Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of
Flow Systems
Introduction
Fluid flow problems can be analyzed using one of three
basic approaches: differential, experimental, and
integral (or control volume).
In Chap. 5, control volume forms of the mass and energy
equation were developed and used.
In this chapter, we complete control volume analysis by
presenting the integral momentum equation.
Review Newton's laws and conservation relations for
momentum.
Use RTT to develop linear and angular momentum equations for
control volumes.
Use these equations to determine forces and torques acting on
the CV.
Meccanica dei Fluidi I 2 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems
Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should
be able to
Identify the various kinds of forces and
moments acting on a control volume.
Use control volume analysis to determine the
forces associated with fluid flow.
Use control volume analysis to determine the
moments caused by fluid flow and the torque
transmitted.
Meccanica dei Fluidi I 3 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems
Newton’s Laws
Newton’s laws are relations between motions of bodies
and the forces acting on them.
First law: a body at rest remains at rest, and a body in motion
remains in motion at the same velocity in a straight path when
the net force acting on it is zero.
Second law: the acceleration of a body is proportional to the net
force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass.
(analogous expression for the angular momentum H)
Third law: when a body exerts a force on a second body, the
second body exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.
Meccanica dei Fluidi I 4 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems
Choosing a Control Volume
CV is arbitrarily chosen by fluid dynamicist,
however, selection of CV can either simplify
or complicate analysis.
Clearly define all boundaries. Analysis is often
simplified if CS is normal to flow direction.
Clearly identify all fluxes crossing the CS.
Clearly identify forces and torques of interest
acting on the CV and CS.
Fixed, moving, and deforming control
volumes.
For moving CV, use relative velocity,
For deforming CV, use relative velocity for
all deforming control surfaces,
Meccanica dei Fluidi I 5 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems
Forces Acting on a CV
Forces acting on CV consist of body forces that act
throughout the entire body of the CV (such as gravity,
electric, and magnetic forces) and surface forces that
act on the control surface (such as pressure and viscous
forces, and reaction forces at points of contact).
• Body forces act on each
volumetric portion dV of the CV.
• Surface forces act on each
portion dA of the CS.
Meccanica dei Fluidi I 6 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems
Body Forces
The most common body force
is gravity, which exerts a
downward force on every
differential element of the CV
The different body force
Typical convention is that
acts in the negative z-direction,
Total body force acting on CV
Meccanica dei Fluidi I 7 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems
Surface Forces
Surface forces include both normal
and tangential components
Diagonal components xx, yyzz are
called normal stresses and are due
to pressure and viscous stresses
Off-diagonal components xy, xz
etc., are called shear stresses and
are due solely to viscous stresses
Total surface force acting on CS
Second order stress tensor
Meccanica dei Fluidi I 8 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems
Body and Surface Forces
Surface integrals are cumbersome.
Careful selection of CV allows
expression of total force in terms of
more readily available quantities
like weight, gage pressure, and
reaction forces.
Goal is to choose CV to expose
only the forces to be determined
and a minimum number of other
forces: in the example to the left
CV B is a wiser choice than CV A.
Meccanica dei Fluidi I 9 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems
Linear Momentum Equation
Newton’s second law for a system of mass m subjected
to a force F is expressed in a Galilean coordinate system
as
Use RTT with b = V and B = mV to shift from system
formulation of the control volume formulation
Meccanica dei Fluidi I 10 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems
Linear Momentum Equation
The linear momentum equation
is commonly used to calculate the
forces (usually on support systems,
connectors, flanges, etc.) induced
by the flow. In most flow systems the
force consists of weights,
(gage) pressure forces, and reaction
forces.
Meccanica dei Fluidi I 11 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems
Special Cases
Steady Flow
Average velocities
Approximate momentum flow rate when speed across
inlets and outlets is almost uniform
To account for error, use momentum-flux correction
factor
Meccanica dei Fluidi I 12 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems
Angular Momentum
Motion of a rigid body can be considered to be the
combination of
the translational motion of its center of mass (Ux, Uy, Uz)
the rotational motion about its center of mass (x, y, z)
Translational motion can be analyzed with linear
momentum equation.
Rotational motion is analyzed with angular momentum
equation.
Together, a general body motion can be described as
a 6–degree–of–freedom (6DOF) system.
Meccanica dei Fluidi I 13 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems
Review of Rotational Motion
Angular velocity is the
angular distance
traveled per unit time, and
angular acceleration is
the rate of change of
angular velocity.
l/r)
Meccanica dei Fluidi I 14 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems
Review of Angular Momentum
Analogy between corresponding linear Angular momentum of a point mass m
and angular quantities. rotating at angular velocity at
distance r from the axis of rotation.
Meccanica dei Fluidi I 15 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems
Review of Angular Momentum
Moment of a force:
Angular momentum:
For a system:
Therefore, the angular momentum equation for a
Galilean system can be written as:
To derive angular momentum for a CV, use RTT
with and b
Meccanica dei Fluidi I 16 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems
Angular Momentum Equation for a CV
General form
Approximate form using average properties at
inlets and outlets
Steady flow
Meccanica dei Fluidi I 17 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems