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Short Notes Cs

The document discusses various types of mechanical and electrical systems, including closed-loop and open-loop systems, and their advantages and disadvantages. It covers concepts such as transfer functions, state-space analysis, and stability criteria, along with methods for analyzing control systems like root locus and frequency domain methods. Additionally, it highlights the differences between AC and DC servomotors and the significance of feedback in system performance.

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9 views6 pages

Short Notes Cs

The document discusses various types of mechanical and electrical systems, including closed-loop and open-loop systems, and their advantages and disadvantages. It covers concepts such as transfer functions, state-space analysis, and stability criteria, along with methods for analyzing control systems like root locus and frequency domain methods. Additionally, it highlights the differences between AC and DC servomotors and the significance of feedback in system performance.

Uploaded by

vinishadagur
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Types of system Mechanical Electrical Senn slatonal | Rotational | Fore Toree voltage current analogy analog f 1 Forse (F)__| Targus 7) | Vottge 1) | Curent peop Closed top Mass (Mf) [TnertiaQ) | Inductance —) Cspacitan- T= O6] wo ce(O) Freon Torsional] Renisanse | TR constant | Friction | (R) Withcatve feedback Wit ® Constant ~ G6) pO) @) Trois) Tawa) Spring Torsional | Resiprocalof | T7 . Constant | spring | Capacitance + Examples of closed loop and open loop |/ «) Constant | (UC) yystem- , ci , Draplacement| Angular) Charge) | Flux @) ‘Closed Toop | Open Toop oe Sone Elecite iron Traffic light controller (0) Autopilot system Eleotie washing machine. |] Veoe%y Angular | Canrent Votre ‘A missile launching | Automatic coffee server ¢-%. welosiy | dQ ent system dt xn at at Radar tracking stem _ | Bread Toast a Human respirator 7 austen ratory fp Servomechanism - Servo Transfer function Economie ination Aveteation + Advantages and Disadvantages of closed kK, oo __K, Joop over open loop system E,@) 962, 7)'E,@) Ge, 1D Advantage Disadvantages Servomotor |, = motor gain constant ‘Accurate and reliable | System is complex and ‘a, motor time constant costly Field controlled | 6G) _ Ka Bandwidth of the system | Gain of the system reduces || DC servornotor | 4)” ser, +I\Staa #0) increases with negative feedback Reduced Effect of | Stability depends with negative feedback +, =Field winding time constant Mechanical time constant parameter variation. (ex- | system components RLC network) So, System may become AC servomotor unstable Reduced effect of nom lineatities Poientiometer Better performance © Modeling of control system * Mathematical model of control system. Tachometer ichogenerator constant Mathematics! modeling . Mechanical sytem a Translational Rotational lets system Lf Series RLC Parallel RLC ‘Advantages of AC servomotor over DC servomotor Having small area of brush contact so losses are less. Used for low power applications. More efficient, reliable, reduces radio frequency and noise, In absence of a commutator, requires less ‘maintenance and have longer life. Electrical Engineering Capsule Yer Q Transfer Function, Block Diagram and Signal flow Graph- ap ph Representation Unit step | PA Tso a signal : w= "| (1-10) — Ramp ro) [At s¢>0 |/* Signal flow graphs - Graphical representation Parabolic signal PE a a can= aun, * o= {CAD = Auld, $= 80) Method of Analysis > Mason's Gain Formula ae a Where, n= Total number of forward path Px = Path gain of K® forward path A= 1+ (Sum of gains of all individual loops) (sum of gain products of all possible combination of two non-touching loops) — (sum of gain products of 3 non-touching loops) + Ax = Value of Awhich is non-touching K" forward [Transfer function = path, * Feedback characteristics of control Transfer function system- approach , cl ; a + Advantages and disadvantage of transfer | > Seer" Fal function approach —— * ‘Advantages Disadvantages > (for negative feedback) ‘Output of the systems can | Applicable only Tor linear ° beeasily determined. | time invariant system. > Feedback can increase or decrease the sensitivity of Poles and zeros of the [Initial condition must be || a system. ggsem ae crest | taken as ere «Effect of feedbacke Stability can be easily | Applicable only Tor single ||[ Positive feedback ‘Negative feedback determined, se pimutand sng oupst. || Gain increase with [Gain decrees with Gives Simple | Controllability and ||| positive reedback | negative feedbad mathematical algebraic | observability cannot be ||} POS feedback | negative feedback equation, determined, as in state SEH) GSH) variable approach Gone TeGQu@ © Block diagram decreases increases. Block dlagram valent Block ]/» Concept of Dominant pole diagram and equation + 7 obiapey [x [66poy Y=(GG)X ..,. | For dominant pole- x : : ae HQ | x62. oy (iit) ss J Y=GX#G,X 137 CT Q Time Domain analysis Velocity error constant, Ky =limsG(s)H(s) + Steady state error (ess) Acceleration error constant, Toput | fA) Tay K, =lims* G@)H(@) siep{ 4] namp( 4) + tins 6) Type Us As) + Transfer function of system Zero order] Firstorder | Second order 0 7 * system ystem_ system XO) by yg | _ be o 7 x = X@ a S| Xo) apes | CF Rana Ky fx] x] | Bal z 7 0 a Semors | ("P= Taag] | indicating K, and transducers | BT struments 4 Thermal | REC network cz 0 ov 0 system, liquid Whee, level system Position eor constant, K, = limG()H() ce + Second order system System Siep response OO) Roots (Pale Tocaon) Graph Tndamped a) =Inese,t +o, Gmaginany oa 520 io Underdamped is oo) -£0, + jo, (Complex conjugate) O For system to be stable, coefficient of first columa of Routh array made from its characteristie equation ‘must have same sign, sn number of sign change in first column of Routh tabulation is equal to the ‘number of roots lies in right half of s-plane. > Coefficient of ROZ (Row of Zeros) in R-H array a = Coefficient of © A%s) ao ‘A(8)= Auxiliary polynominal ‘Time domain a 2 order > _For 3" order system (as? testd=0) Parameter | order Stable T= EP be>ad | Dey time () | 0.693¢ | (I+0.7E\re, Ge) ||| Unstable EP> IP ad> be Reinet = Marginal Sable | _1P=EP__| ad =be Where, IP = Internal product, EP = External product Root Locus (Given by W.R. Evans) > Root locus is drawn with the help of sprule Peak time (i) > > When (P-Z) > 0 root locus drawn from open loop: Maximum peak | —— poles to the open loop zeros of infinity overshoot (M,) Tocus Range of open Toop gain | Seting time (4) 4 Root Toous K002 | tolerance band) || Complementary Root K> 00-3) 3-3/0, Locus 5% tolerance band) _ ||| Complete Root Locus Kos Electrical Engineering Capsule Yer ¢ Method of Root Locus ‘Steps for Root Locus Formula Nurber of asympiotss | PZ) Peumber ofopen loop poles, = numberof pen lop zeae, Angle oF asymp = Dx180" 18 gle oF asymp 0, GADD” er complementary Rot ous 0, = 2*"} C2 Paz Cenirord EiReal partof open loop pe SC P=Z) Break away or Break in s cK point Solution of =o ‘Angle of departure oF angle of arrival fy =180" +6 andy = 180" —4 $76.8 (4, =sum ofall an 4p = sum of all angle made by poles.) Je made by remaining zero, @ Frequency Domain Methods . Pokarplot Nyquist Bodeplt Nichols Const M (acs) ( Bode plot IM [y= 201K AIM aj decade dlogo f'n poles at origin then initial slope = -20n dB/dec And Phase angle 2=~90n° +20n dBidee 90° Slop If'n zeros at origin then initial slope ‘And Phase angle 26: 6aBYoctave = 20 dBidecade Constant M-circles and constant N-circles > Phase angle N-circles ZG(jo)1Go) ~>puts = joo then Z(a + jo) = tan" b/a > Phase Margin and Gain Margi Radius GM GM 1 GM = +ve {for "GaaHoel stable system} [GGonGoy,,. | S#blessstem) PM | PM =180°+.G(jajH(jo) PM ve(for GOHGOA | Sablesysem) | [> at im Positive gai mans Phase rome Frequency Re Gain crossover ‘Minimum and Non-minimum phase system- A transfer function is said to be minimum phase if it all poles and zeros ate in the left half of the s-plane. ‘A transfer function is said to be non-minimum phase if one or more zeros present in the right half of s- plane. jo jo Poles Minimum phase function Non-minimum phase function “ ie > All pass system- It is system in which zeros lies on sein Rif ot elon, poles tes on LH of pla and + Nyquist plot symtoms Fal pa > Nyquist stabity criteria [NZP=Z] system maga and phase angle fs ¥ and P= Nunber of pen loop ples io RS of pane Z= Number of lose oop 2s in RHS of lane N Number of sxccemens about (1) by Geo) plot (eilockteeaciemen taken 8 posts) Forsyte tobe stble=0 and N=P strc Engineering Caps 730 ver OG Compensators and controllers «Effect of Compensators © Compensator BiectatLead Pte ofbg | Bea ae Lem enator con oe oP T Increases >Does not = . banda, | eet wast Revert kL |e fe Poke Jb Wh. © Industrial controller Proportional") -Froporional | —proponional —] PD | eave Feber >K, ¥ Improves damping | > Improves damping | > Combined | > E> Pent > Reduce maximum | > Reduce maximum | advantage | > 1. P overshoot overshoot of all de, pel > Bandwidth P >it three ce heneciysemet | elnmoves, gin] > Rindvitnt — | campo mare Had, vad std > eb O State space analysi © Advantages of state Variable Approach 1. Applicable for linear, non-linear, time variant or time invariant system, 2. Consider initial conditions. 3. Internal states ofthe system can be determined 4. Applicable for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system. 5. Controllability and observability can be determined. Representation of sate Mode Phase variable Physical variable Canonical Tipcenaton, —Repeetation gamit Solon fate Equations Homogeneas———_on homogenous Keax keAkeBU HORE'B-A) yng xe Kt HOLE xO =H) © Transfer function, T.F = C[sI-A]'B4+D State transition matrix (STM) =6(t)=L"{(sl-ay" Properties of state transition matrix (0) =I Gdentity matrix), 47"(t) = (2 [i (kt) (t+) 6(4)0(t) tO ~to} = $l) Controllability X=AX+BU te =[B:AB:A*B:..A"'B] wich c Accowling wo kalmans test | @, =|, System is controllable if ga Rank of Q, = orderof system cant et:Q, 20 system i observable iFdtankor. ‘order of sytem) Dag, 20 Electrical Engineering Capsule 141 Yer

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