Junior Secondary Exploring Geography (Second Edition) Part 4

Question Bank Structured questions

1 Photographs 1a and b show two water problems in China. Figure 1c shows the population of China
from 2006 to 2016.

(Credit: Eric Feng/flickr)

Photograph 1a

(Credit: strudelt/flickr)
Photograph 1b

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Source: National Bureau of Statistics of China

Figure 1c

a Refer to the photographs above. Identify the two water problems shown. (2 marks)
Photograph 1a: Water pollution
Photograph 1b: Drought
b Refer to Figure 1c. Describe the population trend of China from 2006 to 2016. (1 mark)
The population is increasing.
c Explain how the population trend shown in Figure 1c causes the water problems shown in
photographs 1a and b.
i Water problem shown in Photograph 1a: (2 marks)
- Rising/More population
- Produce more sewage
- More solid waste
(any 2)
ii Water problem shown in Photograph 1b: (2 marks)
- Larger consumption of drinking water/domestic use of water
- More intensive farming activities due to greater demand for food
- Greater demand for water resources
(any 2)
d Describe the effects brought by the water problem shown in Photograph 1a. (3 marks)
- Poses risk to the public health
- Leads to water shortages
- Adversely affects the water ecosystem
- Leads to algal bloom
(any 3)
e Explain the physical factors that cause the water problem shown in Photograph 1b. (2 marks)
- Wet summer monsoons come late
- Dry winter monsoons come earlier than normal
- High temperatures continue for a long period of time

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(any 2)

2 Figure 2 shows two large-scale water projects carried out by the Chinese government to tackle the
water problems.

(Credit: Nsbdgc/Wikimedia Commons)

(Credit: putneymark/flickr)

Figure 2

a i Identify the two large-scale projects shown in Figure 2. (2 marks)

Large scale water project A: The South-North Water Transfer Project
Large scale water project B: The Three Gorges Dam Project
ii What kinds of water problems do these projects tackle respectively? (2 marks)

Large scale water project A: Drought in northern China/the Huang He basin

Large scale water project B: Flooding in the Chang Jiang basin
b Refer to Figure 2.
i For water project A, where does the water that is being transferred come from? (1 mark)

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Chang Jiang
ii List THREE advantages of water project A. (3 marks)
- Provides a reliable and clean source of water to northern China
- Relieves the water shortage problem in northern China
- Improves water transport on the Grand Canal
- More farmland can be opened up
- Helps maintain the wetland and river ecosystems
(any 3)
c Refer to Figure 2.
i Explain how water project B can tackle the water problem you answered in Question aii.
(4 marks)
- Build the Sanxia Dam and create a big reservoir behind it
- The reservoir can store water from the upstream areas
- When there is heavy rain, the dam can hold and slow down the river water flowing
downstream
- Through regulating the flow, the risk of flooding is lowered
ii List THREE disadvantages of water project B. (3 marks)
- Floods large areas of farmland and many historical sites behind the dam
- Many people have to move
- Damages the natural habitat of wildlife
- High construction cost
- Traps sediment behind the dam
- With less sediment, the farmland in the downstream becomes less fertile
- Floods the downstream area if the dam collapses
(any 3)

3 Figure 3a shows the location of Dongting Hu and rivers X and Y in China. Table 3b shows the
changing size of Dongting Hu at different periods.

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Figure 3a

Table 3b
Year Size (km2)
1825 6,000
1949 4,350
1977 2,740
1996 2,329
2013 1,001

a Refer to Figure 3a. Name rivers X and Y. (2 marks)

River X: Huang He
River Y: Chang Jiang
b Refer to Table 3b. Calculate the percentage change in the size of Dongting Hu from 1825 to
2013. Show your steps. (2 marks)
[(1,001 – 6,000) km2 ÷ 6,000 km2] × 100%
= -83.3%
c Explain the change in the size of Dongting Hu. (4 marks)
- The area of Dongting Hu has decreased a lot.
- Population has been growing rapidly.
- More land is needed for residential, farming and economic development.

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- Dongting Hu has been reclaimed for the uses of fish ponds, farmland and settlement.
d How does the change in the size of Dongting Hu cause flooding in River Y? (4 marks)
- The holding capacity of Dongting Hu decreases as the size of the lake becomes smaller.
- It cannot store as much water as before.
- Its ability in regulating the river flow reduces.
- During rainstorms, the excess rainwater quickly flows into rivers.
- River flow increases rapidly and may cause flooding.
(any 4)
e Suggest TWO ways to restore the size of Dongting Hu in order to prevent flooding in
River Y. (2 marks)
- Restrict the reclamation of land from the lake
- Give up farmland and fish ponds reclaimed from the lake

4 Figure 4 shows a water cycle.

Figure 4

a Refer to Figure 4. What are processes A to E? (5 marks)

Process A: Transpiration
Process B: Evaporation
Process C: Condensation
Process D: Precipitation

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Process E: Infiltration
b How would the following affect the processes mentioned?
i Removing trees on a large scale: (4 marks)
- Less transpiration/Transpiration decreases
- Less condensation/Condensation decreases
- Less precipitation/Precipitation decreases
- Less infiltration/Infiltration decreases
ii Increase in air temperature: (1 mark)
- More evaporation/Evaporation increases
c How would overdrawing groundwater for human activities affect overland flow and
groundwater? (2 marks)
- Overland flow reduces
- Groundwater reduces

5 Figures 5a and b show Place X in 1950 and 2017 respectively.

Figure 5a

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Figure 5b

a Refer to the above maps. Describe the relief of Place X. Give map evidence to support
your answer. (2 marks)
Low-lying (1)
Evidence:
- The height of Place X is less than 50 metres/about 5–10 metres only.
b Place X has been suffering from frequent flooding in the past. Refer to Figure 5b. Explain
how the following measures help prevent flooding there.
i Planting trees (4 marks)
- Tree roots hold the soil
- Prevents water from washing loose soil and rocks into the river
- Reduces soil erosion
- With less sediment, silting in the river channel is prevented
- More infiltration of water
- Less overland flow
- Reduces the river flow
(any 4)
ii Building dam (2 marks)

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- Hold water
- Control the river flow downstream/Regulate the river flow
iii Restoring the size of the lake (2 marks)
- Increase the storage/holding capacity of the lake
- Hold the excess rainwater during rainstorms
- Store water and regulate the river flow
(any 2)
iv Widening and straightening the river (2 marks)
- Increase the holding capacity of the river channel
- Increase the speed of flow
- Drain away the water quickly

6 Photograph 6 shows an area of China affected by serious flooding in 2017.

(Credit: Huangdan2060/Wikimedia Commons)

Photograph 6

a In general, what kinds of area are subject to flooding? (2 marks)

- Low-lying areas
- Coastal flatland

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- River basins
(any 2)
b How would the following factors affect the ability of a river to hold water?
i the amount of river flow (2 marks)

If there is a sudden and large increase in river flow, the river channel may not be able to
hold the flow.
ii the holding capacity of the river (2 marks)
If the river bed becomes shallow, the amount of flow that it can hold will decrease.
c Refer to Photograph 6. What are the harmful effects caused by the flooding? (2 marks)
- Crop failure/Crops or fields are destroyed
- Disruption to transport services
- Close of schools
(any 2 or other reasonable answers)
d Apart from the effects mentioned in Question c, list FOUR other harmful effects of flooding.
(4 marks)
- Kills livestock and people
- Damages buildings, roads, rail lines, bridges and engineered structures
- Causes disruption to the supply of water, electricity and gas
- Pollutes sources of drinking water
- Spreads diseases
(any 4 or other reasonable answers)

7 Figure 7 shows the water cycle of Area X.

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Figure 7

a Refer to Figure 7. What are processes ○

1 to ○
4 ? (4 marks)
Process ○
1 : Evaporation

Process ○
2 : Transpiration

Process ○
3 : Condensation

Process ○
4 : Precipitation

b Define processes ○
1 and ○
2 in the water cycle respectively. (2 marks)
- Process ○
1 (Evaporation)

When the sun heats the earth’s surface, the water in the seas, rivers, lakes and land
evaporates and becomes water vapour. It passes into the air.
- Process ○
2 (Transpiration)

Leaves of plants release water as water vapour.

c i Name the water problem that will occur in Area X if processes ○
3 and ○
4 increase

greatly. (1 mark)
Flooding
ii What attempts can be made to reduce the water problem mentioned in Question ci?
List THREE methods. (3 marks)
- Regulate the river flow by building dams and reservoirs

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- Increase the speed of river flow by straightening and widening the river channel
- Increase the holding capacity by dredging the river channel
- Plant trees on hill slopes to prevent silting and increase infiltration
(any 3)

8 Photograph 8 shows a large-scale water management project in China.

Photograph 8

a Name the large-scale water management project shown in the photograph. (1 mark)
The Three Gorges Dam Project/The Sanxia Project
b What is the main purpose of this project? (1 mark)
Flood prevention in the Chang Jiang basin/Regulate the water flow of the Chang Jiang
c How can the project achieve the purpose mentioned in Question b? (4 marks)
- Build the Sanxia Dam and create a big reservoir behind it
- The reservoir can store water from the upstream areas
- When there is heavy rain, the dam can hold and slow down the river water flowing
downstream
- Through regulating the flow, the risk of flooding is lowered
d What are the possible disadvantages of this project to the local people? Give FOUR examples.
(4 marks)

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- Large numbers of people are relocated.

- Large areas of farmland behind the dam are flooded.
- Many historical sites are flooded.
- Collapse of the dam may cause great damage/flood in the downstream areas.
- The farmland in the downstream areas becomes less fertile because of less sediment.
(any 4)

9 Figure 9 shows a river basin.

Figure 9

a Refer to Figure 9.
i Which place, A, B or C, is most likely to suffer from flooding? (1 mark)
Place B
ii List THREE natural causes of flooding in the place you have answered above. (3 marks)
- Heavy rainfall brought by typhoons
- Low-lying relief
- Near the coast

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- Close to the river mouth/Downstream area

- Large river flow from the river and its tributaries
(any 3)
iii Explain how the above natural causes make the place chosen prone to flooding.
(3 marks)
- Typhoons bring heavy rain. This leads to a sharp increase in river flow and
makes Place B prone to flooding.
- Typhoons push seawater onto the shore and thus leads to severe coastal flooding.
- Flooding usually occurs in low-lying areas such as coastal land. Place B is located in
the coastal area, it is easily flooded during typhoon periods.
- Place B is found in the downstream area. The slope of the river channel becomes gentle
and the water flow thus slows down.
- Soil and rocks deposit in the river bed and make it becomes shallow, reduces the
holding capacity of the river channel.
- The river has many tributaries. When there is heavy rain, the river near Place B will
collect a lot of water. When the river becomes full, the river water will flow over its
banks and cause flooding in Place B.
(any 3)
b Apart from the natural causes, human activities may also lead to flooding. List THREE
examples. (3 marks)
- Deforestation
- Overgrazing/Over-cultivation
- Reclaiming lakes for fish ponds, farmland and settlement
- Urban development
(any 3)
c What damages will be brought by flooding? (4 marks)
- Destroy crops/Crop failure
- Kill livestock and people
- Damage transport networks/Disrupt transport services

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- Disrupt the supply of water, electricity and gas

- Pollute sources of drinking water
- Spread diseases
(any 4 or other reasonable answers)

10 Figure 10 shows a water cycle.

Figure 10

a i What is a water cycle? (2 marks)

Water on the earth goes round and round between the atmosphere, the oceans and seas, and
the land in the form of a cycle. This movement of water is called the water cycle.
ii Fill in the boxes in Figure 10 to complete the water cycle. (5 marks)

b Which TWO processes add water to the atmosphere? (2 marks)

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- Evaporation
- Transpiration
c i Which process removes water from the atmosphere? (1 mark)
Precipitation
ii Name TWO common forms of water from the process mentioned in Question ci.
(2 marks)
- Rain
- Snow
d Explain why heavy precipitation may not necessarily lead to flooding. (2 marks)
- Precipitation may fall in the form of snow. It can stay on the ground for several
months. The amount of water in rivers does not increase immediately.
- Rainwater may seep into rocks and soil and become groundwater. It may join
the river again further downslope. There is no sudden increase in the volume of river
water.
- Vegetation cover helps absorb certain amount of rainwater and decreases the amount
of rainwater reaching the river channels.
- If the river channel is deep enough or there are large lakes/reservoirs to store
rainwater, flooding may not happen.
(any 2)

11 Figure 11 shows the changes of Place X in 30 years.

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Question Bank Structured questions

Figure 11

a Refer to Figure 11. Describe the changes that have taken place over the past 30 years.
(4 marks)
- Reduction in woodland areas
- More villages
- Expansion of farmland
- Expansion of animal grazing areas
- Reduction in the size of lakes
(any 4)
b How do these changes result in more frequent flooding in recent years? (5 marks)
- People cut trees in the woodland to get land for villages, farmland and grazing animals.
The vegetation cover is thus reduced.
- Without the protection of vegetation, the soil becomes loose.
- More soil and rocks on the land surface are washed into river and lakes. Soil erosion
is serious.
- Sediment in the river and lakes increases and thus worsens the silting problem.

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- The river bed becomes shallower and the holding capacity is reduced.
- People have reclaimed the lakes for farmland. The lakes become smaller.
- The ability of lakes to regulate the river flow decreases.
- As a result, during heavy rain, the river easily floods.
(any 5)
c According to your answers in Question b, do you think the frequent flooding occurred in
Place X is most likely due to natural or human causes? (1 mark)

Human causes

12 Figure 12a shows the areas affected by frequent flooding in China. The news clipping in Figure 12b
is about a flood occurred in China in 2017.

Figure 12a

Heavy and continuous rainfall has increased the amount of river

flow in the Chang Jiang. This has resulted in serious flooding in the
middle and lower courses.
Over 4 million people were affected. Thirty-three people were
killed in the flooding.
Source: Newspaper on 4 July 2017,

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Figure 12b

a Name rivers A, B and C shown in Figure 12a. (3 marks)

River A: Huang He
River B: Chang Jiang
River C: Zhu Jiang
b i Refer to Figure 2b. What is the major cause of the flooding in China? (1 mark)
Heavy and continuous rainfall
ii According to the news clipping above, a lot of people were affected by flooding.
Apart from loss of life, what other problems would they face? (4 marks)

- Many people might become homeless.

- It might cause huge economic loss.
- Crops and buildings would be destroyed.
- Transport networks would be damaged./Transport services would be disrupted.
- The supply of water, electricity and gas would be disrupted.
- Drinking water might be polluted.
- Diseases might widely spread.
(any 4 or other reasonable answers)
c To prevent the occurrence of flooding in the Chang Jiang, the central government has carried
out the Three Gorges Dam Project. If you were an environmentalist, would you support this
project? Give FOUR reasons. (5 marks)

No (1)
Reasons:
- The dam may collapse and flood the downstream areas.
- Large areas of farmland behind the dam are flooded.
- The natural habitat of wildlife/Chinese sturgeons is damaged.
- A lot of valuable historical sites are flooded.
- With less sediment, the soil downstream becomes less fertile.
(any 4 or other reasonable answers)

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d Besides building dams, suggest THREE other measures that the central government can carry
out to reduce flooding in China. (3 marks)

- Dredge river channels to increase their holding capacity

- Straighten and widen river channels to increase the speed of river flow
- Plant trees and control deforestation
- Stop farming and grazing on steep slopes
- Build terraces
- Restrict the reclamation of land from lakes
- Encourage people to give up farmland and fish ponds reclaimed from lakes
(any 3)

13 Figure 13 shows a water cycle.

Figure 13

a Name processes W, X, Y and Z. (4 marks)

Process W: Evaporation
Process X: Transpiration

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Process Y: Condensation
Process Z: Precipitation
b Describe the formation of Process Z. (4 marks)

- When the sun heats the ground, the water in seas, rivers, lakes, soil and plants
turns into water vapour through evaporation and transpiration.
- When water vapour rises, it cools and condenses into water droplets. Clouds are formed.
- When more water droplets join together, the clouds become heavy.
- Water droplets fall to the ground as precipitation.
c What weather conditions will speed up Process W? (2 marks)
- High temperature
- Strong sunshine
- High wind speed/Strong winds
(any 2)
d List TWO sources of river water. (2 marks)
- Rainwater
- Snow meltwater
- Groundwater
(any 2)
e What are the water problems related to Process Z? (2 marks)
- Flooding
- Drought/Water shortages

14 Figure 14 shows a contour map of an area.

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Figure 14

a i Which place, A, B or C is more likely to be affected by flooding? (1 mark)

Place B
ii Give TWO pieces of map evidence to support your answer. (2 marks)
- Place B is flat/low-lying.
- Its height is between 0 and 40 m.
- It is at the downstream area./It is located near the river mouth./It is located near the coast.
(any 2)
b Although flooding is likely to occur at the place you mentioned above, people still prefer
to live there. Give TWO reasons for this. (2 marks)
- The place is good for farming as the relief is flat and low-lying.
- River provides water for irrigation.
- Flooding brings sediment to the land nearby and makes the soil rich.
- It is near the sea. This favours the development of trade and tourism.
(any 2)
c i In recent years, a large amount of trees have been planted on the slope in Area Z. How
can this practice help reduce the risk of flooding? (5 marks)
- Tree roots hold the soil.
- Trees can protect the soil from being washed away by rain.

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- They can prevent soil erosion.

- Less soil will be washed into the river channel.
- This reduces silting and therefore the risk of flooding.
- Tree roots help infiltration of water.
- This reduces overland flow.
- River flow will not increase quickly after heavy rainfall.
(any 5)
ii Besides tree planting, what other measures can help reduce the risk of flooding in
the area shown? (4 marks)
- Build dams and reservoirs to regulate the river flow
- Dredge the river channel to increase its holding capacity
- Straighten and widen the river channel to increase the speed of river flow
- Build terraces
- Control deforestation
- Stop farming on steep slopes
(any 4)

15 Figure 15a shows two human activities in the Chang Jiang basin that are responsible for the
flooding problem. Figure 15b is a climatic graph of Chengdu, a large city in the Chang Jiang basin.

Figure 15a

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Figure 15b

a i Identify the TWO human activities shown in Figure 15a. (2 marks)

- Reclaiming the lake for farming
- Cutting trees for timber
ii Explain how the above human activities cause flooding in the Chang Jiang basin. Give
THREE reasons for each. (6 marks)

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Reclaiming the lake for farming:

- The lake can store water.
- It helps regulate the river flow.
- Reclamation reduces the holding capacity of the lake.
- This reduces its ability to regulate the flow of the Chang Jiang.
- More water will enter the main river channel.
- The risk of flooding increases.
(any 3)
Cutting trees for timber:
- Trees protect the land surface by holding the soil.
- Without trees, more soil and rocks are washed into the river.
- This causes silting and reduces the holding capacity of the river channel.
- Trees roots help infiltration of water.
- Without trees, there is more overland flow.
- River flow increases quickly after rainfall and therefore increases the risk of flooding.
(any 3)
b Refer to Figure 15b.
i Which season has the highest risk of flooding in Chengdu? (1 mark)
Summer
ii What other water problem may Chengdu face? Explain your answer. (2 marks)
Water shortages/Drought in winter (1)
- The rainfall in winter is low. It may not satisfy the great water demand in Chengdu.
iii What can the local government do to deal with the water problem you answered in
Question bii? Give FOUR suggestions. (4 marks)

- Collect rainwater for use

- Save floodwater in reservoirs
- Produce artificial rain
- Improve water resource management
- Reduce water pollution

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- Increase water charges to discourage people from using much water

- Educate the public on the importance of water conservation
- Pass laws to require factories to comply with water-saving regulations
- Promote water-saving technologies in farms
- Use recycled water
(any 4 or other reasonable answers)

16 Figure 16 is a newspaper clipping about a water problem that occurred in northern China in 2017.

Water problem X has seriously affected north-eastern China

Due to the continuous high temperature and low rainfall, Liaoning, Hebei
and Nei Mongol have been seriously affected by water problem X.
Up to 27 May, about 4,006 hectares of farmland have been threatened.
The supply of water has not met the need of both people and livestock.
If the problem continues, it will lead to severe crop failures.

Source: Online news in May 2017

Figure 16

a Identify water problem X mentioned in the newspaper clipping above. (1 mark)

Drought/Water shortages
b Apart from the natural causes, what are the possible human causes of water problem X?
Suggest TWO. (2 marks)
- Large demand for water due to the growing population and economy
- Deforestation
- Overdrawing groundwater
- Water pollution
- Misuse or waste of water resources/Poor irrigation methods
(any 2)

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c i The central government has carried out a large-scale water management project to solve
water problem X in northern China. Name it. (1 mark)
The South-North Water Transfer Project
ii Describe how this is done. (1 mark)
Water from the Chang Jiang is transferred to the north.
d Why do some environmentalists oppose this project? Give TWO reasons. (2 marks)
- The natural habitat of wildlife along the Chang Jiang is threatened as water is reduced.
- Water supply along the diversion routes may be polluted.
e How can this project benefit the people and the environment in northern China? (3 marks)
- It improves water transport on the Grand Canal.
- With more water, more farmland can be opened up.
- It provides a reliable and clean source of water to support daily use and economic
activities in northern China.
- The increase of the water supply helps maintain the wetland and river ecosystems.
(any 3)

17 Photograph 17a shows an industrial area in Guangdong. Photograph 17b shows farmers spraying
pesticides in a farm in rural Guangdong.

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Photograph 17a

Photograph 17b

a What is the water problem shown in Photograph 17a? Explain your answers with photo
evidence. (2 marks)
Water pollution (1)
Photo evidence:
- White foam is found in the river.
- The water colour is dark which is most probably polluted water.
(any 1)
b Refer to Photograph 17b. How would the activity shown worsen the water problem mentioned
above? (2 marks)
- Pesticides contain toxic materials which would pollute the river water. (1)
- The excess pesticides might flow into rivers.
- The farmers might overuse pesticides in the farm.
(any 1)
c What are the negative effects of the water problem on the following aspects? Give TWO for
each.
i The people (2 marks)
- Affects water supply/Reduces the supply of clean water
- Affects people’s health if they drink the polluted water

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- Affects people’s daily life

(any 2)
ii The environment (2 marks)
- Pollutes water sources
- Kills a large amount of fish/Adversely affects the water ecosystem
- Lowers the quality of water
- Intensifies the water shortage/drought problem
(any 2)
iii The economy (2 marks)
- Results in economic loss
- The government has to spend much money to clean the water
- Disrupts industrial and farming production as polluted water cannot be used
(any 2)
d Suggest TWO methods for the Guangdong government to solve this water problem.
(2 marks)
- Set up large-scale/more sewage treatment plants
- Educate the public on the importance of water conservation
- Pass laws which require factories and farms to comply with pollution control regulations
(any 2 or other reasonable answers)

18 Figures 18a and b show the information and climatic graph of Place C respectively.

Facts of Place C
• GDP per capita: US$400
• Major economic activities:
Logging industry and cattle rearing

Figure 18a

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Figure 18b

a Refer to Figure 18b. What water problem will most likely to occur in Place C between May
and September? (1 mark)
Drought/Water shortages
b Refer to the above figures. What are the natural and human causes that may lead to the water
problem you have answered in Question a? Give TWO examples respectively. (4 marks)
Natural causes:
- Moderate to high temperature
- Low rainfall in summer
Human causes:
- Deforestation
- Overgrazing
c How do the human activities mentioned above cause the water problem? (4 marks)
- Both deforestation and overgrazing reduce the vegetation cover.
- Without vegetation cover, transpiration and infiltration decrease.
- This reduces the amount of precipitation in the long run.
- There will be more frequent drought.
d Do you think this water problem in Place C can easily be solved? Why? (3 marks)
No (1)

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- The physical conditions in Place C cannot be changed.

- Place C is poor./Its GDP per capita is low.
- People in Place C mainly engage in primary production (cattle rearing and logging).
- Place C does not have enough resources to deal with the problem.
(any 2 or other reasonable answers)

19 Photographs 19a and b show two places in China. Figure 19c is a map of China.

Photograph 19a

Photograph 19b

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Question Bank Structured questions

Figure 19c

a Answer the following questions and complete the table below.

i Describe the relief shown in photographs 19a and b respectively. (2 marks)
ii For each of the relief features shown, name ONE example in China. (2 marks)
Photograph 19a Photograph 19b
- Plateau (gaoyuan) - Plain (pingyuan)
Relief - Mountainous/Hilly/Rugged relief - Low-lying/Flat/Gentle relief
(any 1) (any 1)
Qing Zang Gaoyuan, Huangtu Middle and Lower Chang Jiang
Gaoyuan, Kunlun Shan Pingyuan, Huabei Pingyuan, Zhu
Example
(any 1 or other reasonable answers) Jiang Delta
(any 1 or other reasonable answers)
b Figure 19c shows the location of places P and Q. Match photographs 19a and b with places P
and Q. (1 mark)
Place P: Photograph 19a
Place Q: Photograph 19b
c Briefly describe the relief of China from the west towards the east. (1 mark)
- The height of land decreases from the west towards the east.
d i Draw arrows to show the direction of flow of the three major rivers in Figure 19c.
(3 marks)

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Question Bank Structured questions

ii Describe the relationship between the relief of China and the direction of flow of the
three major rivers. (3 marks)
- The three major rivers of China flow from the west to the east.
- This is related to the relief of China.
- In China, the height of land decreases from the highlands in the west towards
the coast in the east.
- Since water flows from high levels to low levels, the major rivers in China flow
towards the east.
(any 3)

20 Photograph 20a shows water problem X in Shanghai. Figure 20b shows the distribution of this
water problem in China.

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Junior Secondary Exploring Geography (Second Edition) Part 4
Question Bank Structured questions

(Credit: Carsten Ullrich/flickr)

Photograph 20a

Figure 20b

a Refer to Photograph 20a.

i Name water problem X. (1 mark)
Flooding
ii What are the harmful effects caused by this water problem? (4 marks)

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Junior Secondary Exploring Geography (Second Edition) Part 4
Question Bank Structured questions

- Disruption to transport services

- Inconvenience to people’s daily life
- Loss of life and injuries
- Spread of diseases
- Damage to buildings/rail lines/bridges/engineered structures
- Crop failure
- Economic loss
- Disruption to the supply of water, electricity and gas
- Pollution of drinking water
(any 4 or other reasonable answers)
b Refer to Figure 20b.
i Which part of China is more frequently affected by water problem X? (1 mark)
Eastern part
ii How do the physical conditions of the part you mentioned above lead to water
problem X? (2 marks)
- Flat/Low-lying relief
- Coastal plain
- Summer monsoons and typhoons bring heavy rain to the coastal areas. This leads to a
sharp increase in river flow
(any 2)
c How does the Three Gorges Dam help prevent water problem X in Shanghai? (4 marks)
- The dam creates a big reservoir behind it.
- The reservoir can store water from the upstream areas.
- When there is heavy rain, the dam can hold and slow down the river water flowing
downstream.
- Through regulating the flow, the risk of flooding in Shanghai is lowered.

21 Figure 21a shows the map of Place Q. Figure 21b shows the climatic graph of Place Q.

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Junior Secondary Exploring Geography (Second Edition) Part 4
Question Bank Structured questions

Figure 21a Figure 21b

a Refer to figures 21a and b.

i Which water problem do you think Place Q is facing? (1 mark)
Flooding
ii List TWO natural causes of the water problem mentioned above in Place Q. Support
your answer with evidence from figures 21a and b. (4 marks)
Cause:
- Flat and low-lying relief
Evidence:
- Most of the land is below 200 m in height.
Cause:
- Rivers flowing into Place Q may carry much water and silt.
Evidence:
There are three rivers joining together at Place Q.
Cause:
- Heavy rainfall concentrates in summer
Evidence:
- The annual rainfall of Place Q is high, reaching 2,000 mm.

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Junior Secondary Exploring Geography (Second Edition) Part 4
Question Bank Structured questions

- Most of the rainfall concentrates in summer/from May to September.

(any 2 pairs)
b How would people suffer from this water problem? List THREE of them. (3 marks)

- Loss of life and injuries

- Spread of diseases
- Economic loss
- Crop failure
- Disruption to transport services
- Damage to buildings, roads, rail lines, bridges and engineered structures
- Disruption to utility services, e.g. the supply of water, electricity and gas
- Pollution of drinking water
(any 3 or other reasonable answers)
c What could be done to ease this water problem? Suggest TWO measures. (2 marks)
- Planting trees on valley slopes
- Building dams in the upper course
- Dredging river channels
(any 2 or other reasonable answers)

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