Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

RESEARCH 2
(Module 2)

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: RESEARCH 2

Prepared by: JESSA A. ROMAN
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

ISO 9001: 2015 Certified

Level I Institutionally Accredited

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

This module is for educational purpose only. Under

Sec. 185 of RA 8293, which states, "The Fair use of
copyrighted work for criticism, comment, news
reporting, teaching including multiple copies for
classroom use, scholarship, research, and similar
purposes is not an infringement of copyright."
The unauthorized reproduction, use, and
dissemination of this module, without joint consent of
authors and LSPU, is strictly prohibited and shall be
prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including
appropriate administrative sanctions, civil, and
criminal.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: RESEARCH 2

Prepared by: JESSA A. ROMAN
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
LSPU Self-paced Learning Module (SLM)
Course Research II
Sem/AY Second Semester/2025-2026
Module No. 1
Lesson Title DATA COLLECTION METHODS WITH ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
Week
5 weeks
Duration
Date
Description This lesson covers the discussion of data collection methods and procedures adhering
of the to ethical standards. Steps are discussed explicitly to guide students in the proper data
Lesson gathering procedures without jeopardizing ethical standards.

Learning Outcomes
Intended  Conduct the research based on the approved research setting
Learning
Outcomes
Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
Objectives 1. distinguish each ethical standard for data collection/gathering;
2. provide examples of each ethical standard in data collection/gathering;
3. determine the do’s and don’ts in data collection/gathering; and
4. collect/gather relevant data for a research study.

Student Learning Strategies

Online Activities A. Online Discussion via Google Meet

(Synchronous/ In the event that there’s a need for an alternative modality, you will be
directed to attend in a one and a half class discussion on Introduction to
Asynchronous) Research Instrumentation. To have access to the Online Discussion,
refer to this link: [Link]

The online discussion will take place as needed.

(For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the
schedule of activities for this module)

B. Learning Guide Questions:

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: RESEARCH 2

Prepared by: JESSA A. ROMAN
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

1. What are the different ethical standards for data collection/gathering?

2. How do each ethical standard differ?
3. How to apply each ethical standard in the actual data
collection/gathering?
4. What are the do’s and don’ts in data collection/gathering?
Note: The insight that you will post on online discussion forum using Learning Management
System (LMS) will receive additional scores in class participation.

Offline Activities
(e-Learning/Self- Lecture Guide
Paced)
Ethical Standards for Research Data Gathering

In this lecture, we will discuss the 18 ethical standards for research data
collection/gathering. These 18 ethical standards will guide the you in your data
collection procedure. While delving in each of these ethical standards, you will
appreciate and that data collection/gathering is not only about obtaining the
necessary information from your respondents/participants but also following
ethical standards.

1. Informed Consent
Informed consent is important to obtain in any data collection/
gathering. In this, respondents or participants must be fully informed about the
purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and their rights before agreeing to
participate in the research study. It is the responsibility of the researcher to
observe the following before distributing or collecting data/information to the
respondents/ participants:

 Participation in the research is voluntary

 Objectives should be well-explained by the researcher
 Respondent/Participant has the right to withdraw anytime
 There should be ‘No deception. This means that what is stated in the
consent form should be fully followed, and information given by the
participants must not be used for other purposes aside from what is
agreed.

Example: Students are given a consent form explaining a study on online

learning effectiveness, including data use and confidentiality, before answering
the survey.

In a research study, the researcher uses a consent form to make sure that
respondents or participants have been fully informed about the implications,
risks, and benefits they are consenting. It is typically expected that the
respondents or participants are of legal age (18 years or older) who can
understand and interpret the information asked from them. When the research
involves minors or individuals of legal age (18 years or older) who cannot

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: RESEARCH 2

Prepared by: JESSA A. ROMAN
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

understand and interpret the information asked from them due to some
limitations (e.g. persons with special needs), an assent form is used by the
researcher. In some cases, an assent form is obtained prior to consent form.

(a) Consent form

(b) Assent form

2. Voluntary Participation

This ethical standard means that participation must be free from

coercion, pressure, or manipulation. In other words, participants are not being
forced and threaten in non-participation or involvement in research data
collection/gathering. For example, teachers are invited to join a research study
on teaching strategies without administrative pressure or performance
implications.

3. Right to Withdraw

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: RESEARCH 2

Prepared by: JESSA A. ROMAN
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

In this ethical standard, respondents or participants can leave the study

at any time without penalty or consequences. Though withdrawing from a
study affects the outcome of the results, researchers must inform the
respondents or participants that they have all their rights to participate or not
to participate in the data collection/gathering. As an example, a student
participant is allowed to withdraw from an interview without academic
repercussions.

4. Confidentiality

Personal information and other information must not be disclosed to

unauthorized persons. Researchers should remember that the information
given by the respondents/participants is entrusted to them; thus, revealing or
disclosing the information to other persons is a malpractice. Example: Student
records collected for research are stored in password-protected files accessible
only to the research team.

5. Anonymity

Anonymity of the respondents/participants should be protected at all

times, though this is more applicable in writing the results part of the research;
still, participants should be well informed that their identities are not recorded
or cannot be traced in any part of the research manuscript. As for the example,
survey responses do not include student names, IDs, or identifiable
information.

6. Privacy Protection

Aside from anonymity, researchers should respect personal boundaries,

space, and other personal information, especially if not necessary in the
research study. Respondents/participants should be informed that they may or
may not answer the question if it creates a discomfort to them. An example of
this is: Researchers avoid asking intrusive personal questions unrelated to the
study objectives.

7. Data Protection and Security

Ensuring safe storage, encryption, and controlled access to data is another

standard that a researcher should focus on. In collecting or gathering data,
researchers should ensure that data given by the respondents/participants is
well taken care. For this reason, if the respondent/participant agreed that data
should be used for research, then the researcher should not use the data for
commercial purposes. Participants/respondents should also be informed on
the duration of data storage and how the data will be deleted after. For
example, interview recordings are stored in encrypted drives and deleted after
transcription and analysis.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: RESEARCH 2

Prepared by: JESSA A. ROMAN
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

8. Non-Maleficence (Do No Harm)

In no case should a researcher cause physical, psychological, emotional,

social, or academic harm to the participants/respondents. Researchers must
ensure that the instruments to be given to the respondents are checked by the
experts to ensure the safety of the participants/respondents. For example,
avoiding interview questions that may cause emotional distress to students
experiencing academic failure.

9. Beneficence

Research should benefit participants or society. In a specific example, a

study on learning interventions aims to improve student academic support
systems.

10. Justice

Fair selection and treatment of participants. This is different from sampling.

In this ethical standard, respondents should not be selected based on the
researcher’s prejudices. For example: research samples include students from
different socioeconomic backgrounds, not only from elite schools.

11. Protection of Vulnerable Groups

Special care for minors, persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples, and
marginalized groups. Research should ensure that participation in research is
voluntary and respondents/participants are not forced to respond or give
information because they are being required to do so by their office heads,
guardians, etc. To observe this, parental consent and child assent are secured
for elementary student participants.

12. Honesty and Transparency

Truthful communication about the study’s purpose and use of data. In this
standard, a researcher should be transparent when, aside from the thesis
requirement, data may be published in the future. In doing so,
respondents/participants will be fully aware of the extent to which the
information given will be used. For example, researchers clearly state that the
collected data will be used for thesis publication and journal submission.

[Link] Clearance / Institutional Approval

Approval from ethics boards or institutional review committees before data

gathering. A researcher must secure ethical clearance/institutional approval
prior to the conduct of the study to check the level of compliance or non-
compliance with legal and ethical standards. An example of this is securing
approval from the university's Ethics Review Board (ERB) before conducting
school-based research.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: RESEARCH 2

Prepared by: JESSA A. ROMAN
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

14. Integrity in Data Collection

No fabrication, falsification, or manipulation of data. Data should be analyzed

and interpreted with integrity. It is the role of the researcher to ensure that
each piece of data collected from the respondents/participants is treated well
and that whatever the data analysis results reveal, it should be reported by the
researcher. For example: Researchers do not alter test scores to fit hypotheses,
though results suggest that the null hypothesis is not rejected.

[Link] Sensitivity

Respecting cultural beliefs, traditions, and social norms. Researchers should

ensure the use of gender-fair and culturally-sensitive languages. When
conducting a study that touches cultural beliefs, traditions, and norms of
indigenous people, a researcher shall secure clearances from the authorities
before actual data gathering/collection. For example, research instruments are
translated into the local language and culturally adapted.

DATA COLLECTION PROCESS

Researchers may be guided by the different data collection processes.

Guide for Data Collection in a Qualitative Research

1. Make sure that the research proposal has been approved by the
research committee
2. Make sure that the research instrument (interview protocol,
observation guide, rubrics, etc.) is validated by the experts in the
researcher’s field of specialization (internal panel evaluators and
external consultants/experts).
3. Ensure that reliability (dependability, trustworthiness, consistency)
procedures are followed.
4. Coordinate and ask permission from the authorities (head of the school,
organization, barangay, etc.) before going into the field (actual data
collection/gathering). If necessary, secure clearance from authorities,
especially if the study involves vulnerable groups (students, persons
deprived of liberty, individuals with special needs, indigenous people).
5. Use the validated and reliability-tested instruments to gather or collect
data from the participants. Ensure ethical standards in data collection
are observed.
6. Once done, express appreciation to the participants and authorities.

(Note: Make sure that the research adviser is informed for each step of the
data collection/gathering procedure.)

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: RESEARCH 2

Prepared by: JESSA A. ROMAN
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Guide for Data Collection in a Quantitative Research

1. Make sure that the research committee has approved the research
proposal
2. Make sure that the research instrument (questionnaire checklist,
examination, rubrics, survey questionnaire, observation guide, etc.)is
validated by the experts in the researcher’s field of specialization
(internal panel evaluators and external consultants/experts).
3. Ensure that reliability procedures are followed (check internal
consistency and other reliability measures using appropriate statistical
tests (Cronbach’s alpha, McDonald’s omega, KR-20, KR-21, etc).
4. Coordinate and ask permission from the authorities (head of the school,
organization, barangay, etc.) before going into the field (actual data
collection/gathering). If necessary, secure clearance from authorities,
especially if the study involves vulnerable groups (students, persons
deprived of liberty, individuals with special needs, indigenous people).
5. Use the validated and reliability-tested instruments to gather or collect
data from the participants. Ensure ethical standards in data collection
are observed.
6. Once done, express appreciation to the participants and authorities.

(Note: Make sure that the research adviser is informed for each step of the
data collection/gathering procedure.)

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: RESEARCH 2

Prepared by: JESSA A. ROMAN
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Performance Tasks

Performance Task 1: Ethical Standards in Research Data Collection/Gathering

1. How do you ensure that your research follows ethical standards?

What I did Evidence/Proof/Date
Ethical Standards (Activities done to ensure
adherence to ethical standards)
1. Informed Consent
2. Voluntary Participation
3. Right to Withdraw
4. Confidentiality
5. Anonymity
6. Privacy Protection
7. Data Protection and Security
8. Non-Maleficence (Do No Harm)
9. Beneficence
10. Justice
11. Protection of Vulnerable Groups
12. Honesty and Transparency
13. Ethical Clearance / Institutional
Approval
14. Integrity in Data Collection
15. Cultural Sensitivity

Performance Task 2: Actual Data Collection/Gathering

Direction: On a separate sheet, fill-out the table below (choose whichever is applicable to your research).
Guide for Data Collection in a Qualitative Research Activities Proof/ Signature of Date
conducted Evidence the Adviser signed
1. Make sure that the research committee has approved the
research proposal
2. Make sure that the research instrument (interview
protocol, observation guide, rubrics, etc.) is validated by the
experts in the researcher’s field of specialization (internal
panel evaluators and external consultants/experts).
3. Ensure that reliability (dependability, trustworthiness,
consistency) procedures are followed.
4. Coordinate and ask permission from the authorities
(head of the school, organization, barangay, etc.) before going
into the field (actual data collection/gathering). If necessary,
secure clearance from authorities, especially if the study
involves vulnerable groups (students, persons deprived of
liberty, individuals with special needs, indigenous people).
5. Use the validated and reliability-tested instruments to
gather or collect data from the participants. Ensure ethical
standards in data collection are observed.
6. Once done, express appreciation to the participants and
authorities.

Guide for Data Collection in a Quantitative Research Activities Proof/ Signature of Date

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: RESEARCH 2

Prepared by: JESSA A. ROMAN
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
conducted Evidence the Adviser signed
1. Make sure that the research committee has approved
the research proposal
2. Make sure that the research instrument (questionnaire
checklist, examination, rubrics, survey questionnaire,
observation guide, etc.)is validated by the experts in the
researcher’s field of specialization (internal panel evaluators and
external consultants/experts).
3. Ensure that reliability procedures are followed (check
internal consistency and other reliability measures using
appropriate statistical tests (Cronbach’s alpha, McDonald’s
omega, KR-20, KR-21, etc).
4. Coordinate and ask permission from the authorities
(head of the school, organization, barangay, etc.) before
going into the field (actual data collection/gathering). If
necessary, secure clearance from authorities, especially if
the study involves vulnerable groups (students, persons
deprived of liberty, individuals with special needs, indigenous people).
5. Use the validated and reliability-tested instruments to
gather or collect data from the participants. Ensure ethical
standards in data collection are observed.
6. Once done, express appreciation to the participants and
authorities.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: RESEARCH 2

Prepared by: JESSA A. ROMAN
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Understanding Directed Assess

Rubric for Adhering to Ethical Standards

Ethical Standard Excellent (2 pts) Satisfactory (1 pt) Not Evident (0 pt)

Proper consent process Consent done but
1. Informed Consent No consent
+ documented proof poorly documented
2. Voluntary No coercion; clearly Some pressure
Coercive participation
Participation voluntary implied
Clearly explained and
3. Right to Withdraw Partially explained Not allowed
observed
Strong data
Limited
4. Confidentiality confidentiality No confidentiality
confidentiality
measures
5. Anonymity Identity fully protected Partial anonymity No anonymity
Strong privacy
6. Privacy Protection Limited privacy Privacy violated
safeguards
7. Data Protection & Secure storage and
Weak security No protection
Security access control
No harm; risk
8. Non-Maleficence Minimal risk control Harmful practices
management evident
Clear
9. Beneficence educational/research Limited benefit No benefit
benefit
Fair selection and
10. Justice Some bias Unfair selection
treatment
11. Protection of Strong safeguards
Limited safeguards No protection
Vulnerable Groups applied

12. Honesty & Full disclosure and

Partial transparency Misleading practices
Transparency clarity
13. Ethical Clearance / Official approval with
Informal approval No approval
Institutional Approval proof
14. Integrity in Data No manipulation/
Minor issues Data falsification
Collection fabrication
Culturally respectful
15. Cultural Sensitivity Limited sensitivity Cultural insensitivity
practices

Score equivalence
Score Range Interpretation
28–30 Excellent Ethical Compliance
24–27 Very Satisfactory Compliance
20–23 Satisfactory Compliance
15–19 Needs Improvement
Below 15 Non-Compliant

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: RESEARCH 2

Prepared by: JESSA A. ROMAN
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Rubric for Actual Data Gathering/Collection

Needs
Satisfactory Not Evident
Criteria Excellent (5) Good (4) Improvem
(3) (1)
ent (2)
Approved by
1. Research research Approved but Informal Incomplete
Proposal committee lacking full approval approval No approval
Approval with official documentation only process
documents
Expert-
validated Validated by
2. Instrument Partial Minimal
(internal + one expert No validation
Validation validation validation
external) with group
proofs
Clear,
appropriate
Reliability Limited Weak
3. Reliability reliability No reliability
applied with reliability reliability
Procedures processes process
minor gaps procedures process
applied and
documented
All
permissions
4. Ethical Permissions
secured; Partial Incomplete No
Clearance & secured, minor
ethical permissions permissions permissions
Permissions gaps
compliance
documented
5. Proper Use Validated tools
Minor
of Instruments used correctly; Inconsistent Improper No
ethical/procedu
& Ethical Data ethics strictly procedures procedures compliance
ral lapses
Collection observed
Proper
6. Professional appreciation Appreciation Informal
Minimal
Closure & and expressed but appreciation No closure
closure
Appreciation documentatio undocumented only
n done

Score equivalence
Score
Performance Level
Range
Outstanding
27–30
Compliance
23–26 Very Satisfactory
19–22 Satisfactory
15–18 Needs Improvement
Below 15 Not Acceptable

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: RESEARCH 2

Prepared by: JESSA A. ROMAN
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Learning Resources

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LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: RESEARCH 2

Prepared by: JESSA A. ROMAN
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
[Link]
[Link]
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Choice_Tests_in_Education_A_Comprehensive_Review/links/5c891d08a6fdcc38175253a7/Developing-
[Link]
[Link]
assignments/exams/questions-types-characteristics-suggestions
[Link]
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%27_perceptions_essay_versus_multiple-choice_type_exams/links/5d072dcd458515b055d8e65d/The-
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
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[Link]
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LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: RESEARCH 2

Prepared by: JESSA A. ROMAN
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: RESEARCH 2

Prepared by: JESSA A. ROMAN