Data Communications
and
Networking Overview
Bijoy Ch. Chatterjee
South Asian University, New Delhi,
India bijoycc@[Link],
bijoycc@[Link]
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Overview
! Data Comm vs Networking vs Distributed Systems
! Communications Tasks
! Types of Networks
! Protocol Layers
! ISO/OSI Reference Model
! TCP/IP Reference Model
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Data Communication vs Networking
! Communication: Two Nodes. Mostly EE issues.
! Networking: Two or more nodes. More issues, e.g.,
routing
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Distributed Systems vs Networks
! Distributed Systems:
! Users are unaware of underlying structure.
! Mostly operating systems issues.
! Nodes are generally under one organization’s
control.
! Networks: Users specify the location of resources.
Server
Server
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Simplified Communications Model
! Transmitter: encodes the information
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Data Communications: Example
! Modem is used to transmit/receive digital information
over analog phone system
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Communications Tasks
! Transmission System Utilization (Multiplexing)
! Interfacing
! Signal generation (Coding)
! Synchronization between transmitter and receiver
! Exchange management (Connection Management)
! Error detection and correction
! Flow control
! Addressing
! Routing
! Recovery
! Message formatting
! Security
! Network Management
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Types of Networks
! Point to point vs Broadcast
WAN Bus LAN
Ring
LAN
! Circuit switched vs packet switched
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Types of Networks (Cont)
! Enterprise vs Telecom Networks
Ethernet is the most common interface in Enterprise
Frame relay and ATM are common in Telecom Networks
! Local Area Networks (LAN) 0-2 km, Single Ownership
Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) 2-50 km,
Wide Area Networks (WAN) 50+ km
! Telecom Networks:
! Access: Between subscriber and the service provider
! Metro: Covering a city
! Core: Between cities
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An Example Configuration
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Protocol Layers
! Problem: Philosophers in different countries speak
different languages. The Telex system works only
with English. I believe there is a God!
Philosopher
Translator
Secretary
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A Sample Protocol Architecture
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ISO/OSI Reference Model
Application File transfer, Email, Remote Login
3 Presentation ASCII Text, Sound
Session Establish/manage connection
Transport End-to-end communication: TCP
2 Network Routing, Addressing: IP
Datalink Two party communication: Ethernet
1 Physical How to transmit signal: Coding
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Service and Protocol Data Units
Application 1 Application 2 Application 1 Application 2
SDU
Transport Transport
PDU
Network Network
Access Access
(i) A service data unit (SDU) is a piece of information that is passed by the layer above to
the current layer for transmission
(ii) A protocol data unit (PDU) is information delivered as a unit among peer entities of
networks containing control information, address information or data.
(iii) A service access point (SAP) is a conceptual location at which one layer can request the
services of another layer.
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Service Data Unit (SDU)
Application
PSDU
Presentation
SSDU
Session
TSDU
Transport
NSDU
Network
DSDU
Datalink
PhSDU
Physical
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Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
APDU, Message
Application Application
PPDU
Presentation Presentation
SPDU
Session Session
TPDU
Transport Transport
NPDU, Packet
Network Network
DPDU, Frame
Datalink Datalink
PhPDU, Frame
Physical Physical
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Use of a Relay
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Service Primitives
! Indication = Interrupt
Higher Layer Higher Layer
1 4 3 2
Lower Layer Lower Layer
1. Request 3. Response
2. Indication 4. Confirm
Unconfirmed service: No confirmation or response
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TCP/IP Reference Model
! TCP = Transport Control Protocol
! IP = Internet Protocol (Routing)
TCP/IP Ref Model TCP/IP Protocols
Application FTP Telnet HTTP
Transport TCP UDP
Internetwork IP
Host to Ether Point-to- Packet
Network net Point Radio
Physical Coax Fiber Wireless
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OSI vs TCP/IP
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OSI vs TCP Reference Models
! OSI introduced concept of services, interface,
protocols. These were force-fitted to TCP later
⇒ It is not easy to replace protocols in TCP.
! In OSI, reference model was done before protocols.
In TCP, protocols were done before the model
! OSI: Standardize first, build later
TCP: Build first, standardize later
! OSI took too long to standardize.
TCP/IP was already in wide use by the time.
! OSI became too complex.
! TCP/IP is not general. Ad hoc.
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PDUs in TCP/IP Architecture
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TCP/IP Applications
MIME: Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions
SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol
SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol
IGMP: Internet Group Management Protocol
RSVP: Resource Reservation Protocol
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Summary
! Communication, Networks, and Distributed systems
! ISO/OSI’s 7-layer reference model
! TCP/IP has a 5-layer model
! PDU, SDU, SAP
! Request, Indication, Response, Confirmation
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