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Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction PHYSICS IX

A. Magnetism

1. About Magnets
A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. Magnetic forces arise from interactions between
these magnetic fields. The magnetic field is represented by magnetic field lines, which are arrowed lines that
emerge from the north pole and enter the south pole of the magnet.
Magnet has a pole at either end: a north pole and a south pole. The force between magnetic poles depends on
which poles are facing one another.
• Like poles experience repulsion.
• Opposite poles experience attraction.

Non-magnetic materials are materials that aren’t attracted to magnets. These include glass and plastic. There is no
force between magnet and a non-magnetic material.

Magnetic materials are materials that are attracted to magnets. These include iron, steel, cobalt, and nickel. The
force between a magnet and magnetic material is always attractive, regardless of the pole the material is placed at
and whether it is un-magnetised or magnetised.

Magnets come in various shapes, including:

• Compass Needle Magnet
• Bar Magnet
• Cylinder Magnet
• Horseshoe Magnet

2. Magnetic Materials
• Ferromagnetic: strongly attracted to magnets. Examples: Nickel, Iron, Cobalt, Steel.
• Paramagnetic: weakly attracted to magnets. Examples: Aluminium, Platinum.
• Diamagnetic: not attracted to magnets. Examples: Gold, Zinc, Bismuth.

3. Methods of Making Magnets

There are three methods for making magnets: rubbing (friction), induction, and using an electric current.
• Making a magnet by rubbing

• Making a magnet by induction

 • Making a magnet using an electric current (Direct Current - DC)

Magnetic materials can be magnetised (given the properties of a magnet) by induced magnetism:
• The material is placed in a magnetic field using one of the following methods: stroking them with a magnet,
hammering them in a magnetic field, and placing them in a coil with a direct current (DC) through it.
• One end of the material become a north pole, the other becomes a south pole. Some become permanently
magnetised (steel) from this process. Others can only become temporary (induced) magnets (soft iron).
Example: When soft iron is placed within coiled wire with direct current running through it, this makes a common
temporary magnet known as an electromagnet or a transformer.

4. Methods of Demagnetizing
A magnet will lose its magnetic properties if it is heated, hammered repeatedly, or subjected to an alternating
electric current.

5. Magnetic Field
Magnet are surrounded by a magnetic field, a region in which a magnetic pole experiences the force from another
magnet or magnetic material.
A magnetic diagram can be drawn to show the strength and direction of a magnetic field.
The direction of the magnetic field at a point (the direction of the force on the north pole of a magnet placed in the
magnetic field at that point) is shown using arrows on the field lines (that must point from the north to south pole).
Magnetic field strength is shown by how close field lines are to one another (closer together = stronger).
The magnetic field is stronger at the poles and decreases with distance away from them.

𝜇0 × 𝐼
𝐵=
2𝜋 × 𝑟
𝜇0 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 (4𝜋 × 10−7 𝑊𝑏/𝐴𝑚)
𝐼 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐴)
𝑟 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 (𝑚)
𝐵 = 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝑇)
6. Earth's Magnetism

The earth’s magnetic poles are not aligned to the actual geographic north and south poles. Instead, the magnetic
south pole is in Canada while the magnetic north pole lies in Antarctica. The magnetic poles are inclined by about
10 degrees to the earth’s rotational axis.

Magnetic Declination
The magnetic declination is defined as the angle between the true north and the magnetic north. On the horizontal
plane, the true north is never at a constant position and keeps varying depending upon the position on the earth’s
surface and time.

Magnetic Inclination
The magnetic inclination is also known as the angle of dip. It is the angle made by the horizontal plane on the
earth’s surface. At the magnetic equator, the angle of dip is 0°, and at the magnetic poles, the angle of dip is 90°.

7. Magnetic Field Pattern Around an Electric Current

If the direction of the electric current (I) is along the thumb, the direction of the resulting magnetic field (B) is along
the curled fingers. This rule is called the right-hand grip rule.
 8. Electromagnet
• An electromagnet is a current-carrying coil with a core/bar inserted that is more magnetic.
• Electromagnets have advantages, including: easy to store, shape can be easily adjusted, magnetic strength can
be varied, and the poles can be reversed.
• Applications of the electromagnet principle in devices include: electric bell, electromagnetic crane, magnetic
relay, telephone, electronic telegraph, loudspeaker, electric motor.
• Moving a bar magnet in and out of a coil produces electromagnetic induction (induced EMF).
• The magnitude of the induced EMF at the ends of the coil depends on:
1) The number of turns in the coil
2) The rate of change of the number of magnetic field lines
3) The strength of the bar magnet
• Electromagnetic induction is used in dynamos or generators.

9. Lorentz Force
An electrical conductor in a magnetic field will experience a magnetic force, called the Lorentz force.
The direction of the Lorentz force depends on the direction of the electric current and the direction of the magnetic
field. The right-hand rule is used to determine the direction of the Lorentz force.

Devices that apply the Lorentz force are electric motors and electrical measuring instruments. Electric motors are
commonly found in tape recorders, electric water pumps, and computers. Examples of electrical measuring
instruments are ammeters, voltmeters, and ohmmeters.

𝐹 = 𝐵 × 𝐼 × 𝐿 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

Notes, if the angle between B and I is perpendicular (90°), sin 90° = 1, the formula become:
𝐹 =𝐵×𝐼×𝐿

F = Lorentz Force (N)

𝜇0 = permeability of free space (4π10−7 Wb/Am)
B = magnetic field strength (T)
L = length of wire (m)
I = electric current (A)
θ = the angle between B and I.

B. Induced EMF

In 1821, Michael Faraday proved that a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current (meaning a magnet can
produce electricity) through a very simple experiment. A magnet moved in and out of a coil can generate an electric
current in that coil.

Oersted's experiment, conducted in 1820, demonstrated that an electric current creates a magnetic field. When Hans
Christian Oersted placed a compass near a wire carrying an electric current, he observed that the compass needle
deflected, showing it was influenced by a magnetic force. This discovery proved the connection between electricity
and magnetism, laying the foundation for the field of electromagnetism and leading to the development of technologies
like electric motors and generators.

There are three factors that affect induced EMF, namely:

• The speed of the magnet's movement.
• The number of turns in the coil.
• The magnetic field strength.
Ways to increase the induced EMF are:
• Increasing the number of turns.
 • Increasing the speed of moving the magnet in and out.
• Using a stronger magnet.

C. Generator

A generator is a machine that converts kinetic energy into electrical energy. Generators are divided into two types:
direct current (DC) generators and alternating current (AC) generators.

AC Generator
a) AC generators are often called alternators.
b) The electric current produced is alternating current.
c) A characteristic of AC generators is the use of slip rings.

DC Generator
a) DC generators produce direct current.
b) A characteristic of DC generators is the use of a split ring commutator.

D. Dynamo
Parts of a bicycle dynamo:
• Stator: The stationary part of the dynamo, which is the coil.
• Rotor: The moving part of the dynamo, which is the magnet.

E. Transformer
A transformer is a device used to increase or decrease the voltage of alternating current.
Types of transformers:
1) Step-up transformer: functions to increase voltage.
Characteristics: 𝑁𝑃 < 𝑁𝑆 ; 𝑉𝑃 < 𝑉𝑆 ; 𝐼𝑃 > 𝐼𝑆

2) Step-down transformer: functions to decrease voltage.

Characteristics: 𝑁𝑃 > 𝑁𝑆 ; 𝑉𝑃 > 𝑉𝑆 ; 𝐼𝑃 < 𝐼𝑆

Ideal transformer formula

𝑁𝑃 𝑉𝑃 𝐼𝑆
= =
𝑁𝑆 𝑉𝑆 𝐼𝑃

Non ideal transformer formula

𝑁𝑃 𝑉𝑃
=
𝑁𝑆 𝑉𝑆
Efficiency of transformer
𝑃
𝜂 = 𝑃 𝑆 ⋅ 100%
𝑃

𝑉𝑆 ⋅ 𝐼𝑆
𝜂= ⋅ 100%
𝑉𝑃 ⋅ 𝐼𝑃

𝑁𝑃 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠

𝑁𝑆 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
𝑉𝑃 = 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑉)
𝑉𝑆 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑉)
𝐼𝑃 = 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐴)
𝐼𝑆 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐴)
𝑃𝑃 = 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑊)
𝑃𝑆 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑊)
𝜂 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟

F. Ruhmkorff Coil
The Ruhmkorff coil is a device used to generate a very high voltage from a low-voltage direct current.