Bonga College of Teacher Education, Department of Chemistry

Analytical Chemistry-I (Chem.221)-Worksheet -I for 2nd year

Biology Students

Direction : Attempt all the review questions given below.

1. Define and discuss the following terms briefly.
A) Chemistry C) Selectivity E) specificity
B) Analytical chemistry D) Sensitivity F) group reagent
2. Discuss the difference between Qualitative and Quantitative chemical analysis and give two
examples for each.
3. Compare and contrast:
A) Classical and modern (instrumental) methods of chemical analysis briefly.
B) Wet and dry method of analysis
4. Write the major application analytical chemistry.
5. Give at least five examples of modern (instrumental) methods of chemical analysis.
6. State and explain conditions necessary for chemical analysis to take place.
7. Why chemical method of analysis does not satisfy the need of the society. Suggest sufficient reason.
8. Define and discuss the following terms briefly and give examples for each.
A) solute D) dilute solution G) supersaturated J) normality
B) solvent E) concentrated solution H) unsaturated solution K) molality
C) solution F) Saturated solution I) concentration L) molarity
9. Explain factors affecting the formation of solution.
10. How many moles are there in each of the following?
A) 2.95 g of glucose, C6H12O6. C) 4.75X1024 atoms of iron
B) 4.73 g of silver atom (Ag) D) 4.75X1020 molecules of water
11. Calculate the mass in grams of the following:
A) 0.009975 moles of carbonic acid, H2CO3. C) 2.75X11024 atoms of Calcium
B) 1.857 moles of Copper D) 3.1x1021 molecules of CO2
12. A solution is prepared by dissolving 26.7 g of NaOH in 655 g of water.
Calculate:
A) Mole-fraction of the component
B)Molality of NaOH in the solution
13. Concentrated sulfuric acid has a density of 1.84 g/mL and is 95.0% by mass of H2SO4.
What is the molarity of the acid?
14. What is the mass percent of K2SO4 in a 3.75 molal solution?
15. Determine the volume percent of toluene in a solution made by mixing 40.0 mL toluene
(C7H8) with 75.0 mL of benzene (C6H6).
16. Calculate the molality of a solution prepared by dissolving 125 mL of pure methanol
(density = 0.791g/mL) into 275 g of ethanol
17. Find the molarity of solution prepared by dissolving 734 g of lithium sulfate,Li2SO4, in enough
water to make 2500.0 ml of Solution.
18. 49.8 g of H2SO4 is dissolved in enough water to make 2500 ml of solution.
A) Determine equivalent mass of H2SO4
B) Calculate the molarity and normality of the solution.
19. Explain how to prepare:
A) 2.5 liter of 6 M HCl solution
B) 0.75 L of 0.25 M Na2SO4
20. How many grams of calcium chloride will be needed to make 750 mL of a 0.100 M CaCl 2
solution?
21. A solution of NaCl in water has a concentration of 22.0 % w/w.

1
 Calculate the following:
A) The molality of this solution.
B) The mole fractions of NaCl and water.
22. How many grams of Ca(OH)2 will be needed to make 750 mL of a 0.48 N solution?
What is the molarity of this solution?
23. Ethanol-water solution is prepared by dissolving 10.0 ml of C2H5OH(density = 0.789 gm/ml in
sufficient water to make 100.0 ml of solution (density = 0.982 gm/ml)
Calculate the concentration of ethanol in the solution which expressed as:
A) Volume percent (v/v %) D) molarity
B) Mass percent (m/m %) E) molality
C) mass-volume percent (m/v %) F) mole-fraction
24. Ammonia (a common laboratory chemical which is labeled as 14.8 M has density 0.889 gm/ml.
Calculate the mole fraction of ammonia in the solution.
18. How many equivalents of phosphoric acid are contained in 300 ml of 4.0 M H3PO4 ?
(Assume the acid is to be completely neutralized by a base.)
25. A solution of NaOH is prepared by dissolving 4.75 g of NaOH in 250 g of water.
Calculate: A) mole-fraction of NaOH in the solution
B) molarity of NaOH in the solution
C) Normality of NaOH in the solution
D) molality of NaOH in the solution
26. An aqueous solution of ethanol (C2H5OH) was prepared by adding 69.00 g of pure
C2H5OH to a 1.0 Liter volumetric flask and diluting to the mark. The resulting solution has a
density of 0.9862 g/ml. What are the mole fraction, the molality and the molarity of this solution?
27. Calculate the mass of KOH required to prepare 400.0 ml of 0.0875 M solution.
28. An aqueous solution contains 10% glucose (C6H12O6) by weight. Find the mole-fraction of both
solute and solvent.
29. What is the concentration of Na+, in parts per million by mass, in 0.00152 M Na2SO4?
30. An analytical chemist wants to make 750.0 ml of a 6.0 M solution of sodium hydroxide.
What mass of NaOH will the chemist need to make this solution?
31. What is the molar mass of a solute if 62.0 g of the solute in 125 g of H2O produces a 5.3m
solution?
32. Determine the mass of concentrated 98 % H2SO4 (density 1.84g/ml) required to prepare
5dm3 of 0.5 M H2SO4.
33. A 1.465 M aqueous solution of fructose (C6H12O6) has a density of 1.100 g/mL. Calculate the
molality of the solution.
34. 3.5 g of CoCl2 (129.93 g/mol) is dissolved in water to produce 100 ml solution. Assume the density
of the solution is 0.95g/mL, what is concentration the molality of the solution?
35. The density of 70.5 wt % aqueous perchloric acid, HClO4, is 1.67 g/mL.
a) How many grams of solution are in 1.000 L
b) How many grams of HClO4 are in 1.000L?
c) How many moles of HClO4 in 1.000L?

2
Bonga College of Teacher Education, Department of Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry-I (Chem.221)-Worksheet -II for 2nd year
Biology Students
Direction-I : Attempt all the review questions given below.

1. Define the following terms briefly

A) chemical kinetics D) order of a reaction
B) rate of chemical reaction E) molecularity
C) rate laws F) reaction mechanism
2. Write differential rate laws and integrated rate equation for:
A) zero order reaction C) second order reaction
B) first order reaction
3. Derive a formula for half-life for: B) First order reaction
A) zero order reaction C) Second order reaction
4. Write the correct rate expression for the reaction: 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O
If the rate of consumption of NH3 is 4.75X10-3 mol/lt. Calculate the rate of formation of NO and H2O.
5. Consider the reaction F2(g) + 2ClO2(g) → 2FClO2(g)
A) Deduce rate law for the reaction

B) Determine the overall order of the reaction

C) Calculate the value of rate constant(K)
6. What is the half-life of a compound if 75% of a given sample of the compound decomposes
in 60 min? Assume first order kinetics.
7. The decomposition of dinitrogen pentoxide is described by the reaction below:
2N2O5 (g) → 4NO(g) + O2(g)
If the rate of formation of O2 is equal to 2.475X010-2 mol/min, what is the rate of disappearance
of NO
8. For a first-order reaction, it takes 48 minutes for a reactant to decrease to 25% of its initial value. What is
the rate constant (in inverse seconds) for the reaction?
9. The rate constant, k, for a first-order reaction is equal to 4.2 x 10 s . What is the half-life of the reaction?
10. The reaction: 2HI → H2 + I2 , is second order. At 800K it takes 142 seconds for the initial concentration of
HI to decrease from 6.75x10-2 M to 3.50 x10-2 M. What is the rate constant for the reaction at that
temperature?
11. Describe factors affecting the rate of a chemical reaction
12. write the correct rate expression for: 6CH2O + 4NH3 → (CH2)6N4 + 6H2O
13. The rate of decomposition of N2O5 is 2.85x10-6 mol/lt. Compute the rate of formation of NO2 and O2

14. State: A) Collision theory

B) Transition state theory
15. It takes 42.0 min for the concentration of a reactant in a first-order reaction to drop from 0.45 M to 0.32
M at 25°C. How long will it take for the reaction to be 90% complete?
16. Nitric oxide gas (NO) reacts with chlorine gas according to the equation
NO + ½Cl2 → NOCl.

3
 A) Deduce the correct rate law (rate equation) for this reaction
B) determine the order with respect to each reactant
C) compute the value of rate constant(k)
17. Use the following data to determine the rate law for the reaction
2NO + H2 → N2O + H2O.

D) Deduce the correct rate law (rate equation) for this reaction
E) determine the order with respect to each reactant
F) compute the value of rate constant(k)
18. The data below were determined for the reaction: S2O82- + 3I-(aq) → 2SO42- + I3-
Deduce the rate law for this reaction.
19. A certain reaction A → products is second order in A. If this reaction is 10.% complete after
20 s, how long would it take for the reaction to be 90.% complete?

20. A given first-order reaction has half-life150 min, what is the rate constant in min -

21. The reaction 2A → B is first order in A with a rate constant of 2.8x10 -2 s-1 at 80 0C. How long will it take
for A to decrease from 0.88 M to 0.14 M ?

4
Bonga College of Teacher Education, Department of Chemistry (10 %)
Analytical Chemistry-I (Chem.221)-group assignment for 2nd year Biology
Students

1. An aqueous solution is 27.0% lithium chloride, LiCl, by mass. The density of the solution
is 1.127g/ml
Calculate: A) molarty of the solution
(3 pts)
B) mole fraction of the component
C) molarity of LiCl in the solution?
2. Ethanol-water solution is prepared by dissolving 15.0 ml of C2H5OH(density=0.789
gm/ml) in
sufficient water to make100.0 ml of solution (density=0.982 gm/ml)
Calculate the concentration of ethanol in the solution which expressed as:
(5 pts)
A) Volume percent (v/v %) D) molarity
B) Mass percent (m/m %) E) molality
C) mole-fraction of the components
3.A commonly purchased disinfectant is a 3.0 % (by mass) solution of hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2) in water. Assuming the density of the solution is 1.0 g/cm 3
(3 pts)
Calculate:
A) molarity
B) molality
C) mole fraction of H2O2 in the solution.
[Link] the molarity of a 3.50 m aqueous solution of NaCl (d = 1.124 g/mL) (Ans. 3.27
M)
5.A solution is prepared by mixing 1.00 gm of ethanol with 100.0 gm of water to make a
final volume 101 ml of the solution.
(4 pts)
Calculate:
A) Molarity
B) Mass %
C) Mole-fraction
E) Molality of Ethanol in the solution
[Link] electrolye in automobile lead storage battries is 3.75 M H 2SO4 solution that has a
density of 1.23 gm/ml.

(5 pts)
Calculate: A) Molarity
B) Mass %
C) Mole-fraction
D) Molality of Ethanol in the solution
E) Normality of the solutions
[Link] the normality of 0.5M sulphuric acid solution.

5
 Bonga College of Teacher Education, Department of Chemistry
Chem-221-Group Assignment for 2nd year Biology Students (10%)
Direction: Answer all the following questions by showing all the
necessarily steps
1. Ethanol-water solution is prepared by dissolving 15.0 ml of C 2H5OH(density=0.789
gm/ml) in sufficient water to make 100.0 ml of solution (density=0.982 gm/ml)
Calculate the concentration of ethanol in the solution which expressed as:
(5pts)
A) Volume percent (v/v %) D) molarity
B) Mass percent (m/m %) E) molality
C) mass-volume percent (m/v %) F) mole-fraction
2. An analytical chemist wants to prepare 750.0 ml of a 6.0 M solution of NaOH. (2pts)
A) What mass of NaOH will the chemist need to make solution of this concentration?
B) What is then normality of this solution?
3. Determine the mass of concentrated 98 % H 2SO4 (density 1.84g/ml) required to
prepare 5.0 dm3 of 0.5 mol/dm3 H2SO4. (2pts)
4. For the reaction: A+ B  C , the initial rate is studied with several initial concentration
under a given conditions and the following results were found:
(4pts)
Exp’t [A], M [B], M Initial Rate, M/Sec
1 0.20 M 0.20 M 3.0 x 10-4 M. s-1
2 0.40 M 0.20 M 1.2 x 10-3 M .s-1
3 0.40 M 0.40 M 2.4 x 10-3 M. s-1
A) Determine the order with respect to A and B.
B) What is the overall order of the reaction
C) Write the correct rate law for the reaction
D) Determine the numerical value of rate constant(K) with its correct unit
5. For the gas phase decomposition of N 2O5 at 62 0 c , the average rate of disappearance of
N2O5 over the time period from t = 0 s to t = 154 s is found to be 6.75x10 -5 M/sec.
2N2O5  4NO2 + O2 (2pts)
A) Write the correct rate expression for the given reaction.
B) Calculate the average rate of formation of NO 2 and O2 over the same time period.
6. A substance A reacts according to a first order rate law with rate constant=5.1X10 -5 s-1.
What is the numerical value of the rate of the reaction after 3.85 hr if initial concentration
of A is 1.0 M? (2pts)
7. At 27 0 C, the reaction: 2NOCl  2NO + Cl2 obeys the rate law Rate =k[NOCl]2
where k = 2.8×10-5 M-1•s-1. Suppose 1.0 mole of NOCl is introduced into a 2.0 liter

6
 flask at 27 0 C. Calculate the half-life of the reaction.
(2pts)
Consider the reaction 2NO2(g) N2O4(g)
8. Consider the reaction: 2NO2(g)  N2O4(g). The reaction is initiated at100 oC with 2.35
moles NO2 in a 3.0 Liter reactor (no N2O4 present). If the equilibrium concentration of
N2O4 is 0.25 M, What is the value of Kc at 100 °C? (2pts)
9. When 0.45 mol of PCl3 is heated in a 10.0 litere container, equilibrium is established in
which
0.25 mol of Cl2 is present. PCl5  PCl3 + Cl2 (3pts)
A) Calculate the equilibrium concentration of each species present (PCl5,PCl3 and Cl2 )
B) Calculate the numerical value of equilibrium constant (Ka)
C) What amount (moles) of PCl5 is present at equilibrium?

Bonga College of Teacher Education, Department of Chemistry

Analytical Chemistry-I(Chem.221)Home-take Assignment for Kiremt-
IV-Chemistry Focus Students(20 %)

Direction: Give the correct and plausible answer for the following questions.
1. An electrolye in automobile lead storage batteries is 3.75 M H2SO4 solution that has a density of 1.23 gm/ml.
(5 pts)
Calculate: A) the total mass of the solution
B) mass % of the solute in the solution
C) Mole-fraction of the components
D) Molality of H2SO4in the solution
E) Normality of the solutions
[Link] the molarity of a 3.50 m aqueous solution of NaCl (d = 1.124 g/mL). (2
pts)
3. A certain reaction A  product is second order in A. If this reaction is 85 % complete in 12 minutes,
A) What is the value of rate constant
B) How long would it take for the reaction to be 15% complete? (2
pts)
4. A certain first-order reaction A → B is 25% complete in 42 min at 25 °C. (2
pts)
A) Calculate the value of arte constant(K)
B) What is the half-life of the reaction?
5. Consider the reaction : F2(g) + 2ClO2(g) 2FClO2(g) ……………………………………………….. (5 pts)
From the following data given below…

A) Determine the order with respect to F2 and Cl2O

B) What is the overall order of the reaction?
C) Write the correct rate law for the given reaction
D) Calculate the value of rate constant (k), take the first experiment

7
 E) What is the rate of the reaction at the time when [F2] = 0.010 M and [ClO2] = 0.020 M
6. An analytical chemist wants to make 750.0 mL of a 6.0 M solution of NaOH. ……………………………… (2
pts)
A) What mass of NaOH will the chemist need to make the solution?
B) What is the normality of the solution Chemist’s prepared?
7. A 20% solution of sulphuric acid (by weight) has a density of 1.14g/ml. …………………………… (2
pts)
Calculate: A) molarity
B) molality of the solution.
8. Evaluate the specific rate constant at the temperature at which the data were collected. (2
pts)
The rate-law expression is rate = k[NO]2[H2].
H2(g) + NO(g) → N2O(g) + H2O(g)
From the following data given below…

A) Calculate the value of rate constant (k), take the first experiment
B) Based on the value you abtained, what is the unit of rate constant?
9. The half-life of the zero order reaction A → B is 0.56 minutes. If the initial concentration of A is 3.4 M,
10. Calculate the value of rate constant (K)? ……………………………………………………………. (2
pts)
.Consider the decomposition of N2O5 to give NO2 and O2: ………………………………….. (4
pts)
2N2O5(g)→ 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

Based on the given experimental data given above:

A) Write the correct rate expression for the reaction
B) Calculate the rate of formation of O2 in the time interval from t=300 sec to 400 sec.
C) Determine the rate of consumption of N2O5 in the time interval from t=300 sec to 400 sec.
D) Calculate the rate of formation of NO2 in the time interval from t=300 sec to 400 sec.
11. The reaction: 2NOBr (g) → 2NO (g) + Br2 (g) is a second order reaction with respect to NOBr.
k = 0.810 M-1⋅s-1 at 10 oC. If [NOBr]o = 7.5×10-3 M, how much NOBr will be left after a reaction time of
10 minutes? ………………………………………………………(2
pts)
A) Determine the half-life of this reaction.

8
Date of submition: 19/12/2006 E.C. At 2:00 LCT.

9
Chem-221-Worksheet on Acid-base equlibria for 2nd year Biology Students
Direction : First read and understand all the basic concepts you have
learned under acid-base equlibria and then attempt all the review
questions given below either individually or in groups .

1. Define acid and base according to:

A) Arrhenius concept C) Lewis concept
B) Bronsted-Lowery concept
2. Define and discuss the following terms and give three specific examples for
each.
A) Concentrated acids D) Weak acids
B) Diluted acids E) Concentrated bases
C) Strong acids F) Weak bases
3. Compare and contrast the general characteristics of acids and bases.
No Characteristics of acids Characteristics of bases
1
2
3
4
5
4. Acid-base reaction gives neutral, acidic and basic solution depending on the
relative strengthens of acid and base reacted. Complete the table below based
on the given information.
Types of solution PH hydroxyl Hydronium ion(H3O+)
value ion(OH )
-
concentration
concentration
Neutral solution
Acidic solution
Basic solution
5. Identify conjugate acid-base pairs in the following reactions.
A) NH3 + H2O D NH4+ + OH− C) HCN + H2O D CN- + H3O+
B) HCN(aq) + HS (aq) D CN (aq) + H2S(aq) D) HSO3- + H2PO4- D SO32-
- -

+ H3PO4
6. Classify the followings into strong acids, weak acids, strong bases and weak
bases
HCl, HNO3,H2SO4, H2S,NaOH, KOH, HCN,H3PO4,H2CO3, Al(OH)3, CH3COOH,
NH3 ,HClO4, HNO2
7. Give three examples for the following:
A) monoprotic acid C) triprotic acid
B) diprotic acid
8. Write the products of the following reaction:
A) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) ? C) HSO4-(aq) + NO2-(aq) 
B) BF3 + NH3 ? ?

10
 D) HCl(aq) + NaCH3COO(aq) 
?
9. What is [H3O+] in a 0.00500 M solution of NaOH at 25 oC?
What is PH and POH of this solution?
10. What is [OH-] in a 5.43 x10-4 M solution of HNO3 at 25 oC?
11. What is [H3O+] in a 0.10 M solution of HCN at 25 oC? (Ka for HCN = 4.0 x10-10)
What is the [HO-] and POH of this solution?
12. A 0.020 M solution of an acid, HA, has a pH of 2.70 at 25 oC.
A) Calculate the value of dissociation constant (K a) of the acid, HA?
B) Calculate percent ionization (% ) of the acid ,HA?
C) Determine the amount of acid left undissociated
D) Determine the POH of the given solution
13. If the PH of a 0.015 M solution of the HOCl is 4.64, what is the concentration of
the
hypochlorite ion, OCl-, in solution? What is the POH of this solution?
14. Pyridine, an organic molecule, is a very common weak base.
C5H5N(aq) + H2O(l) D C5H5NH+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Assume you have a 0.0213 M aqueous solution of pyridine, C 5H5N. The Kb value
for
Pyridine(C5H5N) is found to be1.5x10-9.
A) Label conjugate acid-base pair in the given reaction
B) Calculate the [OH- in the solution
C) Calculate percent ionization (% ) of pyridine
15. Calculate [OH-,[H+ , POH and PH of 0.000099285 M solution of Ca(OH)2.
16. A Give solution of KOH has a PH of 12.99. Determine the - [H+ and POH of this
solution.
Is this solution acidic, neutral or basic?
17. A Give solution of H2SO4 has a PH of 1.79. Determine the - [H+, [OH-and POH of
this solution. Is this solution acidic, neutral or basic?
18. What are the pH and the ion concentrations in a solution of 0.0015 M NaOH?
18. The PH of a 0.150 M solution of hypochlorous acid, HClO, is found to be 4.55 at
25 °C.
Calculate the Ka for HClO at this temperature.
19. A 0.450 M ammonia solution has a pH of 11.45 at 25 °C.
A) Calculate the [H3O+] and [OH-] of the solution
B) Determine the base dissociation constant, Kb , of ammonia.
C) Write the correct equilibrium expression for the reaction
NH3(aq) + H2O(l ) D NH4+(aq) + OH_(aq)
D) Determine equilibrium [NH3] and [HO-]
20. A 1.00 M iodic acid, HIO3 , solution has an acid ionization constant of 0.169 at
25 °C.
Calculate the [H3O+] of the solution at this temperature.
HIO3(aq) + H2O(l ) D H3O+(aq) + IO3_(aq)
21. Hydrazoic acid, HN3, is a weak acid. The [H3O+] of a 0.102 M solution of
hydrazoic acid
is 1.39x10-3 M. Determine the PH of this solution, and calculate Ka at 25 °C for
HN3.
22. Calculate the PH of: A) 0.0075 M of HCl B) 0.002998 M of NaOH

11
 23. Using example, show that KaKb = Kw
24. Calculate [H+] in a 0.2 M HCN solution. What will be the percent ionization (%
)?
(Ka = 7.1x10-10)
25. Calculate the concentration of HCl needed to make an aqueous solution whose
PH=4.35
[Link] 50 oC the water ionization constant, Kw, is 5.48 x10-14. What is [H3O+] in
neutral water
at 50 oC?
27. We add 0.535 g of NaOH to 100.0 ml of water at 25 oC. What is [H3O+] in this
solution?
28. For a solution that is 0.164 M NH3 and 0.102 M NH4Cl, calculate:
A) [HO-], [NH4+], [Cl-] and [H3O+] (Ka for NH3= 1.8X10-5)
29. Calculate [HO-], POH and [H3O+] in a 0.0099858 M Ba(OH)2.

Analytical Chemistry-I(Chem-221) Class work for Biology 2nd

year students
Name:________________________ID.NO:_________Section:_______________
__ __________
Direction: For the following questions give short and precise answer

1. Define acid and base according to Lewis concept.

2. What is the conjugate acid and conjugate base of HPO4-2 ?
3. What is the [H3O+] and PH of 0.143 M HNO3 ( Ka for HNO2= 7.2X10-4)
4. A 0.450 M NH3 solution has a PH of 11.45 at 25 °C.
A) Calculate the [H3O+] and [OH-] of the solution
B) Determine the base dissociation constant (Kb) of NH3
5. What the [H3O+] and PH in a 0.06 M solution of HCN (Ka= 5.4x10-10).
6. Calculate the dissociation constant of a 0.00365 M of HA, if it HAS PH =3.54

Chem-221- Practice Questions on Acid-Base Equilibria

1. Calculate the PH and POH of 0.0038 M of HNO3 solution.

2. Determine POH and PH of 0.00048 M NaOH solution.
3. The water ionization constant, Kw, is 2.9 x10 -15 at 10 oC. What are [H3O+] and
[OH-] in neutral water at 10 oC?
4. Concentrated HCl is 12 M. What is the PH of concentrated HCl at 25 oC?
5. What is [H3O+] in a 0.150 M solution of HCN at 25 oC? (Ka for HCN = 4.0 x10-10)

12
6. What is [H3O+] in a 0.037 M solution of HF at 25 oC? (Ka for HF = 7.2 x10-4)
7. A 0.040 M solution of an acid, HA, has a pH of 3.02 at 25 oC. What is Ka for this
acid?
8. A 0.045 M solution of a base, B, has a pH of 9.20 at 25 oC. What is Kb for
thisbase?
9. For each of the following identify conjugate acid-base pairs.

10. For each of the following identify conjugate acid-base pairs

11. What is the concentration of a solution of NaOH if its pH is 12.75?

12. Which of the following is the weakest acid?

13. Predict whether an aqueous solution of the following is acidic, basic, or neutral.

14. Calculate the pH of a 0.15 M solution of KCN. (Ka (HCN) = 4.9x10 –10)

13
15. The hydronium ion concentration of a 0.500 M solution of HF at 25 °C is found
to
be 0.0185 M. calculate the ionization constant for HF at this temperature
16. Classify all the following species as an acids or bases

Arrhenius acids: An acid is a substance that yields an excess of hydrogen ions

when dissolved in water.
A base is a substance that produces hydroxide ions, OH-,in water
A Brønsted-Lowry: acid is a substance that can donate a hydrogen ion
A Brønsted-Lowry: base is a substance that can accept a hydrogen ion
Most ionic species hydrolyze to a detectable extent:
the hydrolysis of anions typically raises the pH
the hydrolysis of cations typically lowers the pH
Amphiprotic Substance: A substance that can act either as a proton acceptor or
a proton donor.

14
15