A PROJECT REPORT ON

SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM

submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of the degree in

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BY

[Link] RATNA PRABHA 218X1A0437

[Link] TEJA 218X1A0436

[Link] KUMAR 218X1A0416

K. GOPI KRISHNA 218X1A0460

J. SIVA TEJA 218X1A0417

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Dr. S. SRI JAYALAKSHMI
[Link], Ph.D

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

KALLAM HARANADHAREDDY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS)
ACCREDITED BY NAAC WITH ‘A’ GRADE(APPROVED BY AICTE, AFFLIATED TO JNTUK,
KAKINADA) NH-5,CHOWDAVARAM, GUNTUR – 522019.
2021 – 2025
KALLAM HARANADHAREDDY INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY
(Autonomus)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the major project report entitled “SMART IRRIGATION
SYSTEM” is submitted by K. Sri Ratna Prabha(218X1A0437), K. Sai
Teja(218X1A0436), I. Divyesh Kumar(218X1A0416), K. Gopi Krishna(218X1A0460),
J. Siva Teja(218X1A0417), to the jawaharlaNehuru Technological university Kakinada in
partial fulfilment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronic and
communication Engineering is bonified record of the major project work.

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Dr. S. Sri Jayalakshmi [Link],Ph.D Dr. S. SURYANARAYANA B.E, [Link], Ph.D
Professor

External Examiner

CERTIFICATE FROM INTERN ORGANIZATION

This is to certify that K. Sri Ratna Prabha(218X1A0437), K. Sai

Teja(218X1A0436), I. Divyesh Kumar(218X1A0416), K. Gopi
Krishna(218X1A0460), J. Siva Teja(218X1A0417) OF KALLAM
HARANADHA REDDY INSTITUTION OF TECHNOLOGY UNDER
 WENT INDUSTRIAL INTERNSHIP IN SMART BRIDGE FROM
DECEMBER 2024 TO MARCH 2025

The overall performance of the intern during his internship is found to be

satisfactory.

[Link] RATNA PRABHA 218X1A0437

[Link] TEJA 218X1A0436
[Link] KUMAR 218X1A0416
K. GOPI KRISHNA 218X1A0460
J. SIVA TEJA 218X1A0417

Authorized signatory with Date & Seal

DECLARATION

We K. Sri Ratna Prabha(218X1A0437), K. Sai Teja(218X1A0436), I. Divyesh

Kumar(218X1A0416), K. Gopi Krishna(218X1A0460), J. Siva Teja(218X1A0417)
hereby declare that the entire project work embodiedin this dissertation titled “NAME OF
THE PROJECT” under the guidance of PROJECT GUINAME,DESIGNATION
is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
bachelor of technology in Electronic Communication and Engineering. As per my
knowledge, no part of this work has submitted for any degree in any institution,
university and organization previously.

BATCH: 3

[Link] RATNA PRABHA 218X1A0437,

[Link] TEJA 218X1A0436,
[Link] KUMAR 218X1A0416,
K. GOPI KRISHNA 218X1A0460,
J. SIVA TEJA 218X1A0417.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We proudly express our gratitude and respect towards our honorable chairman Sri
Kallam Mohan Reddy, Chairman of Kallam group for his precious support in the
college.

We are thankful to Dr. M. Uma Sankar Reddy, Director for his encouragement
and support for the completion of project we are inspired a lot through his valuable
message.

We express our great pleasure to Dr. B. S. B. Reddy, Principal, KHIT, Guntur, for
his support during and till the completion of the project.

We are really thankful to Dr. S. Suryanarayana, Professor & Head of the

Department of Electronics and communication engineering, for providing the
laboratory facilities to the fullest extent as and when required and also for giving us
the opportunity to carry out the project work in the college.

We are really thankful to our project guide Dr. S. Sri Jayalakshmi, M. Tech & Ph.D,
KHIT, Guntur, for her excellent guidance right from selection of
the project and her valuable suggestions throughout the project work

We are thankful to all teaching and non-teaching of Electronics and

Communication Engineering department and management and my friends for their
direct and indirect work provided to use in completing the project.

[Link] RATNA PRABHA 218X1A0437,

[Link] TEJA 218X1A0436,
[Link] KUMAR 218X1A0416,
K. GOPI KRISHNA 218X1A0460,
J. SIVA TEJA 218X1A0417.

Place: Guntur
Date:
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
The Smart Irrigation System represents an innovative project set to transform
agricultural practices by optimizing water usage and promoting plant health.
Through the integration of advanced technology, it ensures precise irrigation,
conserving water effectively for sustainable crop cultivation. Our project
focuses on smart irrigation, a system designed to efficiently manage water
resources while optimizing plant health. By integrating IoT devices like
NodeMCU microcontrollers, along with specialized sensors, we're creating a
sophisticated solution that's easy to understand and implement.
At the heart of our system lies a soil moisture sensor, which acts as the eyes
and ears of the operation, constantly monitoring the moisture levels in the soil.
When the soil is adequately hydrated, the system intelligently activates the
irrigation pump, ensuring plants receive just the right amount of water they
need to thrive. This proactive approach not only conserves water but also
prevents waterlogging, which can harm plant roots.
But we're not stopping there. By also incorporating a temperature sensor into
our setup, we're adding another layer of intelligence. When temperatures soar
beyond a predefined threshold, signaling potential heat stress for plants, our
system kicks into action, providing timely irrigation to keep them cool and
hydrated. During cooler periods, the system remains idle, conserving water and
energy.
Through the seamless integration of IoT technology, our smart irrigation
system offers precise control and monitoring, empowering farmers to make
data-driven decisions that optimize resource utilization and promote
sustainable agriculture. By conserving water while maximizing plant health,
we're not just cultivating crops – we're cultivating a greener, more resilient
future for farming.
Moreover, the integration of IoT technology enables remote access and control,
allowing farmers to adjust irrigation settings or receive alerts on their
smartphones, ensuring continuous monitoring and management even when
they are away from the field. Furthermore, our smart irrigation solution
promotes data-driven decision-making through comprehensive analytics
capabilities. By collecting and analyzing data on soil moisture levels,
temperature fluctuations, and other environmental parameters over time,
farmers gain valuable insights into crop water requirements and growth
patterns. This facilitates precision irrigation scheduling, reducing water
wastage and optimizing plant uptake of nutrients, ultimately leading to
improved crop yields and quality.
Another significant advantage of our smart irrigation system is its potential to
integrate with existing farm management software or precision agriculture
platforms. By seamlessly exchanging data with these systems, our solution
enables holistic farm management, streamlining workflows and enhancing
overall operational efficiency. This interoperability also opens up opportunities
for future advancements, such as predictive analytics or autonomous irrigation,
paving the way for even greater advancements in sustainable agriculture.

Figure 1.1: Monitoring soil moisture levels and temperature

1.1: Problem Statement:

Traditional irrigation methods often rely on fixed schedules or manual
monitoring, leading to inefficient water usage and potential risks to plant
health. Moreover, variations in environmental factors such as soil moisture
levels and temperature can significantly impact irrigation requirements, making
it challenging to maintain optimal conditions for plant growth. Inefficient
irrigation practices not only waste water but also contribute to increased energy
consumption and operational costs for farmers. To address these challenges,
there is a need for a smart irrigation system that can adapt to changing
environmental conditions and optimize water usage while promoting plant
health. Such a system should incorporate sensors to monitor soil moisture
levels and temperature in real-time, allowing for precise irrigation scheduling
based on actual plant needs.
Additionally, the system should be capable of remote monitoring and control to
enable proactive management and timely intervention, even when farmers are
not physically present in the field. Therefore, the problem statement for this
project is to design and implement a smart irrigation system using NodeMCU
microcontrollers, soil moisture sensors, and temperature sensors. The system
should automatically activate the irrigation pump when soil moisture levels are
low or temperatures exceed a certain threshold, ensuring efficient water usage
and preventing plant dehydration. By addressing these challenges, the proposed
smart irrigation system aims to promote sustainable agriculture practices while
maximizing crop yields and conserving water and energy resources.
1.1: Problem Scope:
The scope of smart irrigation management system tailored to optimize water
usage and promote plant health. The system's primary function is to gauge soil
moisture levels in real-time and activate the irrigation pump when moisture is
low, ensuring plants receive adequate hydration while conserving water
resources efficiently. Furthermore, the integration of temperature sensors
enables temperature-based pump control, preventing plant dehydration during
heat stress conditions by activating the pump when temperatures rise above a
predefined threshold. Conversely, the system remains inactive during cooler
periods to optimize resource utilization and prevent unnecessary watering, thus
promoting sustainable agricultural practices. The problem scope also
encompasses considerations such as system scalability, adaptability to varying
environmental conditions, and compatibility with existing irrigation
infrastructure. Additionally, the system should facilitate remote monitoring and
control capabilities, allowing farmers to manage irrigation activities from any
location and enabling proactive intervention in case of anomalies.
Traditional Irrigation Challenges:
Addressing the limitations and inefficiencies of conventional irrigation
methods, such as manual monitoring, fixed schedules, and overwatering, which
can lead to water wastage, decreased crop yields, and increased operational
costs.

Environmental Variability:
● Accounting for fluctuations in environmental factors such as soil
moisture levels, temperature, humidity, and rainfall patterns, which
affect plant water requirements and irrigation scheduling.
Resource Optimization:
● Maximizing the efficient use of water, energy, and other resources by
implementing precise irrigation scheduling based on real-time data and
plant needs.
Technology Integration:
● Integrating IoT devices, sensors, and microcontrollers to monitor and
control irrigation processes, enabling remote monitoring, data analytics,
and automated decision-making.
Scalability and Adaptability:
● Designing a flexible and scalable irrigation system that can be
customized to different crop types, soil conditions, and geographic
locations, ensuring optimal performance across diverse agricultural
settings.
Data Management and Analysis:
● Developing mechanisms for collecting, processing, and analyzing
irrigation data to derive insights, optimize irrigation strategies, and
improve overall system performance.
User Interface and Accessibility:
● Creating user-friendly interfaces and mobile applications that enable
farmers to easily monitor and manage irrigation activities, receive
alerts, and make informed decisions.
Sustainability and Environmental Impact:
● Promoting sustainable agricultural practices by minimizing water usage,
reducing runoff and soil erosion, and mitigating the environmental
 impact of irrigation operations.

Regulatory Compliance:

● Ensuring compliance with local regulations and standards governing

water usage, irrigation practices, and environmental conservation.
Overall, the problem scope of smart irrigation encompasses a broad range of
technical, environmental, and operational considerations aimed at improving
water efficiency, enhancing crop productivity, and promoting sustainable
agriculture practices.

Figure 1.2: Technologies used for monitoring the soil moisture levels and Temperature
1.2 : Advantages of using Smart Irrigation for Agriculture
The implementation of using Smart Irrigation systems in agriculture
leveraging IoT technology are numerous and impactful:
Water Efficiency:
● Smart irrigation systems optimize water usage by providing precise
irrigation scheduling based on real-time data from soil moisture sensors.
This ensures that crops receive the right amount of water they need,
reducing water wastage and promoting efficient water usage.
Improved Crop Health and Yield:
● By ensuring that plants receive optimal hydration levels and avoiding
over or under-watering, smart irrigation systems promote healthier plant
growth and increase crop yields. This leads to better quality produce and
improved profitability for farmers.

Resource Optimization:
● Smart irrigation systems help optimize resource utilization by
integrating data from various sensors, such as temperature and humidity,
to tailor irrigation schedules based on environmental conditions. This
not only conserves water but also minimizes energy consumption and
reduces operational costs.
Remote Monitoring and Control:
● IoT-enabled smart irrigation systems allow farmers to remotely monitor
and control irrigation activities from anywhere using mobile
applications or web interfaces. This provides greater flexibility and
convenience, enabling farmers to respond promptly to changing
conditions and manage irrigation operations efficiently.
Data-Driven Decision Making:
● Smart irrigation systems collect and analyze data on soil moisture
levels, weather forecasts, and crop water requirements, enabling farmers
to make informed decisions about irrigation scheduling and resource
allocation. This leads to more precise and effective irrigation
management practices, resulting in better crop outcomes.
Environmental Sustainability:
● By promoting water conservation and reducing the environmental
impact of irrigation practices, smart irrigation systems contribute to
environmental sustainability. They help mitigate water scarcity issues,
minimize soil erosion and runoff, and preserve natural resources for
future generations.
Scalability and Adaptability:
● Smart irrigation systems are scalable and adaptable to different crop
types, soil conditions, and agricultural settings. They can be customized
and expanded as needed to meet the evolving needs of farmers and
accommodate changes in environmental conditions.
Enhanced Automation and Efficiency:
● By automating irrigation processes and eliminating the need for manual
intervention, smart irrigation systems increase operational efficiency
and productivity. This frees up valuable time and resources for farmers
to focus on other aspects of farm management, ultimately improving
overall farm profitability.
In summary, smart irrigation systems leveraging IoT technology offer
numerous advantages for agriculture, including water efficiency, improved
crop health and yield, resource optimization, remote monitoring and
control, data-driven decision-making, environmental sustainability,
scalability, adaptability, and enhanced automation and efficiency.
1.3Proposed Solution:
The proposed solution for implementing smart irrigation with NodeMCU
involves integrating a soil moisture sensor and a temperature sensor to create
an intelligent irrigation system. The soil moisture sensor continuously monitors
the moisture levels in the soil, providing real-time feedback to the NodeMCU
microcontroller. When the moisture level is high, indicating sufficient
hydration for the plants, the NodeMCU activates the relay, turning on the
irrigation pump to deliver water to the crops. Conversely, when moisture levels
are adequate, the pump remains off, conserving water efficiently. Additionally,
by incorporating a temperature sensor, the system can detect temperature
fluctuations. If temperatures exceed a predefined threshold, signaling potential
heat stress for the plants, the NodeMCU triggers the pump to provide timely
irrigation, preventing plant dehydration. During cooler periods, the pump
remains inactive to optimize resource utilization. This comprehensive setup
ensures precise irrigation management, promoting healthier plant growth while
conserving water and energy effectively, ultimately enhancing agricultural
sustainability.

1.4 Aim and Objectives:

Aim:
The aim of implementing smart irrigation with NodeMCU is to revolutionize
traditional irrigation practices by leveraging advanced sensor technology and
intelligent control mechanisms. By utilizing a soil moisture sensor, the system
aims to accurately assess soil moisture levels in real-time, enabling efficient
water management. When moisture levels are sufficient, the system activates
the irrigation pump to deliver water to the plants, ensuring optimal hydration
while conserving water resources during periods of high moisture.
Additionally, the integration of a temperature sensor enables the system to
respond dynamically to changing environmental conditions. By activating the
pump when temperatures exceed a specified threshold, the system prevents
plant dehydration and promotes healthier plant growth. Overall, the goal is to
achieve precise irrigation control, fostering sustainable agricultural practices
while maximizing crop yield and minimizing water and energy consumption.
Objectives:
The objectives for implementing smart irrigation with NodeMCU are as follows:
Efficient Water Management:
● Utilize the soil moisture sensor to accurately gauge soil moisture levels

and activate the irrigation pump only when necessary, ensuring optimal
hydration for plants while conserving water resources.
Temperature-Based Pump Control:
● Integrate a temperature sensor to monitor environmental conditions and

activate the pump when temperatures exceed a predefined threshold,

preventing plant dehydration during heat stress conditions and
optimizing resource utilization.
Precise Irrigation Control:
● Achieve precise control over irrigation activities by implementing

intelligent control mechanisms based on real-time data from the soil

moisture and temperature sensors, thereby promoting healthier plant
 growth.

Sustainability:
● Promote sustainable agricultural practices by minimizing water and

energy consumption through efficient irrigation management,

contributing to environmental conservation efforts.
Enhanced Plant Health:
● Ensure the well-being of plants by providing timely irrigation based on

their moisture and temperature requirements, ultimately enhancing crop

health, resilience, and productivity.
User-Friendly Operation:
● Design the system to be user-friendly and easily operable, allowing

farmers to monitor and control irrigation activities efficiently, thereby

facilitating seamless integration into existing agricultural practices.
 CHAPTER 2
Literature Survey

Smart irrigation systems utilizing IoT technology have emerged as a promising

solution to address the challenges of water scarcity and inefficient water usage
in agriculture. A key component of these systems is the integration of soil
moisture sensors, which enable real-time monitoring of soil moisture levels.
Research studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of soil moisture sensors
in optimizing irrigation schedules and conserving water resources by ensuring
that plants receive the right amount of water they need without overwatering.
Additionally, the incorporation of temperature sensors in smart irrigation systems
enables temperature-based control of irrigation pumps. When temperatures
exceed a predefined threshold, indicating potential heat stress for plants, the
pump is activated to provide timely irrigation and prevent plant dehydration.
This proactive approach to irrigation management not only promotes healthier
plant growth but also enhances water use efficiency.
Numerous research studies have explored different aspects of smart irrigation
using IoT technology, including sensor technology, control mechanisms,
optimization strategies, and environmental sustainability. Sensor technology
plays a crucial role in smart irrigation systems, providing the necessary data to
make informed decisions about irrigation scheduling and resource
management. Control mechanisms, such as feedback control loops and
predictive algorithms, help regulate irrigation activities based on sensor data
and environmental conditions. Optimization strategies, including machine
learning algorithms and mathematical modelling , aim to improve the
performance and efficiency of smart irrigation systems by minimizing water
usage and maximizing crop yields.
Moreover, the environmental benefits of smart irrigation systems have been
extensively studied. These systems help conserve water resources, reduce
runoff and soil erosion, and minimize the environmental impact of irrigation
activities. Economic analyses have also been conducted to evaluate the cost-
effectiveness and financial benefits of adopting smart irrigation technologies.
Furthermore, studies have investigated the adoption and adoption barriers
of smart irrigation systems, considering factors such as technological
readiness, knowledge and awareness, financial incentives, regulatory
support, and social acceptance. Understanding these factors is crucial for
promoting the uptake of smart irrigation technologies among farmers and
stakeholders.
Overall, the literature on smart irrigation using IoT technology highlights
its potential to revolutionize agricultural water management practices,
promote sustainability, and address challenges related to water scarcity
and climate [Link] highlights the potential cost savings
associated with reduced water usage, energy consumption, and labor
requirements due to the automation and optimization provided by smart
irrigation technologies. Furthermore, studies investigate the scalability of
these systems across different agricultural contexts, considering factors
such as farm size, crop type, and regional climate variations. Moreover,
the integration of smart irrigation with precision agriculture techniques,
such as variable rate irrigation and crop-specific watering strategies, is
explored to further enhance resource efficiency and crop yields.
Additionally, the role of smart irrigation in mitigating water-related
challenges such as salinity management, waterlogging, and nutrient
leaching is examined. Furthermore, literature reviews emphasize the
importance of user acceptance, adoption barriers, and stakeholder
engagement in the successful implementation of smart irrigation
solutions. By addressing these multifaceted aspects, the literature
underscores the transformative potential of smart irrigation in
revolutionizing agricultural water management practices and fostering
sustainable food production systems in a rapidly changing world.
2.1 BACKGROUND SURVEY

As in this part, many surveys have been conducted in order to

base judgments on Objective data and compare the outcomes. There were various
questions that provided a Glimpse of the attitudes and behaviors of the survey
populations, including ideas, views, And remarks. And the feedbacks are much
valuable to baseline to measure and establish a Benchmark from which to compare
results over time. The various survey questions and The answer are on the appendix
section.

2.1 PROJECT ELABORATION

The plant communicator's first prototype would be able to

transmit the soil's moisture, Temperature, and light. Farmer are going to be ready to
get the knowledge about soil. Overall, after the prototype is completed, further
features such as self-irrigation are Implemented. When the measured value exceeds
the threshold values established in the Programmed, the pump is switched on/off
automatically by the relay circuit, which is Coupled to the driving force circuit,
which helps to adjust the voltage. Farmers, Agriculturists, and nurseries will gain
greatly from the adoption of this system because it Is cost effective and simple to
run. Traditional or manual irrigation systems will take More time and consume more
water, but this system will assist users by self-irrigating, Which will save time and
water.

2.1 NECESSITY OF THE PROJECT

The population is growing at an alarming rate, putting a strain

on water resources. The per capita water use and per capita water resources are
depicted in the graph below. The graph below shows that as time passes, per capita
water demand grows while per capita water resources decrease. As a result, it is our
responsibility to protect the earth from water scarcity and to conserve every drop of
water that is wasted unnecessarily during irrigation. Water logging will cause
increased water waste as a result of this.
As a result, a "Plant Communicator" system is required to
conserve water, as the pump is turned on and off automatically according to the
program's conditions. One of the main goals of this technology is to remove human
control from the process of watering the plant, which saves time.

Fig 2.1: Total water uses and per capita water resource

2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 2.1: circuit diagram

2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM PARTS
1. EPS8266 UNO

2. SOIL MOISTURE SENSORS

3. 12V DC MOTOR

4. 5V RELAY MODULE

5. SERVO MOTOR

6. DC SUPPLY

7. JUMPER WIRES

1. EPS8266 UNO:

The NodeMCU ESP8266 is a powerful and versatile platform

designed for Internet of Things (IoT) development. The ESP8266 is a cost-
effective Wi-Fi microchip known for its capability to enable wireless
communication in IoT applications. NodeMCU, on the other hand, is an open-
source firmware and development kit that simplifies the process of prototyping
and programming the ESP8266.

2. SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR:

Soil moisture sensors measure or estimate the amount of water in the

soil. These sensors can be stationary or portables such as handheld probes.
Stationary sensors areplaced at the predetermined locations and depths in the field,
whereas portable soil moisture probes can measure soil moisture at several
locations.

3. 12v DC PUMP:

A 12 volts DC water pump ordinarily mounted next to the fresh water holding tank
or immersed in the tank. The pump is wired to DC battery. There are commonly
hoses attached to the water pump, one for drawing the water from the holding tank to
the pump and the other leading from the pump to the tap or required area. When the
pump is started from small impeller in the pump sucks or draws the water from the
tank, and then pushes it towards the required area or tap.

4. 5V RELAY MODULE:

Relay is an electromechanical device that uses an electric current to open

or close the contacts of a switch. The single-channel relay module is much more
than just a plain relay, it comprises of components that make switching and
connection easier and act as indicators to show if the module is powered and if the
relay is active or not.

5. SERVO MOTOR:

A servo motor is a rotational or translational motor to which power

is supplied by a servo amplifier and serves to apply torque or force to a mechanical
system, such as an actuator or brake. Servo motors allow for precise control in terms
of angular position, acceleration, and velocity. This type of motor is associated with
a closed-loop control system. A closed-loop control system considers the current
output and alters it to the desired condition. The control action in these systems is
based on the output of the motor. It uses a positive feedback system to control the
motion and final position of the shaft.

6. DC SUPPLY:

Hi-Watt 9V Battery is the most commonly used and portable

9Vbattery. It is non-rechargeable and is a high capacity and low-cost solution for
many electronic devices. It is based on Zinc Carbon Chemistry and can be used
easily replaced if discharged just like any standard AA and AAA batteries.

7. JUMPER WIRES:

A jumper wire (also known as jumper, jumper wire, DuPont wire)

is an electrical wire, or group of them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each end
(or sometimes without them – simply "tinned"), which is normally used to
interconnect the components of a breadboard or other prototype or test circuit,
internally or with other equipment or components, without soldering. Each cable
length about 20cm or 8-inch.
 CHAPTER 3
Methodology
The methodology for implementing smart irrigation with NodeMCU involves
several key steps to ensure the effective operation of the system. Firstly, the
hardware components need to be assembled, including the NodeMCU
microcontroller, soil moisture sensor, temperature sensor, relay, and irrigation
pump. Once assembled, the NodeMCU is programmed using appropriate
software development tools, such as the Arduino IDE, to interface with the
sensors and control the relay based on sensor readings.
Next, the soil moisture sensor is calibrated to establish baseline moisture levels
for the specific soil type and environmental conditions. This calibration process
involves taking measurements at different moisture levels and adjusting sensor
settings accordingly to ensure accurate readings. Similarly, the temperature
sensor is calibrated to accurately detect temperature variations and trigger the
pump when necessary.
Once calibration is complete, the NodeMCU continuously monitors soil
moisture levels and temperature readings. When moisture levels are high,
indicating sufficient hydration for the plants, the NodeMCU activates the relay,
which in turn activates the irrigation pump to deliver water to the plants.
Conversely, when moisture levels are adequate and temperatures are within the
optimal range, the pump remains off to conserve water and energy.
Additionally, the system includes safeguards to prevent overwatering or
underwatering. If moisture levels are excessively high or temperatures exceed a
predefined threshold, indicating potential risks of waterlogging or heat stress,
the NodeMCU disables the pump to avoid detrimental effects on plant health.
Throughout the implementation process, thorough testing and validation are
conducted to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the system. This includes
testing the response of the sensors to varying soil moisture levels and
temperature conditions, as well as assessing the performance of the relay and
pump control mechanisms. Any issues or discrepancies identified during
testing are addressed through adjustments to the hardware or software
components.
Finally, once the system is deemed operational and stable, it can be deployed in
agricultural settings for real-world applications. Continuous monitoring and
maintenance are essential to ensure the ongoing functionality and effectiveness
of the smart irrigation system, allowing for adjustments and optimizations as
needed to promote healthier plant growth while conserving water and energy
effectively.

Figure 3.1: Block Diagram For Smart Irrigation

3.1 NodeMCU (ESP8266 )
The NodeMCU ESP8266 is a powerful and
versatile platform designed for Internet of Things (IoT) development. The
ESP8266 is a cost-effective Wi-Fi microchip known for its capability to enable
wireless communication in IoT applications. NodeMCU, on the other hand, is
an open-source firmware and development kit that simplifies the process of
prototyping and programming the ESP8266. With built-in Wi-Fi connectivity,
the NodeMCU ESP8266 allows devices to connect to the internet wirelessly,
making it suitable for a wide range of IoT projects. One notable feature is its
support for the Lua scripting language, providing a high-level programming
environment for developers. Additionally, it is compatible with the Arduino
IDE, allowing those familiar with Arduino to use the NodeMCU platform.
Equipped with General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) pins, the ESP8266
facilitates interfacing with various electronic components, making it ideal
for applications such as home automation and sensor networks. The
NodeMCU ESP8266 has garnered significant community support, resulting in
an extensive collection of libraries and documentation, making it a popular
choice for rapid IoT prototyping and development.

Figure 3.2: NodeMCU 2D View

NodeMCU Specification:
The NodeMCU development board is based on the ESP8266
microcontroller, and different versions of NodeMCU boards may have slight
variations in specifications. As of my knowledge cutoff in January 2022, here
are the general specifications for the NodeMCU ESP8266 development
board:
1. Microcontroller: ESP8266 Wi-Fi microcontroller with 32-bit architecture.
2. Processor: Tensilica L106 32-bit microcontroller.

3. Clock Frequency: Typically operates at 80 MHz.

4. Flash Memory:
● Built-in Flash memory for program storage.
● Common configurations include 4MB or 16MB of Flash memory.
5. RAM: Typically equipped with 80 KB of RAM.
6. Wireless Connectivity:
● Integrated Wi-Fi (802.11 b/g/n) for wireless communication.
● Supports Station, SoftAP, and SoftAP + Station modes.
7. GPIO Pins: Multiple General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) pins for
interfacing with sensors, actuators, and other electronic components.
8. Analog Pins: Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) pins for reading analog
sensor values.
9. USB-to-Serial Converter: Built-in USB-to-Serial converter for
programming and debugging.
10. Operating Voltage: Typically operates at 3.3V (Note: It is crucial to
connect external components accordingly to avoid damage).
[Link] Interface: Programmable using the Arduino IDE, Lua
scripting language, or other compatible frameworks.
12. Voltage Regulator: Onboard voltage regulator for stable operation.
13. Reset Button: Reset button for restarting the board.
14. Dimensions: Standard NodeMCU boards often have dimensions around
49mm x 24mm.
15. Power Consumption: Low power consumption, making it
suitable for battery-operated applications.
16. Community Support: Active community support with extensive
documentation and libraries.
 Figure 3.3: NodeMCU Parts

The NodeMCU ESP8266 development board typically has GPIO (General

Purpose Input/Output) pins that can be used for various purposes, including
interfacing with sensors, actuators, and other electronic components. Below is
a common pinout configuration for the NodeMCU development board

Figure 3.4: NodeMCU ESP8266 Pinout

 ADC | A0 | GPIO16
EN | Enable | GPIO14
D0 | GPIO16 | GPIO12
D1 | GPIO5 | GPIO13
D2 | GPIO4 | GPIO15
D3 | GPIO0 | GPIO2
D4 | GPIO2 | GPIO9
D5 | GPIO14 | GPIO10
D6 | GPIO12 | GPIO3
D7 | GPIO13 | GPIO1
D8 | GPIO15 | TX (GPIO1)
D9 | GPIO3 (RX) | RX (GPIO3)
D10 | GPIO1 (TX) | D11 (MOSI)
D11 | MOSI | D12 (MISO)
D12 | MISO | D13 (SCK)

ADC: Analog-to-Digital Converter pin for reading analog sensor values.

EN (Enable): Enable pin.
D0-D8: Digital GPIO pins.
D9 (RX) and D10 (TX): Serial communication pins for programming and
debugging.
D11 (MOSI), D12 (MISO), D13 (SCK): Pins used for SPI communication.
D14 (SDA) and D15 (SCL): Pins used for I2C communication.
It's important to note that GPIO pins labeled as "D" (Digital) are typically
used for general-purpose digital input/output. Additionally, GPIO pins
labeled as "A" (Analog) can be used as analog inputs with the ADC.
GPIO pins 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 have additional functions, so it's advised
to refer to the specific NodeMCU documentation for detailed information
on pin functionality and capabilities.
3.2 Soil Moisture Sensor:
Soil moisture sensors are essential components in smart irrigation
systems, playing a critical role in accurately measuring and monitoring
soil moisture levels. These sensors utilize various technologies and
mechanisms to detect the amount of water present in the soil, providing
valuable data for irrigation [Link] moisture sensors are
typically installed at various depths within the soil profile to capture
moisture variations across different soil layers. This multi-depth
monitoring enables more accurate assessment of soil moisture distribution
and helps determine the optimal irrigation schedule for different crop
types and soil [Link], advancements in sensor
technology have led to the development of wireless and IoT-enabled
soil moisture sensors, allowing for remote monitoring and real-time data
transmission. These wireless sensors offer greater flexibility and
accessibility, enabling farmers to monitor soil moisture levels from
anywhere using mobile devices or web interfaces. Overall, soil moisture
sensors are indispensable tools in modern agriculture, enabling precise
irrigation management, water conservation, and improved crop
productivity. By providing timely and accurate information about soil
moisture levels, these sensors empower farmers to make informed
decisions and optimize water usage, ultimately contributing to sustainable
and efficient agricultural practices.
Details Of Soil Moisture Sensors:
Soil moisture sensors are crucial devices used in agriculture to measure
the water content in soil. Typically, they employ various technologies
such as capacitance or resistance to gauge moisture levels accurately.
These sensors are often designed to be inserted into the soil at different
depths to provide comprehensive data on moisture distribution. As soil
moisture increases, the sensor's output signal changes, allowing farmers
to determine when irrigation is necessary. Modern soil moisture sensors
may also feature wireless or IoT capabilities, enabling remote monitoring
and real-time data transmission for enhanced convenience and efficiency.
 Overall, soil moisture sensors play a vital role in optimizing irrigation
practices, conserving water, and promoting health plant growth.

Figure 3.5: Soil moisture Sensor

SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR PIN CONFIGURATION

The soil moisture sensor is commonly used in smart agriculture or other

garden automation projects to measure the moisture content present in the soil. It
consists of 4 pins in which two pins, Vcc and Gnd are connected to supply voltage.

PIN NAME DESCRIPTION

VCC This VCC pin powers the module, typically with +5v.

GND Ground.

D0 Digital out pin for digital output.

A0 Analog out pin for analog output.

Technical Specifications of Soil Moisture sensors:

● Measure depths: 30 cm (11 in) – 100 cm (40 in).

● Range: 0 to 45% volumetric water content in soil

● Operating temperature: –40°C to +60°C

Detect Soil Moisture levels using Digital pins:

The pins used by a soil moisture sensor to detect soil moisture levels
depend on the specific model of the sensor. However, most soil moisture
sensors consist of two main probes or electrodes that are inserted into the
soil. These probes are connected to the sensor's electronic circuitry, which
typically includes pins for power, ground, and signal output. This pin
outputs the signal that corresponds to the measured soil moisture level.
Depending on the sensor's design, this output can be either analog or
digital. For digital output sensors, the signal pin provides a binary signal
(typically logic HIGH or LOW) indicating whether the soil moisture level
is above or below a certain threshold.
Measure Soil moisture Value using Analog Pin:
Analog output soil moisture sensors provide a continuous voltage or
current signal that varies proportionally with changes in soil moisture
levels. The sensor's output signal typically ranges from a minimum value
when the soil is dry to a maximum value when the soil is saturated with
water. It's important to note that analog output sensors may require periodic
recalibration to maintain accuracy, as factors such as soil composition,
temperature, and sensor aging can affect the relationship between the
output signal and soil moisture levels over time. Regular maintenance and
calibration checks are essential to ensure reliable performance and accurate
measurement results.

Features of Soil Moisture Sensors:

1. Measuring Principle: Soil moisture sensors utilize different
measuring principles, such as capacitance or resistance, to determine soil
moisture levels accurately.
2. Measurement Range: The range within which the sensor can
measure soil moisture, usually expressed in percentage or volumetric
water content (% or VWC)
3. Accuracy: The degree of precision or closeness of measurement
compared to a known standard or true value, often specified as a
percentage of the full-scale measurement range.
4. Resolution: The smallest increment of change in soil moisture that the
sensor can detect and measure accurately.
5. Response Time: The time taken by the sensor to detect and respond to
changes in soil moisture levels, typically expressed in seconds or minutes.
6. Operating Temperature Range: The range of temperatures within
which the sensor can operate effectively without compromising accuracy
or performance.
7. Output Interface: The type of output signal provided by the sensor,
such as analog voltage, digital signal, or communication protocols (e.g.,
I2C, UART).
8. Environmental Protection: Specifications regarding the sensor's
resistance to environmental factors such as moisture, dust, and
temperature variations, often indicated by IP (Ingress Protection) ratings.
9. Physical Dimensions: The physical dimensions of the sensor,
including length, width, and depth, which may vary depending on the
sensor's design and intended application.
10. Installation Requirements: Guidelines for installing and mounting
the sensor in soil, including recommended depth and spacing between
sensors for optimal performance.
11. Calibration: Information on calibration procedures and
requirements to ensure accurate measurement of soil moisture levels over
time.
12. Wireless or IoT Capabilities: Some soil moisture sensors feature
wireless or IoT capabilities, allowing for remote monitoring and real-time
data transmission for enhanced convenience and efficiency.
3.3 Temperature and Humidity Sensor:

Temperature and Humidity Sensor

A temperature sensor is a device that measures the temperature of its

surroundings or a specific object and converts that temperature into an
electrical signal. Temperatursensors are used in a wide range of
applications, including industrial processes, environmental monitoring,
consumer electronics, medical devices, and more.

Figure 3.6: DHT 11 sensor

Features of Temperature Sensors:

1. Accuracy: Temperature sensors should provide accurate

readings to ensure precise temperature measurements.

2. Range: They should be able to measure temperatures within a

specific range, which can vary from sensor to sensor.

3. Response Time: The time it takes for a sensor to detect and report

a change in temperature.
4. Resolution: The smallest temperature difference that a sensor
 can detect and report.
5. Stability: Consistency of readings over time and in various conditions.
6. Calibration: Some temperature sensors might need periodic

calibration to maintain accuracy.

7. Output Type: Temperature sensors can provide analog or

digital outputs, depending on the type of sensor.

8. Sensitivity Adjustments:
Sensitivity adjustment in a temperature sensor refers to the ability
to fine-tune the sensor's response to temperature changes. Some
sensors offer the option to adjust sensitivity to match specific
requirements or to compensate for external factors that might affect
accuracy.
Principle of Temperature Measurement:
Different types of temperature sensors work based on various principles.
Some common principles include
Thermocouples: These sensors use the Seebeck effect, where two
different metals connected at two junctions produce a voltage
proportional to the temperature difference between the junctions. The
voltage generated is used to determine the temperature.
RTDs (Resistance Temperature Detectors): RTDs are based on the
principle that the electrical resistance of a material changes with
temperature. They use materials with a predictable resistance-
temperature relationship, such as platinum, to measure temperature.
Thermistors: Thermistors are temperature-sensitive resistors that have
a resistance that changes significantly with temperature. They can be
either Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) or Positive Temperature
Coefficient (PTC) thermistors.
Infrared Sensors: These sensors detect the infrared radiation emitted by
an object to calculate its temperature. They are particularly useful for
non-contact temperature measurement.
Bimetallic Strips: Bimetallic strips consist of two different metals with
different coefficients of thermal expansion bonded together. As the
temperature changes, the strip bends due to the differential expansion,
and this bending can be used to measure temperature.
Semiconductor Temperature Sensors: These sensors use the
temperature-dependent properties of semiconductors, such as diodes or
transistors, to measure temperature.

3.5 Relay Module:

Figure 3.7: Relay Module

A relay sensor, also known as a relay switch or simply a relay, is an

electrical component that functions as an electromagnetic switch. It
operates by using a small control signal to activate a larger load or
circuit. Relays are commonly used in various applications to control
high-power devices or circuits using low-power signals. They are widely
used in automation, industrial control systems, automotive systems, and
more.
Features of a Relay Sensor:
Switching Capability: Relays can switch high-power circuits using a
low-power control signal.
Isolation: They provide electrical isolation between the control circuit
and the load circuit.
Longevity: Relays have a longer operational life compared to mechanical
switches.
Versatility: They can be used for various types of loads, including AC
and DC circuits.
Sensitivity Adjustments: Some relays allow sensitivity adjustments,
which control the level of input signal required to trigger the switch.

Sensitivity Adjustments: Sensitivity adjustments in a relay refer to the

ability to control the activation threshold of the relay. This adjustment
allows you to specify the minimum input signal strength
required to trigger the relay's switch. It's usually achieved by modifying
the characteristics of the electromagnetic coil or using external
components to adjust the sensitivity level.
Principle of Operation:
The principle of a relay's operation is based on the electromagnetic
effect. A relay consists of two main parts: an electromagnetic coil and a
set of contacts. When a control signal (usually a voltage or current) is
applied to the coil, it generates a magnetic field. This magnetic field
causes the contacts to move, either making or breaking the connection
between the load circuit and the control circuit.
Specifications in Mathematical Terms:
Here are some common specifications of a relay that can be represented
mathematically:
Contact Rating (CR): This represents the maximum current and
voltage the relay contacts can handle:
CR = Max Current (A) × Max Voltage (V)
Coil Voltage (V_coil): The voltage applied to the electromagnetic coil
 to activate the relay.
Coil Resistance (R_coil): The resistance of the electromagnetic
coil, which determines the current flowing through it:
R_coil = V_coil / I_coil
Operate Time (t_operate): The time taken by the contacts to close after
the coil is energized.
Release Time (t_release): The time taken by the contacts to open
after the coil is de-energized.
Switching Time (t_switch): The total time taken for the contacts to
transition from open to closed or vice versa.
Sensitivity Adjustment (SA): A coefficient indicating the sensitivity
adjustment level, usually expressed as a percentage.

3.6 SERVO MOTOR

A servo motor is a rotational or translational motor to which power is

supplied by a servo amplifier and serves to apply torque or force to a mechanical
system, such as an actuator or brake. Servo motors allow for precise control in terms
of angular position, acceleration, and velocity. This type of motor is associated with
a closed-loop control system. A closed-loop control system considers the current
output and alters it to the desired condition. The control action in these systems is
based on the output of the motor. It uses a positive feedback system to control the
motion and final position of the shaft.

[Link] Motor Construction

The following figure shows the construction of a standard servo
motor. ISL Products offers a wide variety of servo motors to accommodate different
industrial applications.

The servo motor consists of two winding stator and rotor windings.
Testator winding is wound on the stationary part of the motor, and this winding is
also called field winding of the motor. The rotor winding is wound on the rotating
part of the motor and this winding is also called the armature winding of the motor.
The motor consists of two bearings on the front and backside for the free movement
of the shaft. The encoder has the approximate sensor for determining the rotational
speed and revolution per minute of the motor. Our Motor Selection Guide will help
you identify your requirements.

Fig 3.8: servo motor

Servo motor used in smart irrigation system

There are three inputs to the servo motor they are:
+VCC, Ground (GND), Control signal as shown in the above figure.
Here the VCC & GND are connected to the power supply battery and the control
signal wire is connected to the Arduino port which gives the control signal to the
servo motor.

3.7 JUMPER WIRES

A jumper wire (also known as jumper, jumper wire, DuPont wire) is an

electrical wire, or group of them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each end (or
sometimes without them
– simply "tinned"), which is normally used to interconnect the components of a
breadboard or other prototype or test circuit, internally or with other equipment or
components, without soldering. Each cable length about 20cm or8-inch.
There are different types of jumper wires. Some have the same type of electrical
connector at both ends, while others have different connectors. Some common
connectors are:
1. Solid tips
2. Crocodile clips
3. Banana connectors
4. RCA connector
5. RF connector…...........etc.
Jumper wires come in three versions:
1. Male-to-male jumper.
2. Male-to-female jumper.
3. Female-to-female jumper.

3.7.1 MALE-TO-MALE JUMPER WIRE

This cable is an electrical wire or group of them in a cable with a connector or
pins at each.

Fig 3.9: Male to male jumper wire

MALE-TO-FEMALE JUMPER WIRE

The difference between them is in the wire's endpoint. Male ends have
a protruding pin and can plug into things, whereas female ends do not and must be
plugged into.

Fig 3.10: Male to female jumper wire

FEMALE-TO-FEMALE JUMPER WIRE

Female to Female Jumper Wires Female to Female jumper wire a

highly useful connecting wire. It comes with female connectors at both ends, can be
used to make quick connections between header pins, FRC pins, berg pins, etc.

Fig 3.11: Female to female jumper wire

3.1 USB-A to USB-B CABLE

The staple of any USB connection, the Data Pro USB A to B cable
connects any standard host device (computer, hub, or controller) to any standard
peripheral (printer, scanner, external drive).

Fig 3.23: USB- A to B cable.

Types of USB Connectors are:

1. USB-A: This is the standard connector, found on one end of almost every USB cable. ...
2. USB-B: This is an older connector that's not used nearly as often nowadays. ...
3. Mini-USB: This is a smaller connection type that's good for mobile devices. …
4. Micro-USB.56
USB Type-A to USB Type-B

This is the standard USB Type-A to USB Type-B Arduino

Programming cable that could be used to program Arduino UNO, Arduino MEGA or
Arduino DUE boards. It is needed to establish communication between the Arduino
board and your computer so that you can send and receive the data from the board
and program it according to your needs.
 CHAPTER 4

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

4.1 ARDUINO SOFTWARE (IDE)

The open-source Arduino Software (IDE) makes it easy to write code

and upload it to the board. It runs on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. The environment
is written in Java and based on Processing and other open-source software. This software
can be used with any Arduino board. For latest software refer to link.
[Link] Software Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction
Design Institute as an easy tool for fast with or without a background in electronics and
programming. Arduino is an open- source prototyping platform based on easy-to-
Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger - and turn it into an
output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online and many
more. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the board. To
do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and (IDE), based
on Processing. Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other
microcontroller platforms. Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on
Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating systems. Most microcontroller systems
are limited to Windows. Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino Software
(IDE) is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take
advantage of as well.

Open source and extensible hardware- The plans of the Arduino boards are published
under a Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can make their own
version of the module, extending it and improving it.

Open source and extensible software- The Arduino software is published as open
source tool and the language can be expanded through C++ libraries.
 4.2 PROGRAM DUMPING

Here's a step-by-step guide on how to upload a program to ESP8266 using a laptop:

Hardware Requirements:

- ESP8266 module (e.g., ESP-01, ESP-12, etc.)

- USB-to-TTL serial converter (e.g., FTDI, CP2102, etc.)
- Laptop with USB port
- Breadboard and jumper wires (optional)

Software Requirements:

- Arduino IDE (version 1.6.4 or later)

- ESP8266 board package (install via Arduino IDE)
- Your program sketch (e.g., .ino file)

Step-by-Step Instructions:

1. Connect the ESP8266 module to the USB-to-TTL serial converter:

- Connect the ESP8266 module's TX pin to the USB-to-TTL serial converter's RX pin.
- Connect the ESP8266 module's RX pin to the USB-to-TTL serial converter's TX pin.
- Connect the ESP8266 module's GND pin to the USB-to-TTL serial converter's GND pin.
- Connect the ESP8266 module's VCC pin to the USB-to-TTL serial converter's VCC pin (if
required).

2. Connect the USB-to-TTL serial converter to the laptop:

- Connect the USB-to-TTL serial converter to the laptop's USB port.

3. Install the ESP8266 board package in Arduino IDE:

- Open Arduino IDE and navigate to File > Preferences.

- In the Additional Boards Manager URLs field, add the following URL:
[Link]
- Click OK to close the preferences window.
- Navigate to Tools > Board > Boards Manager.
- Search for ESP8266 and click Install.

4. Select the ESP8266 board in Arduino IDE:

- Navigate to Tools > Board and select the ESP8266 board (e.g., Generic ESP8266 Module).

5. Upload the program sketch to the ESP8266 module:

- Open your program sketch (e.g., .ino file) in Arduino IDE.

- Click Verify to compile the sketch.
- Click Upload to upload the sketch to the ESP8266 module.
- Wait for the upload process to complete. You should see the upload progress in the
Arduino IDE console.

6. Monitor the ESP8266 module's serial output:

- Open the Arduino IDE's serial monitor (Tools > Serial Monitor ) to view the ESP8266
module's serial output.

That's it! You should now be able to upload a program to your ESP8266 module using your
laptop.
 CHAPTER 5
Design and Coding
Code :
#include <DHT.h>

// Include the DHT sensor library

#include <Servo.h>

// Include the Servo library

const int sensor_pin = A0;

// Connect Soil moisture analog sensor pin to A0 of NodeMCU

const int relay_pin = D1;

// Define the relay control pin (connected to D1 for irrigation system)

const int dht_pin = D2;

// Define the pin for the DHT11 temperature/humidity sensor (connected to D2)

const int servo_pin = D3;

// Define the pin for the servo motor (connected to D3)

// Initialize DHT sensor (DHT11, DHT22, etc.)

#define DHT_TYPE DHT11

// Change to DHT22 if you're using that sensor

DHT dht(dht_pin, DHT_TYPE);

// Initialize DHT sensor

// Initialize the Servo object

Servo irrigationServo;
void setup() {

[Link](9600);

// Define baud rate for serial communication

pinMode(relay_pin, OUTPUT);

// Set relay pin as an output (for irrigation system)

digitalWrite(relay_pin, LOW);

// Initially set the relay to off (assuming LOW is off)

[Link](servo_pin);

// Attach the servo to the specified pin

[Link](0);

// Initial position of the servo (0 degrees)

[Link]();

// Start the DHT sensor

void loop() {

float moisture_percentage;

// Read the soil moisture sensor value and convert it to percentage

moisture_percentage = (100.00 - ((analogRead(sensor_pin) / 1023.00) * 100.00));

// Print the moisture percentage to the serial monitor

[Link]("Soil Moisture (in Percentage) = ");

[Link](moisture_percentage);
 [Link]("%");

// If moisture is less than 50%, turn the relay ON to water the soil

if (moisture_percentage < 50.0) {

digitalWrite(relay_pin, HIGH);

// Turn relay ON (active low for irrigation system)

[Link](90);

// Move the servo to 90 degrees (open position for watering)

[Link]("Relay ON (Watering the soil - Soil is dry!)");

} else {

digitalWrite(relay_pin, LOW); // Turn relay OFF

[Link](0);

// Move the servo to 0 degrees (closed position)

[Link]("Relay OFF (Soil is wet!)");

// Read temperature from DHT sensor

float temperature = [Link]();

// Get temperature in Celsius

if (isnan(temperature)) {

[Link]("Failed to read temperature from DHT sensor!");

else {

[Link]("Temperature = ");

[Link](temperature);

[Link](" °C");

}
 // Read humidity from DHT sensor

float humidity = [Link]();

// Get humidity percentage

if (isnan(humidity)) {

[Link]("Failed to read humidity from DHT sensor!");

} else {

[Link]("Humidity = ");

[Link](humidity);

[Link](" %");

delay(1000);

// Wait for 1 second before the next reading

Circuit design

Figure 5.1 :Circuit Design 1

Figure 5.2: Circuit Design 2
 CHAPTER 6

OUTPUTS

Figure 6.1: Hardware Output

Figure 6.2: Software Output

 CHAPTER 7
ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES
1. Relatively simple to design and install.
2. It is safest system and no manpower is required.
3. The system helps to farmer or gardener to work when irrigation is taking place,
as only the area between the plants are wet.
4. Reduce soil erosion and nutrient leaching.
5. The system need smaller water sources, as it consumes less than half of the water.
6. Fertilizers can also be provided by using the system.
7. PH content of the soil is maintained through the suggestions which helps for healthy
plantgrowth.

APPLICATIONS

1. A smart irrigation technique is used for automatic water supply to fields.

2. Automatic irrigation is used for getting high yields in any crop.

3. Smart irrigation techniques are future agricultural techniques.

 CHAPTER 8
FUTURE SCOPE AND CONCLUSION
FUTURE SCOPE
Irrigation is a process of providing the desire amounts of water to the
agricultural land. This process is very beneficial in minimizing runoffs or drought
situations for the crops cultivation.
Due to alarming changes in the climate, farmers cannot rely on natural
rainwater.
For modern agriculture, a smart irrigation system is one of the best techniques that give
more production in minimum duration. Too many extend, this smart irrigation system is
designed and fully automated to minimize manual handling in agriculture.
And one of the good things is that it is very comfortable for users (or
farmers) to understand the concept of IOT and sensors for smart irrigation.
It can help you to learn how various sensors can be deployed and utilization
of their data to generate events and control irrigation systems.

CONCLUSION
The primary applications for this project are for farmers and gardeners who
do not have enough time to water their crops/plants. It also covers those farmers who are
wasteful of water during irrigation. As water supplies become scarce and polluted, there
is a need to irrigate more efficiently in order to minimize water use and chemical
leaching. Recent advances in soil water sensing make the commercial use of this
technology possible to automate irrigation management for vegetable production.

However, research indicates thatdifferent sensors types perform under all

conditions with no negative impact on crop yields with reductions in water use range as
high as 70% compared to traditional practices.