MODULE 2
Engine Terminology
Heat engines - Definition - types - comparison of IC and EC engines, engine terminology - bore -stroke
- TDC - BDC - clearance volume - swept volume - total volume - compression ratio - mean effective
pressure - indicated power - brake power – friction power - engine speed engine torque, classification of
IC engines with respect to different parameters, Two stroke & four stroke SI engines - construction -
working, Two stroke &FourFour stroke CI engines - construction - working, comparison
mparison of SI and CI
engines - comparison of Two stroke and Four stroke engines.
Heat Engine
A heat engine is a device that converts thermal energy (heat) into mechanical work by operating in
a cyclic process.
Basic components:
Source (hot reservoir) – supplies heat
Working substance – gas or vapor that undergoes thermodynamic processes
Sink (cold reservoir) – receives rejected heat
Types of Heat Engines
Heat engines are mainly classified based on where combustion occurs and how energy conversion
takes place.
1. External Combustion Engines (ECE)
Fuel is burned outside the engine, and heat is transferred to the working substance.
Examples:
Steam engine
Steam turbine
Stirling engine
2. Internal Combustion Engines (ICE)
Fuel combustion occurs inside the engine cylinder.
(a) Reciprocating Engines
Use a piston-cylinder arrangement.
Petrol (Otto cycle) engine
Diesel (Diesel cycle) engine
Gas engine
(b) Rotar Engines
Use rotating components instead of pistons.
Gas turbines
Wankel engine
Comparison of IC and EC engines
Internal Combustion (IC) Engine External Combustion (EC) Engine
Fuel burns inside the engine cylinder Fuel burns outside the engine
Combustion gases themselves act as working
Separate working fluid (usually steam)
fluid
Steam engine, Steam turbine, Stirling
Petrol engine, Diesel engine, Gas turbine
engine
Higher thermal efficiency Lower thermal efficiency
Compact and light Large and heavy
Starts quickly Requires long starting time
Requires high-grade fuels Can use low-grade fuels
Low initial cost High initial cost
More frequent due to high temperature and
Less frequent
pressure
High cooling requirement needed Low cooling requirement
More noise and vibration Lessnoise and vibration
Applications such as Automobiles, aircraft, Applications such as Power plants, ships,
small power units locomotives
Engine Terminology
1. Bore
The internal diameter of the engine cylinder
cylinder.
It determines the size of the piston and affects engine power.
2. Stroke
The distance travelled by the piston between Top Dead Centre (TDC) and Bottom Dead
Centre (BDC).
3. Top Dead Centre (TDC)
The uppermost position of the piston in the cylinder during its motion.
It is the
he position of the crankshaft when the piston is at its topmost position in the cylinder is
called TDC.
4. Bottom Dead Centre (BDC)
The lowermost position of the piston in the cylinder.
It is the position of the crankshaft when the piston is at its lowermost
lowermost position in the cylinder
is called BDC.
5. Clearance Volume (Vc)
The volume remaining in the cylinder when the piston is at TDC.
6. Swept Volume (Vs)
The volume swept by the piston as it moves from TDC to BDC.
7. Total Volume (Vt)
The total volume of the cylinder when the piston is at BDC.
8. Compression Ratio (CR)
The ratio of total cylinder volume to clearance volume
volume.
9. Mean Effective Pressure (MEP)
The average pressure acting on the piston during the power stroke that would produce the
same work as the actual varying pressure.
Indicated MEP (IMEP) → based on indicated power
Brake MEP (BMEP) → based on brake power
10. Indicated Power (IP)
The power developed inside the engine cylinder due to combustion of fuel.
11. Brake Power(BP)
The useful power available at the engine crankshaft,
crankshaft, measured using a dynamometer.
12. Friction Power (FP)
The power lost in overcoming friction between moving engine parts.
13. Engine Speed
The speed at which the crankshaft rotates,
rotates usually expressed in revolutions per minute
(rpm).
14. Engine Torque
The turning moment produced by the engine on the crankshaft.
Classification of IC engines
1. Based on Type of Ignition
Spark Ignition (SI) Engine
Ignition by spark plug
Example: Petrol engine
Compression Ignition (CI) Engine
Ignition by high compression
Example: Diesel engine
2. Based on Number of Strokes
Two-stroke engine
Four-stroke engine
3. Based on Type of Fuel Used
Petrol engine
Diesel engine
Gas engine (CNG, LPG, natural gas)
Alcohol-fuel engine
Dual-fuel engine
4. Based on Number of Cylinders
Single-cylinder engine
Multi-cylinder engine
5. Based on Cylinder Arrangement
In-line engine
V-type engine
Opposed (Flat/Boxer) engine
Radial engine
W-type engine
6. Based on Cooling System
Air-cooled engine
Water-cooled engine
7. Based on Method of Fuel Supply
Carburetted engine
Fuel injection engine
8. Based on Speed
Low-speed engine
Medium-speed engine
High-speed engine
Two-Stroke
Stroke Spark Ignition (SI) Engine
A two-stroke SI engine is an internal combustion engine in which one complete cycle of operation
(suction, compression, power, and exhaust) is completed in two strokes of the piston(onepiston
crankshaft revolution).
The fuel–air mixture is ignited by a spark plug,
plug, and ports are used instead of valves.
Four-Stroke
Stroke Spark Ignition (SI) Engine
A four-stroke SI engine is an internal combustion engine in which one complete cycle of operation
is completed in four strokes of the piston (two crankshaft revolutions).
The fuel–air mixture is ignited by a spark plug,
plug and inlet and exhaust valves control the flow of
gases.
WORKING OF TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE
UPWARD STRROKE
In two stroke engines, only ports are used. No valve in this system.
The air fuel mixture from the Carburettor enters the crank case through the inlet port during the upward
movement of the piston.
At the same time the mixture in the cylinder is compressed, which is ignited when the piston is just at TDC.
The combustion takess place and the piston moves imparting motion to the crankshaft.
Suction and compression is done with upward stroke.
Upward stroke is completed with half revolution of crankshaft (180 degree)
DOWNWARD STROKE
During the downward movement of the piston the mixture in the crankshaft is compressed and pushes in to
the cylinder through the transfer port, which pushes out the exhaust gases through the exhaust port, at the
same time
me filling the cylinder with a new air fuel mixture. This process is called Cross flow scavenging.
Downward stroke is completed with another half revolution of crankshaft (180 degree )
The cycle is completed with 360 degree of crankshaft rotation. ie, in two stroke engine one power is
obtained when the crankshaft make one revolution ( 360 degree)
WORKING OF TWO STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
Figure and working same as that of two stroke petrol engine , during working only air alone
enters into the cylinder.
Air alone is compressed.
Instead spark plug fuel injector is used to inject the diesel.
WORKING OF FOUR STROKE PETROL ENGINE(SI
ENGINE(SI ENGINE)
SUCTION STROKE
During suction stroke, piston is moving from TDC to BDC.
Inlet valve is open position and exhaust valve is in closed position.
Air fuel mixture is enters in to the engine cylinder.
After the completion of suction stroke, crankshaft complete 180 degree of crank rotation.
COMPRESSION STROKE
During compression stroke, piston moving from BDC to TDC.
Air fuel mixture is compressed and pressure and temperature of mixture increases.
Both inlet & exhaust valve closed in position.
Crankshaft makes another 180 degree of crank rotation.
At the end of compression stroke, mixture is ignited by spark plug.
POWER STROKE
During power stroke, power from the ignited air fuel mixture cause the piston moving from TDC to BDC.
Both inlet & exhaust valve closed in position.
Crankshaft makes another 180 degree of rotation.
EXHAUST STROKE
Piston is moving from BDC to TDC.
Inlet valve closed and exhaust valve open .
Due to the movement of piston causes exhaust gas goes to muffler via exhaust manifold.
Crankshaft makes another 180 degree of rotation.
Thus the four stroke is completed.
The cycle is completed with 720 degree of crankshaft rotation. ie, in four stroke engine one pow
power is
obtained when the crankshaft make two revolution ( 720 degree).
WORKING OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE(CI ENGINE)
Figure and working same as that of four stroke petrol engine , during working only air alone
enters into the cylinder.
Air alone is compressed.
Instead spark plug, fuel injector is used to inject the diesel at the end of compression stroke.
Comparison between SI Engine and CI Engine
SI Engine CI Engine
Ignition by spark plug Ignition by high compression
Petrol / gasoline is used Diesel is used
Air–fuel mixture prepared outside the cylinder Only air is compressed; fuel is injected
(carburettor / port injection) directly into the cylinder
Low compression ratio( 6:1 to 10:1) Highcompression ratio (14:1 to 25:1)
Based on Otto cycle Based on Diesel cycle
High-speed engine Medium- to low-speed engine
Lower fuel efficiency Higher fuel efficiency
Easy starting Difficult starting in cold conditions
Smooth and quieter operation Noisy with more vibration
Lower initial cost Higher initial cost
Lower maintenance cost Higher maintenance cost
Detonation (petrol knock) Diesel knock
Application such as Trucks, buses, tractors,
Application such as Cars, bikes, small engines
generators
Comparison between Two-Stroke and Four-Stroke Engines
Two-Stroke Engine Four-Stroke Engine
One complete cycle in four strokes of
One complete cycle in two strokes of piston
piston
Crankshaft rotates Two revolutions per
Crankshaft rotates One revolution per cycle
cycle
Power stroke in every revolution Power stroke in every alternate revolution
Uses ports, no valves Uses inlet and exhaust valves
Higher power for same size Lower power for same size
Lower fuel efficiency Higherefficiency
Lower thermal efficiency Higherthermal efficiency
Oil mixed with fuel for lubrication Separate lubrication system
Higher fuel consumption Lowerfuel consumption
Higher pollution Lower pollution
Two-Stroke Engine Four-Stroke Engine
Noisy, more vibration Quieter, smoother
Shorter engine life Longer engine life
Light and compactengine Heavier engine
Maintenance is Simple Less frequent but complex
Lower initial cost Higher initial cost
Application such as Scooters, small engines, Application such as Cars, bikes, trucks,
chainsaws generators