Denver, CO | February 5 - 7, 2020

A Review of Insecticide Classes

and Characteristics
Whitney Cranshaw
Colorado State University
Common Types of Pesticides
(Organisms Controlled)
• Herbicides • Insecticides
– Higher Plants – Insects
• Algacides • Acaricides/
– Algae Miticides& Ticks
• Fungicides • Molluscicides
– Fungi – Slugs & Snails
• Bactericides
– Bacteria
Classification of Insecticides

Mode of Entry
Classification of Insecticides

Systemic or Not
Systemic?
Are they capable of moving within the
plant?
 Distribution of C14 labeled Thiamethoxam™ 25WG after
a foliar application to cucumber leaves

1 hour after application 8 hour after application 24 hour after application

Slide Credit: N. Rechcigl

 Systemic insecticides
applied to leaves Some systemic insecticide
can move into plants when
sprayed onto leaves.

Some systemic insecticides

can move into plant when
applied to the roots.

Most systemic
insecticides will appear in
highest concentration in
the new growth Systemic insecticides
applied to soil
 Systemic Insecticides
• Capable of some translocation in plant
• Range exists in ability to move in plant
– Some limited to translaminar
movement
– Some broadly distribute in plant
(usually to newer growth)
• Systemic activity is limited to a small number of insecticides
– Most neonicotinoids
– Diamides (limited)
– Abamectin (translaminar only)
 Systemic Insecticides
• Capable of some translocation in plant
• Range exists in ability to move in plant
– Some limited to translaminar movement
– Some broadly distribute in plant (usually to newer growth)

• Systemic activity is limited to a

small number of insecticides
–Some organophophates
–All neonicotinoids
–Diamides (limited)
–Avermectins (translaminar only)
Translaminar movement – Insecticide can move
through a leaf (but not necessarily to another leaf)

Example: Foliar applications of abamectin (Avid)

Essentially all systemic insecticide move
primarily in the xylem of the plant.
Essentially all systemic insecticides primarily
move upward.

Only one product

moves both upwards
and downwards -
spirotetramat
This is labeled for greenhouse/nursery
crops as Kontos and for fruits and
vegetables as Movento
 Common method of
applying systemic
insecticides – soil
applications for root
uptake

Soil injections Soil drenches

Foliar sprays are often
used when soil active
systemic insecticides
are not available
Classification of Insecticides

Broad Spectrum
or Selective
Activity?
 Selectivity of Insecticides Can
Derive from…..

• Differences in inherent toxicity of

the insecticide to different insects
• Persistence of the insecticide
• Formulation of the pesticide
• Time when the insecticide is applied
• Where the insecticide is applied
Pesticide that is Selective because it is
Inherent Toxicity of the Pesticide

LD50: Lethal dose that will kill 50% of the test population
 Acute Toxicity of Neonicotinoids to
Adult Honey Bees
(Oral LD50 – micrograms/bee)

• Acetamiprid 14.53
• Imidacloprid 0.005
• Dinotefuran 0.056
• Thiamethoxam 0.005
• Chlothianidin 0.0003
Pesticide that is Selective
in the Time it is Applied

Applications made during the dormant season

Insecticides and Pollinators: Bottom
Line
Always avoid applications to plants
that bees are visiting – It is the law!
Systemic Insecticides and Pollinators:
Bottom Line?
Avoid applications to plants that bees
visit that are in bloom – or soon will be
in bloom
 Spider Mite Control Products
• Least disruptive of natural enemies
–Floramite (bifenazate)
–TetraSan (extoxazole)
–Hexygon (hexythiazox)
Pesticide that is Selective
in the Mode of Entry

Bacillus thuringiensis
example
Pesticide that is Selective because of
its Persistence of Activity

Pyrethrins

Insecticidal Soap
 Insecticide Persistence
• General measure – half life
• Factors affecting degradation
– Sunlight/UV
– Moisture
– pH
– Microbial degradation
Examples of insecticides
that are very rapidly
degraded upon exposure
to sunlight

Bacillus thuringiensis

Pyrethrins
Pyrethrins
An example of an
insecticide that
very rapidly
breaks down
upon exposure to
light

Tancetum (= Chrysanthemum)
cineriariifolium
Pyrethrum daisy – source of
pyrethrum
 Pyrethroid Insecticides
(a.k.a., synthetic pyrethrins)
Many pyrethroid
insecticides have ability to
persist for weeks - months

Pyrethroid insectides are

based on the chemistry of
natural pyrethrins
Pesticide that is Selective
because of Where the
Pesticide is Applied

Spraying whole plant

Soil application of
systemic insecticide
Pesticide that is Selective
because of the Formulation
of the Pesticide

Baits

vs.

Sprays

Dusts
 Selectivity of Insecticides Can
Derive from…..
• Differences in inherent toxicity of the
insecticide to different insects
• Persistence of the insecticide
• Time when the insecticide is applied
• Where the insecticide is applied
• Formulation of the pesticide
“Historical” Classes of Insecticides
Heavy metal/
inorganic
insecticides

Chlorinated hydrocarbon
insecticides

Organophosphate Insecticides
 Insect Control Products Available a
Century Ago
• Lead Arsenate/Calcium Arsenate
• Sulfur/Lime Sulfur
• Dormant Oils
• Nicotine Sulfate
• Rotenone
• Pyrethrins
• Ryania
 Insect Control Products Available a
Century Ago
• Lead Arsenate/Calcium Arsenate
• Sulfur/Lime Sulfur
• Dormant Oils
• Nicotine Sulfate
• Rotenone
• Pyrethrins
• Ryania
Aerial application of lead
arsenate for gypsy moth control
 What we used 35
years ago
• Dursban
• Malathion
• Methoxychlor
• Diazinon
• Carbaryl
• Cygon
• Orthene
• MetaSystox-R
• Furadan
 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
• First widely used class of synthetically
produced insecticides
– Post World War II
• Generally broad spectrum of activity
against insects
• Low to moderate acute toxicity to
humans
• Very long persistence – weeks to
months, sometimes longer
– Some soil applications lasting many years
When first introduced,
originally to stop epidemic
typhus during World War II,
DDT and the new chlorinated
hydrocarbons were
considered nearly miraculous
 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
• Fat soluble
• Persistent in the environment
– Concentrated in fat tissues
– Biomagnification in ecosystems
– Showed some hormonal effects at high
concentrations (estrogen mimics)
The book that started a rethinking about insecticide use
Chlorinated
hydrocarbons, such
as DDT, are
persistent and
concentrate in fat
Biomagnification of
chlorinated
hydrocarbon
insecticides in food
chains
 Biomagnification of chlorinated
hydrocarbon insecticides in food chains

In high levels chlorinated

hydrocarbons act as
estrogen mimics

Primary effect on
top predators – egg
shell thinning
Paul Muller –
Received 1948 Nobel
Prize for
Medicine/Physiology
for his discovery of
the insecticidal
activity of DDT
Malaria mosquito
 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
• Fat soluble
• Persistent in the environment
– Concentrated in fat tissues
– Biomagnification in ecosystems
– Showed some hormonal effects at high
concentrations (estrogen mimics)
• Current Status
– DDT banned 1972
– Termiticide uses eliminated in 1990s
– Methoxychlor used for bark beetles into the
1990s; all uses ended in 2002
 Organophosphates
• Primary class used during 1960s through
early 1990s
• Some have systemic activity
• Mode of Action: Inhibition of
cholinesterase
– Effects persist and can accumulate with repeated
exposure
• Acute Toxicity (to humans): Moderate to
very high
Organophosphates
were originally
developed in Nazi
Germany as
Chemical Warfare
(Nerve Gas) Agents
G Class (Sarin, Tabun), VCX series
 Organophosphate Insecticides
Historically Used for Landscape Pest
Management
• Chlorpyrifos (Dursban)
• Diazinon
• Acephate (Orthene)
• Dimethoate (Cygon)
• Malathion
• Disulfoton (DiSyston)
• Oxydemetonmethyl (MetaSystox-R)
 Organophosphates
• Non-target Effects:
– Birds: Moderate to very high toxicity to
birds
– Fish: Moderately toxic
• Other: Many organophosphates have a
strong associated odor
• Current Status
– Steady reduction in registrations since
late 1990s
 Organophosphate Insecticides
Presently Used in Landscape Care

• Acephate (Orthene, Lepitect)

• Malathion?
There are over two dozen modes of action of
insecticides and miticides
A great source of
information on
insecticide
classes and their
mode of action

IRAC –
Insecticide Resistance
Action Committee
How were most presently used insecticides
discovered?

Derived
from
microbes

Derived from active

ingredients found in plants

Derived from
hormones used
in insect growth
Pyrethroid Insecticides
(a.k.a., synthetic pyrethrins)
Pyrethrins are the active
ingredient extracted from
pyrethrum flowers
Tanacetum (=Chrysanthemum)
cinaeriafolium Pyrethrum Daisy
Botanical source that lead
to development of the
pyrethroid insecticides

Extracts of pyrethrum flowers contain active

ingredients known as pyrethrins
Dalmatian (Pyrethrum) Daisy
Tanacetum (=Chrysanthemum) cinaeriafolium

A Colorado Plant
Select Selection
Pyrethroid Insecticides
(a.k.a., synthetic pyrethrins)
Pyrethrins are the active
ingredient extracted from
pyrethrum flowers
 Some Presently Marketed
Pyrethroid Insecticides
• Permethrin • Esfenvalerate
• Cypermethrin • Cyfluthrin
• Bifenthrin • Cyhalothrin
• Resmethrin • Allethrin
• Sumithrin
• Tetramethrin
• Tralomethrin
• Deltamethrin
Some Pyrethroid Insecticides

Pyrethrins
 Pyrethroid Uses
• Non-systemic, attaches well to organic
matter (high Koc)
• Persistence ranges widely
– Bifenthrin, cypermethrin most persistent
(days to a couple weeks)
– Permethrin, cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin quite
persistent (days)
– Resmethrin, sumithrin, pyrethrins non-
persistent (hours)
 Pyrethroid Uses for
Tree/Shrub Insect Control
• Generally broad spectrum
–Standards for bark beetle and borer
sprays
–Strong on most beetles, caterpillars,
sawflies, scale crawlers
–OK on most Hemiptera (e.g., aphids,
whiteflies, leafhoppers, bugs)
–Fair to poor on spider mites
 OTC Pyrethroids with Uses on
Ornamental Plants
• Bifenthrin/Cypermethrin (combination)
– Ortho Max Insect Killer for Lawns & Gardens

• Cyfluthrin
– Bayer Advanced Rose & Flower Insect Killer, Bayer Advanced
Vegetable & Garden Insect Spray

• Gamma-cyhalothrin
– Spectracide Triazicide Insect Killer for Lawns & Landscapes

• Permethrin
– Bonide Eight Insect Control Vegetable, Fruit & Flower; Bayer
Advanced Complete Insect Dust for Gardens; Ace House & Garden
Bug Killer2; probably many others
 Primary Pyrethroid Insecticide
Found on Nursery Shelves –
That Can Be Used on
Fruits/Vegetables
• Permethrin
 A Pyrethroid Insecticide Found on
Nursery Shelves – That Can Be Used
on Many Fruits/Vegetables

Active Ingredient:
Gamma-cyhalothrin
 Active Ingredients of Wood Borer
Insecticides (Trunk Sprays)

• Permethrin (Astro, Permethrin, etc.)

• Bifenthrin (Onyx)
 Only One OTC
product, containing
permethrin, has a
label and use rate
that allows effective
use against Borers
and Bark Beetles!
Pyrethroids are
non-selective
…and can be rough on
insect natural enemies
 Pyrethroids
are highly
toxic to
bees

Treated flowers may

kill flower visitors for
a couple of days after
application
My favorite/”go to”
publication on this
subject
 Pyrethroids
• Acute Toxicity to Humans: Low to
moderate
• Non-target Effects:
– Birds: Low to very high acute toxicity
– Fish: Extremely toxic

• Current Status
– Broadly registered and
available – although under review
Botanical source that led to Nicotine
development of neonicotinoid
insecticides

Older nicotine sulfate

insecticide
 Neonicotinoids
• Insecticide class originally developed
commercially in the late 1980s
• Mode of Action
– Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
– IRAC Mode of Action Group 7A
– Nicotine mode of action similar
 Neonicotinoids
• Insecticide class originally developed commercially in the late 1980s
• Mode of action - Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
• IRAC Mode of Action Group 7A
• Nicotine mode of action similar

• Emerged in early 1990s

– First new class of insecticide with
systemic activity in plants in 30+ years
• Low toxicity to vertebrates
accelerated registration as
“reduced risk” products
Primary Neonicotinoid Insecticides
Used in Landscape Plant Care
• Imidacloprid (Merit, Marathon,
Zenith, Mallet, etc.)
• Dinotefuran (Safari, Zylam,
Transtect)
• Acetamiprid (Tristar)
Not all Neonicotinoids are alike:

• UV stability
• Water solubility
• Rate of uptake by plants
• Mobilization within plants
• Host range of susceptible
insects
 Comparison of UV Stability
35
30
25
Half life (days)

Acetamiprid
20 Imidacloprid
Thiamethoxam
15
Dinotefuran
10 Clothianidin
5
0
Aquatic Photolysis

Data obtained from published EPA registration documents

Slide Credit: R. Fletcher

UV Stability
Neonicotinoids are generally not UV
stable. Foliar persistence can be
shortened by this feature.

Acetamiprid is
an exception.
Relative Water Solubility of Neonicotinoids:
Water Solubility (Active Ingredient)

Thiamethoxam
40000

Imidacloprid

Acetamiprid
Clothianidin
39830

30000

Dinotefuran
20000

10000 2950 4100

327 500
0

Information sources
Clothianidin (Celero), Acetamiprid (Tristar), Dinotefuran (Safari) – EPA Pesticide Fact Sheet
Imidacloprid (Marathon), hiamethoxam (Flagship) – MSDS for Products

Slide information courtesy J. Chamberlin

Water Solubiility
There is wide range of water
solubility among the neonictoinoids.

Dinotefuran (Safari, Transtect, Zylam)

is highly water soluble.
Koc Values of Neonicotinoids:

Clothianidin 440

Thiamethoxam

Dinotefuran
Imidacloprid
267
245

Acetamiprid
166

0 26

Source Data: EPA Pesticide Fact Sheets

Koc Value
There is wide range of Koc values
(measure of adsorption to organic matter)
among the neonicotinoids. This affects
mobility within plants.
Dinotefuran (Safari, Transtect, Zylam)
has a much lower Koc value than do
other neonicotinoids
Dinotefuran (Safari, Zylam,
Transtect)
Not all Neonicotinoids are alike:

• UV stability
• Water solubility
• Rate of uptake by plants
• Mobilization within plants
• Host range of susceptible
insects
 Acute Toxicity of Neonicotinoids to
Adult Honey Bees
(Dermal LD50 in micrograms/bee)

• Acetamiprid 8.09
• Imidacloprid 0.08
• Dinotefuran 0.022
• Thiamethoxam 0.024
• Chlothianidin 0.044
 Acute Toxicity of Neonicotinoids to
Adult Honey Bees
(Oral LD50 – micrograms/bee)

• Acetamiprid 14.53
• Imidacloprid 0.005
• Dinotefuran 0.056
• Thiamethoxam 0.005
• Chlothianidin 0.0003
Neonicotinoids
are effective
against most
phloem-feeding
insects
Aphids and soft
scales suck sap
from the phloem
and excrete
honeydew
If the insect excretes honeydew, neonicotinoids will
almost always work well for its control
Most all
neonictoinoids
have good activity
against beetle
larvae and sawfly
larvae
Armored scales – poor,
with an exception
Spider mites – often
terrible

Neonicotinoid host
range, continued
Caterpillars/Lepidoptera –
poor with some exceptions
Imidacloprid
formulations
Over-the-
Counter
Imidacloprid
Formulations
Some imidacloprid formulations sold to control
parasites of pets

Active ingredients: imidacloprid,

permethrin, pyriproxifen
Imidacloprid Characteristics and Niche
• Advantages
–Good persistence with soil
application
–Easy to apply soil treatment
–Inexpensive
Imidacloprid Characteristics and Niche
• Limitations
–Poor on caterpillars
–Weak on armored scales
–Tends to make spider mite
problems worse
–High risk for pollinators
Imidacloprid
Control Range

Yes – Soft Scale

No – Armored
Scale
Oak lecanium European elm scale

Soft Scales Families Coccidae, Eriococcidae

Pine tortoise scale Cottony maple scale
 Soft Scales vs. Armored Scales

Feeding Site: Phloem

Soft scales produce
honeydew

Feeding Site: Cells,

often of the cambium
Armored scales do not
produce honeydew
Systemic
insecticides for wood
borers?
Imidacloprid for Borers?

Yes…..but
Imidacloprid will
not work well on
borers that are
the larval stage of
moths
Lilac/ash borer

Not effective
Peach tree borer larval
tunneling in base of plant

Not effective
 Zimmerman
pine moth
injury

Not effective
Imidacloprid will
not work well if the
borer spends
much of its life in
the heartwood of
the plant
Imidacloprid soil
drenches may work
well against
flatheaded borer
larvae (aka metallic
wood borers)
Bronze cane borer/
Rose stem girdler

Twolined chestnut borer

Four common Agrilus species

metallic wood borers
Honeylocust borer

Bronze birch borer

 Imidacloprid as a
soil injection, soil
drench

Neonicotinoids for emerald ash

borer (and other flatheaded borers)

Dinotefuran as
a bark spray
 Commercial
formulations for
ornamentals

Retail formulation

Dinotefuran
formulations
Dinotefuran Characteristics and Niche
• Advantages
–Rapid uptake
–Mobile in plant
–Capable of trunk spray use
• Limitation
–High risk for pollinators
Soil Systemic Insecticides
and Scale Insects?
– Imidacloprid (Merit, Mallet, Zenith,
etc.)
• Soft scales only
– Dinotefuran (Safari, Zylam, Transtect)
• Soft scales and armored scales
Dinotefuran
Control Range

Yes – Soft Scale

Yes – Armored
Scale
 Armored Scales Family Diaspididae

Poplar/willow scale Black pineleaf scale

Basal trunk spray with
dinotefuran (Safari, Zylam)
Whole tree sprays
produce surface
residues on all foliage.
Natural enemies are
killed. Natural
controls are wasted.

Treatment area limited

to bark of lower trunk.
Impacts on natural
enemies are minimized
 Commercial
formulation for
ornamentals

Retail formulations Acetamiprid

products
Commercial
formulation
for fruits and
vegetables
 Acetamiprid Characteristics and
Niche
• Advantages
–Stable in UV
–Good on caterpillars
–Fairly mobile in plant
–Low toxicity to honey bees
• Limitation
–Not suitable for soil application
Acetamiprid can be
used as a systemic
insecticide to be sprayed
 Ryania speciosa
Botanical source that
lead to development of
the anthranilic diamides

Powdered stems are the

source of the insecticide
ryania.

Active ingredient: ryanodine

 Anthranilic Diamides
• Based on chemistry of active
compounds in ryania (ryanodines)
–Effects ryanodine receptors
associated with insect muscle
• Some systemic activity in plants
• Extremely low toxicity to mammals (Category IV)
• Recently registered products:
– chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn)
– cyantraniliprole (Ference – turfgrass label only)
 Anthranilic Diamides
• Based on chemistry of active compounds in ryania (ryanodines)
– Effects ryanodine receptors associated with insect muscle
• Some systemic activity in plants

• Extremely low toxicity to mammals

(Category IV)
• Recently registered products:
– chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn)
– cyantraniliprole (Ference – turfgrass
label only)
Chlorantraniliprole
(Acelepryn, Grub-Ex)
Applicator caution with chlorantraniliprole/Acelepryn

Class IV Toxicity – No Caution Label

No cautionary language for

protection of bees
 The original federal
label just includes
certain caterpillars as
target pests

Section 2(ee)
recommendation
indicates uses for control
of many other insects –
including Japanese
beetle adults
 Chlorantraniliprole Niche
• Very low hazard to vertebrates
• Very low hazard to bees
• Target pests include:
–All leaf chewing caterpillars
–Wood borers that are caterpillars
–Leaf chewing beetles, including Japanese
beetle
–White grubs in lawns
 Insect Growth Regulators
(IGRs)
• Affect growth processes of
arthropods/disrupt hormones
• Diverse chemistry, mode of action
– Mimic/disrupt molting hormone
(ecdysone)
– Mimic/disrupt juvenile hormone
– Prevent normal chitin synthesis
Colorado
Potato
Beetle
 Larva

Pupa
Potato beetles (top row) killed by IGR insecticide
that prevented successful molting to pupal stage
 Insect Growth
Regulators (IGRs)
• Acute Toxicity to Humans: Low
• Non-target Effects:
– Birds: Low toxicity
– Fish: Low toxicity
• Most are highly selective in effects
on beneficial insects
Azadirachtin
indica (Neem)
Neem seed extracts
contain the active
ingredient azadirachtin
Azadirachtin affects the molting
hormone ecdysone

This disrupts many things including ability

to molt and to reproduce successfully.
 Some target pests of
azadirachtin
Flatheaded
borers
Leaf beetles

Caterpillars
Soft scales
 Neem
• Active Ingredients: Azadirachtin
primarily, oil fractions have some uses.
• Disrupts the molting hormone (ecdysone)
of susceptible insects

Whole Neem oil -

need seed Oil fraction
extract only
Examples of products that
contain azadirachtin – but
no neem oil
Examples of products that contain
the oil fraction from neem seed
extracts, but has had the
azadirachtin removed
 Horticultural Oils

Mineral oils

Horticultural oils may also be

derived from cottonseed,
soybean, neem seed, sesame,
fish, and many other sources
Neem seed oils
Methoprene
Mosquito Life Cycle
Adult (left)
Larvae/wrigglers (lower left)
Pupae/tumblers (below)
 Pyriproxifen
Mimics juvenile hormone.
Target pests: Scale insects,
whiteflies, aphids
(suppression)

Special Colorado Niche: A selective

insecticide for use on scale insects

Excellent against neonicotinoid-resistant

European elm scale
 Microbial Insecticides
• Microbes Used as Insecticides
– Bacteria
– Viruses
– Fungi
• Microsporidia

• Insecticides Derived from

Microbes
 Bacillus thuringiensis
• Derived from a widely
distributed soil bacterium
• Active ingredient a toxic
protein crystal that destroys
cells of the midgut
• Used as a stomach poison
Bacillus thuringiensis
var. kurstaki
and B.t. var. aizawi

Used to control leaf

feeding caterpillars
 Bacillus thuringiensis
var. israelensis

Used to control
larvae of certain
kinds of flies (e.g.,
mosquitoes, fungus
gnats, black flies)
 Bacillus thuringiensis
var. galleriae

A newly developed
strain of Bt that can
control adult
Japanese beetles -
and can be used on
plants in flower!
Key problem with control of Jpanese beetle
adults on many plants
Overlap of adult feeding
on flowers – and use of
those flowers by
pollinators

Never apply persistent

insecticides to plants that are
in flower and attractive to
pollinators!!
 Treated with Bacillus
thuringiensis var.
galleriae

Water check
 Bacillus
thuringiensis va.
galleriae for adult
Japanese beetle?

Provides good reduction in feeding injury by

Japanese beetle

Provides fair mortality of Japanese beetles and

mortality is slow

Persistence of effects probably a few days

 Bee hazard warnings
and use restrictions?

None. You can apply this

product to plants in bloom
when bees are visiting.
After application:

Are they dead?

(probably not)
Are they still feeding?
(probably not)
 Controls Most Effective for Control of
Japanese Beetle Adults…….
• Most pyrethroids (e.g., cyfluthrin,
permethrin, bifenthrin)
• Carbaryl
• Imidacloprid
• Acetamiprid
• Chlorantraniliprole
– Acelepryn
• Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae
– BeetleGON
– BeetleJUS

….and can be used on plants in bloom!

 Microbial Insecticides
• Microbes Used as Insecticides
– Bacteria
– Viruses
– Fungi
• Microsporidia

• Insecticides Derived from

Microbes
 Spinosad
• Microbial derived insecticide
(spinosyns)
– Secreted by a bacterium (Saccharopolyspora
spinosa)
• Low mammalian toxicity
– Low hazard to most beneficial insect
– Some formulation allowed in Certified
Organic production
• Target Species
– Leaf chewers (caterpillars, beetles,
sawflies)
– Thrips
Turfgrass,
ornamentals, many Some Spinosad
fruits and vegetables Formulations

Agricultural label -
Organic

One of many products

Agricultural label sold through nurseries
Caterpillars Sawflies

Some insects that are well-controlled by spinosad

Leaf beetle larvae Thrips

There are over two dozen modes of action of
insecticides and miticides
Insecticide Resistance Action
Committee (IRAC) Web Site

[Link]
Check the section on Mode of Action to learn of
the various classes of insecticides that have
been developed
Presently there are 28 insecticide groups
recognized with different modes of action.
 This presentation will be posted at
the Insect Information Website
• Housed at Department of
Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest
Management
– Search “BSPM CSU”
• Within “Entomology”
• “Insect Information”
– Extension presentations are posted at the
bottom of the page, most recent at end
 Top of the
Insect
Information
Website

Bottom of
the Website
page
 Denver, CO | February 5 - 7, 2020

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