Functions

Inequalities
1. Solve (2x + 1)(x − 3)(x + 7) < 0.
2
2. Solve < 3.
x
2x − 3
3. Solve ≥ 3.
3x − 5
4. Solve (x − 1)2 (x + 4) < 0.
√
5. Solve x > 1 − x.
Domain of a Function
√
q p
6. Find the domain of f (x) = 1 − 1 − 1 − x2 .
7. Solve (x − 1) |x + 1| cos x > 0 for x ∈ [−π, π].
p √ p √
8. Find the domain of f (x) = x − 4 − 2 x − 5 − x − 4 + 2 x − 5.
Range of a Function
9. Find the range of f (x) = x2 − x − 3.
√
10. Find the domain and range of f (x) = x2 − 3x + 2.
11. Find the range of the function f (x) = 6x + 3x + 6−x + 3−x + 2.
√
12. Find the domain and range of f (x) = x2 − 4x + 6.
x2 − x + 1
13. Find the range of f (x) = .
x2 + x + 1
x2 − x
14. Find the complete set of values of a such that attains all real values.
1 − ax
Modulus Function
1
15. Solve |3x − 2| ≤ .
2
16. Solve |x − 1| − 5 ≥ 2.
s
−1 1 − |x|
17. Solve ≥ 1, where x ∈ R, x ̸= ±2, or find the domain of f (x) = .
|x| − 2 |x| − 2
|x + 3| + x
18. Solve > 1.
x+2
19. Solve |x − 1| + |x − 2| ≥ 4.
20. Solve | sin x + cos x| = | sin x| + | cos x|, x ∈ [0, 2π].
21. Solve −2x2 + 1 + ex + sin x = 2x2 − 1 + ex + | sin x|, x ∈ [0, 2π].
Trigonometric Functions
1
22. Find the domain of f (x) = .
1 + 2 sin x
1 1
23. Solve sin x > − , or find the domain of f (x) = √ .
2 1 + 2 sin x
x
24. Find the number of solutions of sin x = .
10
25. Find the number of solutions of the equation sin x = x2 + x + 1.
26. Find the range of f (x) = sin2 x − sin x + 1.
1
27. Find the range of f (x) = .
2 cos x − 1

1
 p
28. Find the domain of f (x) = cos(sin x).
sin x cos x
29. If f (x) = √ +√ , find the range of f (x).
2
1 + tan x 1 + cot2 x
30. Find the range of f (x) = | sin x| + | cos x|, x ∈ R.
 π
31. Find the range of f (θ) = 5 cos θ + 3 cos θ + + 3.
3
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
x2
 
−1
32. Find the domain of f (x) = sin .
2
33. Find the range of f (x) = sin−1 x + tan−1 x + cos−1 x.
p
34. Find the domain of f (x) = cos−1 x − sin−1 x.
 
−1 2x
35. Find the range of tan .
1 + x2
2
 
−1 1 + x
36. Find the domain of f (x) = sin .
2x
√ !
1 + 2x 2
37. Find the range of f (x) = cos−1 .
1 + x2
38. Find the range of f (x) = cot−1 (2x − x2 ).
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
1 − 5x
r
39. Find the domain of f (x) = .
7−x − 7
p
40. Find the domain of f (x) = (0.625)4−3x − (1.6)x(x+8) .
41.
(a) Find the range of f (x) = loge (sin x).
(b) Find the range of f (x) = log5 (5 − 4x − x2 ).
h
−1 i
42. Find the domain of f (x) = log10 log2 log2/π tan−1 x

.
p
43. Find the domain and range of f (x) = log3{cos(sin x)}.
44. Solve logx (x2 − 1) ≤ 0.
45. Find the number of solutions of 2x + 3x + 4x − 5x = 0.
  2 
−1 x
46. Find the domain of f (x) = sin log9 .
4
h i
47. Find the domain of f (x) = log4 log5 log3 (18x − x2 − 77) .


 π 1
48. Let x ∈ 0, . Find the domain of f (x) = p .
2 − logsin x tan x
s  
x−1
49. Find the domain of f (x) = log0.4 .
x+5
(loge x)2
50. Find the range of f (x) = loge x − .
| loge x|
Greatest Integer Function
p p
51. Find the domain of f (x) = [x] − 1 + 4 − [x], where [ · ] denotes the greatest integer function.
52. Find the domain and range of f (x) = sin−1 [x], where [ · ] denotes the greatest integer function.
Fractional Part Function
53. Find the domain and range of f (x) = log{x}, where {x} represents the fractional part function.

2
54. Find the range of f (x) = [sin{x}], where [ · ] and {·} denote the greatest integer and fractional part
functions respectively.
55. Solve 2[x] = x + {x}, where [ · ] and {·} denote the greatest integer and fractional part functions
respectively.
x − [x]
56. Find the range of f (x) = , where [ · ] represents the greatest integer function.
1 − [x] + x
57. Solve the system of equations in x, y, z satisfying:
x + [y] + {z} = 3.1, {x} + y + [z] = 4.3, [x] + {y} + z = 5.4
where [ · ] denotes the greatest integer function and {·} denotes the fractional part function.
58. Solve x2 − 4 − [x] = 0, where [ · ] denotes the greatest integer function.
(
[x], 0 ≤ {x} < 0.5
59. If f (x) = , then prove that f (x) = −f (−x), where [ · ] and {·} represent
[x] + 1, 0.5 < {x} < 1
the greatest integer and fractional part functions respectively.
Signum Function
60. Write the equivalent piecewise definition of f (x) = sgn(sin x).
61. Find the range of f (x) = sgn(x2 − 2x + 3).
62. Verify that:
(a) x sgn x = |x|
(b) |x| sgn x = x
(c) x (sgn x)(sgn x) = x
Types of Functions (Mappings)
63. If f : R → R and g : R → R are two given functions, then prove that
2 min{f (x) − g(x), 0} = f (x) − g(x) − |g(x) − f (x)|

64. Draw the graph of f (x) = max{sin x, cos 2x}, x ∈ [0, 2π]. Write the equivalent piecewise definition
of f (x) and find the range of the function.
x2 + 4x + 7
65. Let f : R → R where f (x) = 2 . Is f (x) one-one?
x +x+1
66. If f : X → [1, ∞) is a function defined as f (x) = 1 + 3x3 , find the superset of all sets X such that
f (x) is one-one.
67. Let f : R → R, where f (x) = sin x. Show that f is into.
68. Let f : N → Z be a function defined as f (x) = x − 1000. Show that f is an into function.
69. Let A = {x : −1 ≤ x ≤ 1} = B be a mapping f : A → B. Match the following columns:

Column I (Function) Column II (Type of Mapping)

p. f (x) = |x| a. one-one
q. f (x) = x|x| b. many-one
r. f (x) = x3 c. onto
s. f (x) = [x], where [ · ] represents GIF d. into
πx
t. f (x) = sin
2
70. Show that f : R → R defined by f (x) = (x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3) is surjective but not injective.
x2
71. If the function f : R → A given by f (x) = 2 is a surjection, find A.
x +1
72. If f : R → R is a function such that f (x) = x3 + x2 + 3x + sin x, then identify the type of function.
(
x|x| − 4, x∈Q
73. If f : R → R, f (x) = √ , then identify the type of function.
x|x| − 3, x ∈ /Q

3
Even and Odd Functions
74. Which of the following functions is (are) even, odd, or neither?
(a) f (x) = x 2
√ sin x √
(b) f (x) = 1 + x + x2 − 1 − x + x2
1−x
(c) f (x) = log
1 + x√ 
(d) f (x) = log x + 1 + x2
75. If f (x) = (h1 (x) − h1 (−x))(h2 (x) − h2 (−x)) · · · (h2n+1 (x) − h2n+1 (−x)) and f (200) = 0, then prove
that f (x) is a many-one function.
√ √ √ √
76. Check whether h(x) = ( sin x − tan x)( sin x + tan x) is odd or even.
x(sin x + tan x)
77. Find whether f (x) = hxi 1 is even or odd, where [ · ] denotes the greatest integer function.
+
( π 2
x3 + x2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
78. If f (x) = , find the even and odd extensions of f (x).
x + 2, 2<x≤4
79. Let f (x) = x2 + x + sin x − cos x + log(1 + |x|) be defined on [0, 1]. Define functions g(x) and h(x)
on [−1, 0] satisfying g(−x) = −f (x) and h(−x) = f (x) for all x ∈ [0, 1].
Periodic Functions
80. Find the periods (if periodic) of the following functions ([ · ] denotes the greatest integer function):
(a) f (x) = elog(sin x) + tan3 x − csc(3x − 5)
(b) f (x) = x − [x − b], b ∈ R
| sin x + cos x|
(c) f (x) =
| sin x| + | cos x|
π
(d) f (x) = tan [x]
2
81. Find the period of f (x) = sin x + {x}, where {x} is the fractional part of x.
82. If f (x) = sin x + cos ax is a periodic function, show that a is a rational number.
83. Discuss whether f (x) = sin(cos x + x) is periodic or not. If yes, find its period.
84. Find the period of f (x) = cos(cos x) + cos(sin x).
 
5x
85. For what integral value of n is 3π the period of cos(nx) sin ?
n
Composite Functions
86. Let f : {2, 3, 4, 5} → {3, 4, 5, 9} and g : {3, 4, 5, 9} → {7, 11, 15} be functions defined as f (2) = 3,
f (3) = 4, f (4) = 4, f (5) = 9 and g(3) = g(4) = 7, g(9) = 11. Find g ◦ f .
87. Let f (x) and g(x) be bijective functions where f : {a, b, c, d} → {1, 2, 3, 4} and g : {3, 4, 5, 6} →
{w, x, y, z}, respectively. Find the number of elements in the range set of g(f (x)).
88. Let f (x) = ax + b and g(x) = cx + d, a ̸= 0, c ̸= 0. Assume a = 1, b = 2. If (f ◦ g)(x) = (g ◦ f )(x)
for all x, what can you say about c and d?
√ √
89. Suppose g(x) = 1 + x and f (g(x)) = 3 + 2 x + x. Then find f (x).
90. The function f (x) is defined on [0, 1]. Find the domain of f (tan x).
( (
x + 1, x < 0 x3 , x<1
91. f (x) = 2
and g(x) = . Find f (g(x)) and its domain and range.
x , x≥0 2x − 1, x ≥ 1

Inverse Functions
92. Which of the following functions has an inverse?
(a) f : Z → Z defined by f (x) = x + 2
(b) f : Z → Z defined by f (x) = 2x
(c) f : Z → Z defined by f (x) = x
(d) f : Z → Z defined by f (x) = |x|

4
 x−2
93. Let A = R − {3}, B = R − {1}, and f : A → B be defined by f (x) = . Is f invertible?
x−3
Explain.
ex − e−x
94. Let f : R → R be defined by f (x) = . Is f (x) invertible? If so, find its inverse.
2
95. If f (x) = (ax2 + b)3 , then find the function g such that f (g(x)) = g(f (x)).
96. If f (x) = 3x − 2 and (g ◦ f )−1 (x) = x − 2, then find the function g(x).

x,
 x<1
97. Find the inverse of f (x) = x , 2 1 ≤ x ≤ 4.
 √

8 x, x > 4
r
1 3
98. Solve x2 − x + 1 = + x − .
2 4
Identical Functions
99. Find the values of x for which the following pairs of functions are identical:
1
(a) f (x) = x and g(x) =
1/x
1
(b) f (x) = cos x and g(x) = √
1+ 2
√ rtan x
9−x 2 9 − x2
(c) f (x) = √ and g(x) =
x−2 x−2
1 π
(d) f (x) = tan−1 x + tan−1 and g(x) =
x 2
Transformation of Graphs
100. Plot y = |x|, y = |x − 2|, and y = |x + 2|.
101. Plot y = sin x and y = sin 2x on the same axes.
x
102. Plot y = sin x and y = sin on the same axes.
( 2
2x + 3, x≤1
103. Consider f (x) = . Draw the graphs of y = f (x), y = f (|x|), y = |f (x)|, and
−x2 + 6, x>1
y = |f (|x|)|.
104. Plot y = sin x and y = 2 sin x on the same axes.
105. Plot the curve y = loge (−x).
106. Draw the graph for y = | log x|.
107. Sketch the graph for y = | sin x|.
108. Sketch the curve y = log |x|.
109. Sketch the curve |y| = (x − 1)(x − 2).
Functional Equations
110. Let f (x) = x + f (x − 1) for all x ∈ R. If f (0) = 1, find f (100).

y
x
111. Consider a real-valued function f (x) satisfying 2f (xy) = f (x) + f (y) for all x, y ∈ R and
n
X
f (1) = a, where a ̸= 1. Prove that (a − 1) f (i) = an+1 − a.
i=1
 
1 1
112. The function f (x) is defined for all real x. If f (a + b) = f (ab) for all a, b ∈ R and f − =− ,
2 2
find the value of f (1005).
113. Let a function f (x) satisfy f (x) + f (2x) + f (1 + x) = x for all x ∈ R. Find the value of f (0).
 
x f (x)
114. Let f be a function satisfying f = for all positive real numbers x and y. If f (30) = 20,
y y
find f (40).

5
    
1 1
115. If f (x) is a polynomial function satisfying f (x) · f = f (x) + f and f (4) = 65, find f (6).
x x
 
2002
116. Let f (x) + 2f = 3x. Find f (x).
x
 
2 1
117. If f : R → R is an odd function such that (a) f (1 + x) = 1 + f (x) and (b) x f = f (x), x ̸= 0,
x
then find f (x).
 
+ 1 1
118. Let f : R → R satisfy f (x) · f (y) = f (xy) + 2 + + 1 for x, y > 0. Find f (x).
x y
119. A continuous function f (x) on R satisfies f (x) + f (2x + y) + 5xy = f (3x − y) + 2x2 + 1 for all
x, y ∈ R. Find f (x).
120. Prove that f (x) given by f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) for all x, y ∈ R is an odd function.
f (x)
121. If f (x + y) = f (x) · f (y) for all real x, y and f (0) ̸= 0, prove that g(x) =  2 is an even
1 + f (x)
function.
122. Let f (x) be periodic and k be a positive real number such that f (x + k) + f (x) = 0 for all x ∈ R.
Prove that f (x) is periodic with period 2k.
123. If f (x) satisfies f (x) + f (x + 4) = f (x + 2) + f (x + 6) for all x, prove that f (x) is periodic and
find its period.
∞
X  r
124. An odd function f (x) is symmetric about the vertical line x = a (a > 0), and f (1 + 4r) = 8.
r=0
Find f (1).
p
125. Check whether f (x + λ) = 1 + 2f (x) − f 2 (x) (λ > 0) is periodic or not. If yes, find its period.
126. If 2f (u) cos v = f (u + v) + f (u − v) for all real u, v, prove for all real x:
(a) f (x) + f (−x) = 2a cos x
(b) f (π − x) + f (−x) = 0
(c) f (π − x) + f (x) = 2b sin x
Deduce that f (x) = a cos x + b sin x, where a, b are arbitrary constants.
9x
127. Let f (x) = x . Show that f (x) + f (1 − x) = 1 and hence evaluate
9 +3
1 2
+ · · · + f 1995




f 1996 + f 1996 1996 .

6
 Answer Key

 
1
1. x ∈ (−∞, −7) ∪ − , 3
2
 
2
2. x ∈ (−∞, 0) ∪ ,∞
3
 
5 12
3. x∈ ,
3 7
4. x ∈ (−∞, −4)
" √ #
−1 + 5
5. x∈ ,1
2
6. [−1, 1]
 π  π
7. x ∈ −π, − ∪ 1,
2 2
8. [5, ∞)
 
13
9. − ,∞
4
10. Domain: (−∞, 1] ∪ [2, ∞); Range: [0, ∞)
11. [6, ∞)
√
12. Domain: R; Range: [ 2, ∞)
 
1
13. ,3
3
14. a ∈ [1, ∞)
 
1 5
15. x∈ ,
2 6
16. x ∈ (−∞, −6] ∪ [−2, 4] ∪ [8, ∞)
17. x ∈ (−2, −1) ∪ [1, 2)
18. x ∈ (−5, −2) ∪ (−1, ∞)
   
1 7
19. x ∈ −∞, − ∪ , ∞
2 2
h π i  3π 
20. x ∈ 0, ∪ π,
2 2
 
1
21. x ∈ 0, √
2
 
n 7π
22. R \ nπ + (−1) :n∈Z
6
 
π 7π
23. x ∈ 2nπ − , 2nπ + , n∈Z
6 6
24. 7
25. 0 
3
26. ,3
4
 
1
27. −∞, − ∪ [1, ∞)
3
28. R
29. (−1, 1)
√
30. [1, 2]
31. [−4, 10]
√ √
32. [− 2, 2]

7
  
π 3π
33. ,
4 4
 
1
34. −1, √
2
h π πi
35. − ,
4 4
36. {−1, 1}
h π
37. 0,
hπ 2 
38. ,π
4
39. (−∞, −1) ∪ [0, ∞)
40. [−4, −1]
41. (a) (−∞, 0] (b) (−∞, 2]
42. ∅
43. Domain: {nπ : n ∈ Z}; Range: {0}
√
44. x ∈ (1, 2]
45. 1    
2 2
46. x ∈ −6, − ∪ , 6
3 3
47. x ∈ (8, 10)
π π 
48. x∈ ,
4 2
49. (1, ∞)
50. (−∞, 0]
51. [1, 5)
n π πo
52. Domain: [−1, 2); Range: − , 0,
2 2
53. Domain: R \ Z; Range: (−∞, 0)
54. {0}
3
55. x = 0 or x =
  2
1
56. 0,
2
57. x = 2, y = 1.3, z = 3.1
√ √
58. x = 6 or x = − 2
61. {1}
64. Range: [−1, 1]
65. Many-one (not one-one)
66. [0, ∞)
69. p → (b, d), q → (a, c), r → (a, c), s → (b, d), t → (a, c)
71. A = [0, 1)
72. Bijective (one-one and onto)
73. Many-one into
74. (a) Odd (b) Odd (c) Odd (d) Odd
76. Neither odd nor even
77. Even function ( (
−x + 2, −4 < x ≤ −2 x − 2, −4 < x ≤ −2
78. Even ext. (on [−4, 0]): ; Odd ext.:
−x3 + x2 , −2 ≤ x ≤ 0 x3 − x2 , −2 ≤ x ≤ 0
79. g(x) = −x2 + x + sin x + cos x − log(1 + |x|); h(x) = x2 − x − sin x − cos x + log(1 + |x|), x ∈ [−1, 0]
80. (a) 2π (b) 1 (c) π (d) 2

8
81. Not periodic
83. Periodic; period = 2π
π
84. Period =
2
85. n ∈ {±1, ±3, ±5, ±15}
86. gof : 2 7→ 7, 3 7→ 7, 4 7→ 7, 5 7→ 11
87. 2
88. c = 1; d is arbitrary
89. f (x) = x2 + 2
h πi
90. x ∈ nπ, nπ + , n∈Z
4

3
x + 1,
 x<0
91. f (g(x)) = x , 6 0 ≤ x < 1 ; Domain: R; Range: R; many-one

 2
(2x − 1) , x ≥ 1
92. (a) and (c) have inverse
3x − 2
93. Invertible; f −1 (x) =
x −1
√ 
94. Invertible; f −1 (x) = loge x + x2 + 1
r
x1/3 − b
95. g(x) =
a
x+8
96. g(x) =
3

x,

√
x<1
−1
97. f (x) = x, 1 ≤ x ≤ 16

 2
x /64, x > 16
98. x=1  π π 
99. (a) R \ {0} (b) x ∈ − + 2nπ, + 2nπ , n ∈ Z (c) (2, 3] (d) (0, ∞)
2 2
110. f (100) = 5051
1
112. f (1005) = −
2
1
113. f (0) = −
4
114. f (40) = 15
115. f (6) = 217
4004
116. f (x) = −x
x
117. f (x) = x
1
118. f (x) = 2 +
x
x2
119. f (x) = 1 −
2
123. Period = 12
7
124. f (1) =
8
125. Periodic with period 2λ
127. 997.5