1. 1.
What percentage of the Earth's water is
freshwater?
A. 2.5%
B. 5%
C. 10%
D. 20%
Answer: A. 2.5%
2. What is the annual renewable freshwater resource
potential of Ethiopia?
A. 122 BCM/year
B. 200 BCM/year
C. 300 BCM/year
D. 500 BCM/year
Answer: A. 122 BCM/year
3. Which of the following is NOT a component of a
water resource system?
A. Inputs
B. Outputs
C. Governing physical laws
D. Climate change
Answer: D. Climate change
4. Which river basin in Ethiopia has the largest area?
A. Awash Basin
B. Abbay Basin
C. Genale Dawa Basin
D. Wabishebelle Basin
Answer: D. Wabishebelle Basin
5. What is the estimated irrigation potential of
Ethiopia?
A. 300,000 hectares
B. 1.5 million hectares
C. 3.7 million hectares
D. 5 million hectares
Answer: C. 3.7 million hectares
6. The term "Water Stress" applies when the Water
Availability Index (WAI) falls below:
A. 2,000 m³/person/year
B. 1,700 m³/person/year
C. 1,000 m³/person/year
D. 500 m³/person/year
Answer: B. 1,700 m³/person/year
7. What is the primary cause of renewable water
resource variation in Ethiopia?
A. Population growth
B. Temporal variation in rainfall
C. Groundwater depletion
D. Climate change
Answer: B. Temporal variation in rainfall
8. What is a "single-purpose system"?
A. A system that has only one goal or purpose
B. A system that optimizes multiple goals
C. A system with no operational control
D. A system used only for irrigation
Answer: A. A system that has only one goal or purpose
9. Which of the following is NOT a major water use
category?
A. Municipal water use
B. Space exploration
C. Agricultural water use
D. Industrial water use
Answer: B. Space exploration
10. What percentage of Ethiopia's hydropower
potential has been developed?
A. 2-3%
B. 5-8%
C. 10-15%
D. 20%
Answer: A. 2-3%
11. Which parameter is used to measure water
scarcity?
A. Renewable water resource per capita
B. Average rainfall per year
C. Groundwater recharge rate
D. Number of dams
Answer: A. Renewable water resource per capita
2. The system analysis approach to water resource
management primarily involves:
A. Creating new water sources
B. Evaluating interactions within subsystems
C. Building large-scale reservoirs
D. Increasing groundwater abstraction
Answer: B. Evaluating interactions within subsystems
13. Ethiopia’s annual groundwater recharge potential
is approximately:
A. 2.6 BCM
B. 10 BCM
C. 50 BCM
D. 100 BCM
Answer: A. 2.6 BCM
14. Which is a major limitation of the system
approach in water resource management?
A. It is static in nature
B. It ignores intangible aspects
C. It is dynamic and complex
D. It does not include technical parameters
Answer: C. It is dynamic and complex
15. The Water Stress Index (WSI) is calculated as:
A. Total water available / Population
B. Water withdrawn / Total available water x 100%
C. Renewable groundwater potential / Population
D. Total rainfall / Surface area
Answer: B. Water withdrawn / Total available water x 100%
1. What is the main source of water?
A. Groundwater
B. Surface water
C. Rainwater harvesting
D. All of the above
Answer: D
2. Which of the following is a major challenge for surface water sources?
A. Overextraction
B. Pollution
C. Seasonal variation
D. All of the above
Answer: D
Rainwater Harvesting:
3. What is the key purpose of rainwater harvesting?
A. Increase surface water evaporation
B. Reduce soil erosion and store water
C. Convert groundwater into surface water
D. Enhance desalination
Answer: B
4. Which is a type of water harvesting system?
A. Micro-catchment
B. Macro-catchment
C. Rooftop harvesting
D. All of the above
Answer: D
5. What is the disadvantage of rooftop water harvesting?
A. High cost
B. Limited to rainfall availability
C. Requires extensive land
D. Causes flooding
Answer: B
Technical Questions:
6. What influences the effectiveness of rainwater harvesting the most?
A. Soil type and infiltration rate
B. Temperature
C. Proximity to rivers
D. Vegetation cover only
Answer: A
7. What is the purpose of an intake structure in surface water systems?
A. Prevents evaporation
B. Collects water from a source
C. Purifies water
D. Converts rainwater into groundwater
Answer: B
Surface Water Sources:
1. Which of the following is NOT a surface water source?
A. Rivers
B. Lakes
C. Reservoirs
D. Aquifers
Answer: D
2. What is one of the main reasons surface water sources become polluted?
A. Excessive rainwater
B. Industrial discharge and agricultural runoff
C. Groundwater recharge
D. Lack of dams
Answer: B
3. Seasonal variation impacts which type of water source the most?
A. Surface water
B. Groundwater
C. Desalinated water
D. Bottled water
Answer: A
Rainwater Harvesting Systems:
4. What is the minimum recommended roof slope for rooftop water harvesting?
A. 0-10 degrees
B. 15-20 degrees
C. 25-30 degrees
D. 35-40 degrees
Answer: B
5. Which of the following materials is commonly used for rainwater storage
tanks?
A. Metal sheets
B. Concrete
C. Plastic
D. All of the above
Answer: D
6. What determines the capacity of a rainwater harvesting tank?
A. Roof area and rainfall intensity
B. Evaporation rate
C. Soil permeability
D. Proximity to urban centers
Answer: A
Environmental and Social Aspects:
7. What is the primary environmental benefit of rainwater harvesting?
A. Reduces groundwater demand
B. Increases rainfall in the area
C. Prevents flooding
D. Both A and C
Answer: D
8. What is one of the key social challenges in implementing rainwater harvesting
systems?
A. Lack of water quality testing
B. High costs and public awareness
C. Lack of rainfall
D. Increased groundwater recharge
Answer: B
Technical Design and Maintenance:
9. In rainwater harvesting, a "first flush system" is used to:
A. Filter water before storage
B. Divert the initial flow of dirty water
C. Pump water to the tank
D. Improve water taste
Answer: B
10. Which factor does NOT affect rainwater harvesting system efficiency?
A. Catchment area size
B. Type of roofing material
C. Annual rainfall
D. Depth of groundwater aquifers
Answer: D
Knowledge Requirements for Water Resources
Managers:
Which of the following areas of knowledge is required for effective water
resources management?
1. A) Hydro-ecology
2. B) Financial management
3. C) Water and environmental law
4. D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Who typically creates water resource plans?
1. A) Only local communities
2. B) Government agencies, regional authorities, and local municipalities
3. C) Private companies with no government involvement
4. D) Only international organizations
Answer: B) Government agencies, regional authorities, and local
municipalities
Water Resources Planning (WRP) and Stakeholder
Involvement:
1. Who has a stake in Water Resources Planning?
A) Only government agencies
B) Only environmental organizations
C) Agriculture, power producers, ecosystems, industry, navigation interests, and
recreationalists
D) Only local communities
Answer: C) Agriculture, power producers, ecosystems, industry, navigation interests,
and recreationalists
1. What is the main focus of water resources management (WRM)?
A) Managing only surface water
B) Managing the interaction between surface water, groundwater, and human activities
C) Improving agricultural productivity only
D) Focusing only on economic benefits without considering environmental sustainability
Answer: B) Managing the interaction between surface water, groundwater, and
human activities
Challenges in Water Resources Planning and
Management:
1. Which of the following is a major challenge in water resources planning and management?
A) Ensuring water availability is constantly increasing
B) Population growth and competing needs for water
C) Avoiding all forms of regulation on water use
D) Having no need to address environmental issues
Answer: B) Population growth and competing needs for water
1. Which of the following is a challenge associated with water resources in Ethiopia?
A) Excessive water availability throughout the year
B) Limited competing needs for water resources
C) Inadequate infrastructure and water management systems
D) A clear absence of pollution issues
Answer: C) Inadequate infrastructure and water management systems
Sustainability and Future Planning:
1. What does sustainability in water resources management emphasize?
A) Meeting current water needs without concern for future generations
B) Prioritizing economic growth over environmental concerns
C) Balancing the needs of present and future generations without compromising
environmental quality
D) Focusing solely on technological solutions to water scarcity
Answer: C) Balancing the needs of present and future generations without
compromising environmental quality
1. What is the trade-off involved in sustainability in water resource management?
A) Short-term development versus long-term environmental health
B) Only economic gains at the expense of the environment
C) Full exploitation of water resources for current use without planning for the future
D) Ignoring both environmental and economic considerations
Answer: A) Short-term development versus long-term environmental health
Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)
Implementation:
1. What is one of the key principles of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)?
A) Water should be managed exclusively by government authorities.
B) Only economic considerations should drive water management decisions.
C) Water development should involve all stakeholders, including local communities, users,
and planners.
D) Water management should ignore the relationship between land and water.
Answer: C) Water development should involve all stakeholders, including local
communities, users, and planners.
1. What is an important aspect of IWRM in policy development?
A) Neglecting the environmental impact of water management policies
B) Considering the water-related implications of macro-economic policies
C) Focusing only on agricultural water use
D) Implementing top-down policies without stakeholder consultation
Answer: B) Considering the water-related implications of macro-economic policies
Advantages of an IWRM Approach:
1. Which of the following is a key advantage of the IWRM approach in
solving water-related problems?
A) Focusing only on the agricultural sector
B) Addressing water problems through cooperation among multiple sectors
C) Prioritizing the economic development over environmental sustainability
D) Relying solely on technical solutions without considering social impacts
Answer: B) Addressing water problems through cooperation among multiple
sectors
2. What is one of the main benefits of adopting the IWRM approach in
avoiding poor investments and expensive mistakes?
A) Focusing on short-term, sectoral decisions
B) Considering long-term costs and environmental impacts from the outset
C) Ignoring environmental considerations to boost economic growth
D) Making decisions based on quick returns without evaluating long-term consequences
Answer: B) Considering long-term costs and environmental impacts from the
outset
3. In terms of water allocation, what is the key advantage of the IWRM
approach?
A) Focusing on immediate sectoral needs only
B) Allocating water without considering national development goals
C) Ensuring water allocation decisions are strategically aligned with national goals
D) Ignoring the environmental impacts of water allocation
Answer: C) Ensuring water allocation decisions are strategically aligned with
national goals
4. What is one method used in IWRM to improve water allocation in
countries with growing urban populations?
A) Reducing water prices to encourage excessive use
B) Transferring water from agriculture to urban areas through water pricing and
incentives
C) Ignoring the needs of industrial growth in water distribution
D) Restricting water access to rural areas for urban development
Answer: B) Transferring water from agriculture to urban areas through water
pricing and incentives
5. Which of the following is an important step towards achieving integrated
water development and management?
A) Ignoring institutional roles and focusing on technological advancements alone
B) Evaluating how to implement IWRM goals by adjusting policies, institutions, and
practices
C) Limiting decision-making participation to only government agencies
D) Avoiding the inclusion of local communities in the water management process
Answer: B) Evaluating how to implement IWRM goals by adjusting policies,
institutions, and practices
Institutional and Management Roles in IWRM:
6. Which of the following best describes the enabling environment in
IWRM?
A) A regulatory framework that ignores stakeholder roles
B) A set of national, regional, and local policies and legislation that protect stakeholders'
rights and assets
C) A system focused on top-down decision-making without public input
D) A set of financial incentives that disregard environmental concerns
Answer: B) A set of national, regional, and local policies and legislation that
protect stakeholders' rights and assets
7. Which is a critical aspect of institutional roles in the IWRM approach?
A) Ensuring that all decisions are made at the national level only
B) Promoting the development of a clear organizational framework and capacity-building
for decision-makers
C) Limiting the participation of local communities in decision-making processes
D) Relying solely on financial resources without considering capacity building
Answer: B) Promoting the development of a clear organizational framework
and capacity-building for decision-makers
8. Which of the following is considered a management instrument in
IWRM?
A) Limiting the participation of stakeholders in water management decisions
B) Using water efficiently through demand management strategies and balancing supply
and demand
C) Only focusing on infrastructural development without considering environmental
factors
D) Ignoring economic implications when making water management decisions
Answer: B) Using water efficiently through demand management strategies
and balancing supply and demand
Sustainability and Water Resources:
9. Why is water critical for sustainable development?
A) It is only important for agricultural growth and not for other sectors
B) Water is essential for health, agriculture, energy, and biodiversity, and is linked to
poverty eradication
C) Water is not closely linked to the health and economic sectors
D) It is only important in drought-prone areas and not for other regions
Answer: B) Water is essential for health, agriculture, energy, and biodiversity,
and is linked to poverty eradication
10. How does IWRM help countries cope with water-related disasters and
ensure economic sustainability?
A) By focusing on short-term responses and ignoring long-term impacts
B) By considering the interconnections between water management and all sectors of
development, leading to more efficient and sustainable use of water
C) By concentrating efforts only on controlling floods and droughts without addressing other
factors
D) By prioritizing industrial and urban water needs over agricultural and environmental needs
Answer: B) By considering the interconnections between water management and all
sectors of development, leading to more efficient and sustainable use of water
11. What is the primary challenge related to Ethiopia's water resources
distribution?
A) Uneven distribution of water between regions
B) Lack of rainfall
C) Over-exploitation of water resources
D) Pollution of water sources
2. Which river basins hold the majority of Ethiopia's water resources?
A) East and Central River Basins
B) Abbay (Blue Nile), Tekeze, Baro Akobo, and Omo Gibe
C) Rift Valley Basins
D) Awash and Genale Dawa River Basins
3. According to the policy, what is the main goal of water resource management
in Ethiopia?
A) To ensure equitable water access for all
B) To develop hydropower resources for export
C) To increase agricultural productivity through irrigation
D) To achieve socio-economic development by optimizing water resource use
4. What is the primary objective of the Ethiopian Water Supply and Sanitation
Policy?
A) To reduce water scarcity in urban areas
B) To improve the quality of water available for irrigation
C) To provide adequate and clean water for the Ethiopian population
D) To ensure equitable distribution of water between neighboring countries
5. Which sector is the largest consumer of water in Ethiopia?
A) Industry
B) Agriculture
C) Domestic consumption
D) Hydropower production
6. What percentage of Ethiopia's population living in rural areas lacks access to
potable water?
A) 50%
B) 70%
C) 90%
D) 85%
7. What is the Ethiopian government's approach towards irrigation in the Water
Resources Management Policy?
A) Focus on increasing domestic irrigation schemes only
B) Support for traditional irrigation schemes with improved systems
C) Restrict irrigation to only small-scale farms
D) No emphasis on irrigation development
8. How does the Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy address
transboundary water issues?
A) By restricting the use of transboundary waters
B) Through promoting equitable cooperation and joint utilization with neighboring
countries
C) By building dams on transboundary rivers without consultation
D) By focusing solely on domestic water resources
9. Which of the following is one of the key strategies for water resources
management in Ethiopia?
A) Complete privatization of water resources
B) A decentralized, rural-centered management approach
C) Limiting water allocation to only urban areas
D) Centralized control over water resources
10. What is Ethiopia’s hydropower potential estimated to be?
A) 100,000 Gwh/year
B) 50,000 Gwh/year
C) 161,000 Gwh/year
D) 200,000 Gwh/year
1. What is the primary challenge related to Ethiopia's water resources
distribution?
Answer: A) Uneven distribution of water between regions
2. Which river basins hold the majority of Ethiopia's water resources?
Answer: B) Abbay (Blue Nile), Tekeze, Baro Akobo, and Omo Gibe
3. According to the policy, what is the main goal of water resource management
in Ethiopia?
Answer: D) To achieve socio-economic development by optimizing water resource
use
4. What is the primary objective of the Ethiopian Water Supply and Sanitation
Policy?
Answer: C) To provide adequate and clean water for the Ethiopian population
5. Which sector is the largest consumer of water in Ethiopia?
Answer: B) Agriculture
6. What percentage of Ethiopia's population living in rural areas lacks access to
potable water?
Answer: C) 90%
7. What is the Ethiopian government's approach towards irrigation in the Water
Resources Management Policy?
Answer: B) Support for traditional irrigation schemes with improved systems
8. How does the Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy address
transboundary water issues?
Answer: B) Through promoting equitable cooperation and joint utilization with
neighboring countries
9. Which of the following is one of the key strategies for water resources
management in Ethiopia?
Answer: B) A decentralized, rural-centered management approach
10. What is Ethiopia’s hydropower potential estimated to be?
Answer: C) 161,000 Gwh/year
11. What percentage of Ethiopia's water resources is located in the four river
basins in the west and south-western regions?
A) 60-70%
B) 70-80%
C) 80-90%
D) 90-100%
12. What is the main reason for the poor performance in Ethiopia's water sector
development so far?
A) Lack of water resources
B) Lack of infrastructure
C) Absence of a well-defined, coherent policy and required investment
D) Excessive rainfall
13. What is Ethiopia's water management approach based on?
A) Centralized management with top-down directives
B) Integrated and decentralized rural-centered management
C) Private sector-led initiatives
D) Strict governmental control over all water resources
14. How much of Ethiopia's potential for irrigated agriculture has been
developed so far?
A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 3%
D) 50%
15. What is a key objective of the Ethiopian Hydropower Policy?
A) To increase agricultural output using water resources
B) To ensure hydropower development is part of multipurpose water use
C) To export all hydropower generated for foreign exchange
D) To limit the use of water for hydropower production
16. What is one of the core principles of Ethiopia’s water supply and sanitation
policy?
A) Focus exclusively on urban water supply
B) Prioritize large-scale irrigation projects
C) Ensure rural and livestock water supply is an integral part of socio-economic
development
D) Rely only on imported water technology
17. What does the Ethiopian water resources policy recognize about water?
A) It is a private resource for individual use
B) It is an economic and social good to be used sustainably
C) It is a limited resource for industrial use only
D) It is a public resource, to be distributed equally to all regions
18. According to the policy, which is the fundamental planning unit for water
resources management in Ethiopia?
A) National government offices
B) Regional zones
C) River basin
D) Local water committees
19. What is a key strategy for ensuring effective water resource management in
Ethiopia?
A) Focusing only on hydropower development
B) Promoting local involvement and participation in water management
C) Restricting water allocation to industries
D) Exporting most of the water resources to neighboring countries
20. What does Ethiopia's irrigation policy aim to improve in the agricultural
sector?
A) Only urban food production
B) Expansion of irrigation schemes to boost food security and agro-industrial needs
C) Focus solely on livestock irrigation
D) Complete reliance on rain-fed agriculture
11. What percentage of Ethiopia's water resources is located in the four river
basins in the west and south-western regions?
C) 80-90%
12. What is the main reason for the poor performance in Ethiopia's water sector
development so far?
C) Absence of a well-defined, coherent policy and required investment
13. What is Ethiopia's water management approach based on?
B) Integrated and decentralized rural-centered management
14. How much of Ethiopia's potential for irrigated agriculture has been
developed so far?
C) 3%
15. What is a key objective of the Ethiopian Hydropower Policy?
B) To ensure hydropower development is part of multipurpose water use
16. What is one of the core principles of Ethiopia’s water supply and sanitation
policy?
C) Ensure rural and livestock water supply is an integral part of socio-economic
development
17. What does the Ethiopian water resources policy recognize about water?
B) It is an economic and social good to be used sustainably
18. According to the policy, which is the fundamental planning unit for water
resources management in Ethiopia?
C) River basin
19. What is a key strategy for ensuring effective water resource management in
Ethiopia?
B) Promoting local involvement and participation in water management
20. What does Ethiopia's irrigation policy aim to improve in the agricultural
sector?
B) Expansion of irrigation schemes to boost food security and agro-industrial
needs