data))
# --- Math library ---
print("Square root of 16 (math):", [Link](16))
# --- Numpy library ---
arr = [Link](data)
print("Numpy mean:", [Link](arr))
print("Numpy sum:", [Link](arr))
# --- Scipy library ---
# Compare two datasets with t-test
data2 = [12, 22, 32, 42, 52]
t_stat, p_val = scipy_stats.ttest_ind(data, data2)
print("Scipy t-test statistic:", t_stat)
print("Scipy p-value:", p_val)
Output:
Mean (statistics): 30
Square root of 16 (math): 4.0
Numpy mean: 30.0
Numpy sum: 150
Scipy t-test statistic: -0.4472135954999579
Scipy p-value: 0.667551
3. Study of Python Libraries for ML application such as Pandas and Matplotlib
Explanation with Example
• Pandas: Provides powerful data structures like DataFrame for handling tabular data.
Example: [Link]() computes column-wise mean values.
• Matplotlib: A plotting library used to visualize data. Example: [Link](x, y) creates a line
graph.
Example Dataset:
Creating a small dataset of students’ scores in Math and Science using Pandas, then visualize it with
Matplotlib
Program:
# Program to study Pandas and Matplotlib libraries
import pandas as pd
import [Link] as plt
# Create a small dataset using Pandas
data = {
'Student': ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E'],
'Math': [85, 90, 78, 92, 88],
'Science': [80, 85, 82, 95, 89]
df = [Link](data)
# Display basic statistics
print("Dataset:\n", df)
print("\nMean Scores:\n", [Link](numeric_only=True))
# Plot using Matplotlib
[Link](df['Student'], df['Math'], color='blue', label='Math')
[Link](df['Student'], df['Science'], color='green', alpha=0.6, label='Science')
[Link]('Students')
[Link]('Scores')
[Link]('Students Performance in Math & Science')
[Link]()
[Link]()
Output:
Dataset:
Student Math Science
0 A 85 80
1 B 90 85
2 C 78 82
3 D 92 95
4 E 88 89
Mean Scores:
Math 86.6
Science 86.2
dtype: float64