ADDIS COLLEGE PREPARE FINAL

WORKING DRAWING

By- Kidus Abegaz & Mesfin Kebede

DRAFTING DEPARTMENT
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CHAPTER ONE
Plan and prepare for work
Introduction
 What is plan?
Plan: - means method or procedure for doing something; design, scheme, or intention (thing intended; aim,
purpose).
1.1 Identifying and collecting drawings to be prepared
When prepared the drawings first identifying the drawing information’s and then collecting the
information to ours drawings (gathering information from similar project to your project).
The followings are gathering information to the other project or drawing:-
- How to work the drawings.
- The purposes of the drawings.
- What information’s shows to observer.
- Advantages and disadvantages of the drawings.
- Where the drawings are mistake or incorrect (used to this information gather not
doing the problems to your drawings.) etc…
Generally solving the above questions and recording on your short not book (hand book). Finally
collecting the information’s to the new projects for correct and smart work (project).
1.2 Determining and confirming time schedule for specific work
 What is time schedule?
Time schedule is a program of work or a division of work for time programmed.
Time schedule for specific works are basic necessary for drafts (architect) men b/c when completed
the work for specific time. At this time:-
- The clients are satisfied and increase of the no of clients.
- Satisfy for our work.
- Finished the work on time.
- Increased working time (year) for employer’s company.
- Developing the chantry.
Therefore making time schedule for good work and checking the time table for accuracy. Then finally
confirming (approving) time schedules.
1.3 Selecting proper materials, tools and equipment
Proper materials, tools and equipment are selected and will be ready for the task.
Examples-
Materials - Sketching papers
- Graph papers
- Tracing paper
- Transparent flaxy glasses
- Leads in different grades
- Fix pencil
- Template
- Masking tape
- Markers in d/t colors
- Erasers etc…
Tools and equipments
- Computer
- Scanner
- A3 & A4 printer
- Plotter

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- Flash disk
- Letter guide
- Radiograph set
- Set squares
- Dividers
- Scientific calculator
- Scale etc…
Therefore selecting the above material, equipment and tools for the given tasks.
1.4 Making well composed arrangements and layout of the work (technical drawing)
Well composed arrangements and layout of the work (technical drawing) is done in the respective
media in accordance with the drafting standard or conventional presentation including bill of materials.
- Bill of materials included material list and specification.
1.5 Collecting drawings and technical documents
All drawings and technical documents are collected. Technical documents are include but not
limited to:-
 Document comprising drawings, bill of quantities, specifications and reports.
 Compressing reports in a soft or hard copies labeled accordingly.
1.6 Interpreting the information
The information that is to be interpreted to drawing shall be identified and read from free hand
preliminary drawing and notes.
Preliminary drawings are included but not limited to:-
 Technical drawings such as plan, elevation, sections etc… that are produced
prior to final working drawings.
CHAPTER TWO
Identify types of technical drawings and their functions
2.1 Identifying main type’s technical drawings
Main types of plans and technical drawings used in the civil construction sector of the industry
are the followings:
Include but not limited to:-
1. Architectural drawings (AR)
2. Structural drawings (ST)
3. Electrical drawings (EL)
4. Sanitary drawings (SN)
5. Mechanical drawings (ME)
2.2 Identifying key functions of each type of drawing
Key function of technical drawing:
1. Architectural drawings (AR)
- Presented the AR drawings to:-
 Planning regulation offices for design approval.
 For the client to help in understanding of the program, to show to him the
relationship of spaces and the general concept of the design, and to get
approval from him.
 Presented to public, produced for use in periodicals, magazines and other
publications.
 Participated design competition to award evaluation (jury member).
- Communicate technical information though out the building team.
- To show how to design is to materialize.
- Convey information’s for peoples concerned in erecting the building.
- Give information’s to specification writer.

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- For instructing the contractors and other members of building team.

- Means of obtaining official approval.
- Helps in the analysis of cost factor.
- Establish use of materials.
- Provides for tendering.
- Indicate contractual committeemen.
- Indicate degree of supervision.
- Demonstrate constriction details.
- Assist in the measurement of progress.
- Forms parts of documentation in site meetings.
- Establish type and amount of labor requirement.
- Basic for ordering materials and components.
Generally AR drawings draw floor plans, roof plans, ceiling plans, elevations, sections, details etc…
for the building.
2. Structural drawings (ST)
Shows the details of concrete cross section and reinforcement are for d/t RC members of the
building; such drawings footings, columns, beams, slabs, stairs, shear walls and others and draw the
general structure of the building e.g. made wood structures and steel structures such as wall, roof, etc.
3. Electrical drawing (EL)
Shows the electrical installation and power supply of the building (socket, bell, TV, etc) how to
install and written the description for all materials.
4. Sanitary drawing (SN)
Shows the water supply system and drainage waters are how to remove the building.
- Shows sanitary materials type and sizes are described.
5. Mechanical drawing (ME)
Show the machinery used of the build such as lift shaft and other mechanical materials sizes
material types and how to install of the building.
2.3 Recognizing and Adhering Quality requirements of company operations
Quality requirements of company operations are recognized and adhered to the work.
List quality requirements for company?
2.4 Identifying environmental control
Environmental controls are identified from the job plans, specifications and environmental plan.
Job plans: - These plans are identified environments is work for at that situation.
Specification: - identify work properties.
Environmental plan: - This plan is prepared studying for around the environments.
A. Architectural working drawing
Introduction to building drawing
Building drawing is important as it is often easier to explain building details by drawings or sketches than by
written description. Drawings thus form an effective means of communication and drawings constitute an
essential working basis for any building project.
Basically: - Architectural drawings categorized in to two broad divisions.
1. Presentation drawing
Communicate the form of the building interims of shape, color and texture.
Such drawing presented to:-
a. Planning regulation offices for design approval.
b. The client

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- To help him in understanding of the program.

- To show to him the relationship of spaces and the general concept of the design.
- To illustrate to him the general appearance of the building. (The accommodation
provided. The effect of the overall scheme on the environmental.)
- To get approval from him.
c. The public
- Produced for use in periodicals, magazines and other publications.
d. Jury members in the evaluation of design computation award.
Presentation drawings are also classified in to two:
I. Schematic presentation drawing, and
II. Design presentation drawing
I. Schematic drawings
- Concerned with the preliminary investigation process for a design. Provides, information
about: the site, immediate surrounding (adjoining structures, roads, services etc…)
 Development the entire site, like circulation pattern.
 Rough idea of the functional.
II. Design drawing
- Those concerned with the presentation of design solutions.
- Provide information about:
 Basic room arrangement
 Exterior features
 Immediate surrounding etc…
- Such drawings more need to convey information about appearance because they presented for less
technically minded people. So the presentation should be easily understood and preferably three dimensional
(like- perspective), etc…
2. Working drawing
Definition: - Drawing from which a design is constructed often called detail drawings because describes
and give the dimensions of the details building parts being presented.
Function provided by building (working) drawing during the realization of the project
1. Communicate technical information though out the building team.
2. To show how to design is to materialize.
3. Convey information’s for peoples concerned in erecting the building.
4. Give information’s to specification writer.
5. For instructing the contractors and other members of building team.
6. Means of obtaining official approval.
7. Helps in the analysis of cost factor.
8. Establish use of materials.
9. Provides for tendering.
10. Indicate contractual committeemen.
11. Indicate degree of supervision.
12. Demonstrate constriction details.
13. Assist in the measurement of progress.

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14. Forms parts of documentation in site meetings.

15. Establish type and amount of labor requirement.
16. Basic for ordering materials and components.
Generally presentation drawings presented to client, while working drawings presented to
contractors.
Architect

Presentation Working
Drawing Drawing

Design For contractor

Schematic
Drawing Drawing

For client

General aspects relating to building drawing

Working drawing drawings should be:
- Clearly representative.
- Easily under stood.
- Comprehensive.
- Free from unnecessary notes (repetitive details).
- Accurately drawn (proper also in line work).
- Drawn with appropriate symbols and proper convention.
- Dimensional well.
- Drawn by referring building code.
- Proper in graphical representation.
- Proper titled (information panel).
- Logically and rarely arranged to give a balanced layout on the short paper.
- Drawn in appropriate scale.
Contents of working drawing
The finished drawings made by the architect, which used by the contractor that working drawings includes the
following sheets.
1. Title page and index
2. Floor plans
3. Elevations
4. Sections
5. Roof plan
6. Site plan
7. Typical details
8. Reflected ceiling plan
9. Schedules
10. Electrical requirement

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11. Plumbing (sanitarian plan)

12. Structural etc...
As working drawing is actually the end result of the entire drafting and design effort let us have basic
information’s which shall be included on the above listed drawings.
1. Drawing floor plans
The most important architectural drawing is the floor plan. It contains more information than all the other
working drawings. The floor plan represents a tremendous amount of the project designers’ time spent in
analyzing and meeting the needs of the client.
Basically, the floor plan is a horizontal sectional view of the building taken about 150 cm above the floor line.
This is done of course to cut thought the majority of openings in the walls and to provide a view of the equipment
installed inside.
Purpose
- Floor plan helps the contractor to install the floor and to layout and construct walls and partitions.
- Floor plans help the development of other working drawings. Because all other architectural and
engineering design is done.
- Fully diminished, showing interior and exterior dimensions, wall thickness and room space sized.
- Indicate partitions locations, positions of built in cabinetry and plumbing fixtures, doors swings
etc…
A list of items encountered on the floor plan (check list)
1. All necessary dimensions
a. Outside walls
b. Window and door opening
c. Edges and thickness of materials
d. Interior partitions
e. Size and locations of terraces, walks
f. Special construction items
2. Window symbols and door swings
3. Window and door identification marks
4. Types of passage ways though partitions
5. Stair symbols and notes showing, the direction of rise, up or down, and the number of risers per run
6. Necessary changes in level occurring in areas of the buildings in to the exterior (concrete slabs and steps
at exterior doors)
7. Symbols for plumbing fixtures in the kitchens, baths launders
8. Built in cabinets shelves and rods in closets
9. Areas of mechanical equipment, duct space, fire places
10. Notes indicating the size, direction and spacing of framing members (grid or modular planning lines)
11. Special over head construction (like mezzanine floor)
12. All structural features cut by the horizontal plan, such as columns or bearing walls
13. Slopes in floor
14. Cutting planes showing detail section
15. Titles or numbers for all rooms, spaces
16. Correct symbol for all rooms, spaces

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17. Roof covering in hidden

18. Wall mounted items, built in boards
19. Room finish, (tile) identification
20. External work surface drainage lines, pavements, ramps, steps trees, gardens etc…

2. Drawing foundation plan

Definition:-
Foundation plan: - is a dimensional drawing showing the site and configuration of the floor plan.
- Is a drawing that shows the location of foundation wall concrete footings, concrete piers etc…
which are required to support a structure.
Purpose:-
- Shows the entire foundation system at point just after the back filling is completed.
- Shows all components such as the foundation wall, footings, grade beams and any substructures
elements.
- Basic for the design of the structure frame working of the building.
Foundation plan – this plan is drawn at level of the basement of subbasement floor. No first floor of basement
construction is shown in foundation plan all the dimension in foundation plan should coordinate with floor plan
dimensions.
- Usually drawn with the same scale to the “floor plan”.
Foundation plan should show
1. Grid or modular planning lines.
2. Datum level for excavation.
3. Foundation of walls relative to foundations.
4. Indication of existing foundation earth works to be removed.
5. Position of walls relative to foundations.
6. Dimensions of new foundations
A. Overall
B. Offset /change in direction/
7. Levels of top and / or under side of foundations.
8. Position of services of is installed below ground level.
9. Location and size of holes left through foundation for service pipes,
10. Drain and man hole foundation and levels.
11. Typical details of foundation excavation.
12. Structural details
A. Footing (width and thickness)
B. Fire place
13. Position at which details of foundation taken (for cross-section reference).
3. Drawing elevation drawing
An architectural elevation is a view of a building containing a height dimension. When elevations show the
inside of a building, they are called interior elevations, when they show the outside, they are called simply
elevations.

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Exterior elevation
The exterior elevations will:
1. Describe the exterior materials found on the structure.
2. Provide a location for horizontal and vertical dimension.
3. Show the relationship of two elements such as height of the chimney in relationship to the roof of structure.
4. Incorporate reference bubbles for building, window or door.
5. Show any exterior design elements.
6. Necessary to the satisfactory appearance on a building as the floor plan is to its satisfactory functioning.
Interior elevation
1. Needed to explain the appearance of the components of the interior wall, the wall of the kitchens,
bathrooms, and fireplace walls and other walls with permanently installed on the walls such as bookshelves
and openings.
2. Generally, elevations are particularly useful for construction purposes. They are drawn in scale and all
vertical and most horizontal lines are true length lines. The true relationship between features appearing on
any vertical plan that is parallel to the viewing plane is shown. This is important to the builder.
A list of items encountered in elevations drawings
Check list – elevation should show
1. Dimensions
a. Height of roof.
b. Depth of footing.
c. Height of other features such as masonry wall and chimney.
d. Height of windows.
e. Roof slope indication.
f. Window schedules (reference bubbles).
g. Title and notes indicating materials and special details.
h. Ground levels existing and new finished ground and floor levels
2. Details
a. Window and door division (direction of opening).
b. Sun protection, window shutters.
c. Roof fascia (description and location).
d. Door positions and cross reference to schedules.
e. Roof beams.
f. Chimney, flashing skylights.
g. Description and location of rain water gutter pipes.
h. Ventilation for the roof.
i. Material representation and construction, type, material, color texture.
3. Grid or modular section lines. Grid lines, floor lines, ceiling lines.
4. Foundation line (in hidden lines).
5. Position of sectional cutting plane line and its direction of sectioning.
6. General description of facing materials.
7. Description and position of special features: signs, sculptures decorative displays etc…
8. Description and location and landscape features: trees, earth ramps.

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9. Description and location of shades, canopies, service rooms, garages etc – detached from the main
building.
10. Darken building line.
11. Libeling views
Two methods are used to label elevation views
A. Front elevation
Rear elevation
Right side elevation
Left side elevation
(Related to the main gate to the house)
B. North elevation
East elevation
South elevation
West elevation
(Related to orientation of a building to north ward)
12. Exterior stapes, roofed over areas and railings.
13. Proper title and scale.

4. Drawing building sections

Sect ions: -Are an orthographic projection that has been cut apart to show interior features. (Vertical views
slicing the building or wall).
Purpose:-
1. Describe the construction materials of the structure.
2. Describe method of construction. (internal and external assembly of different parts)
3. Show interior design elements.
4. Clearly depict the structural conditions existing in the building.
Generally, section drawings describe constructions material and methods especially those things
hidden by wall or ceiling sheathing and are often the easiest way to describe a complex detail to a
contractor.
Types of sections
1. Structural section
- A structural section shows the entire building construction and also shows the interior spaces
in elevation.
A. Building longitudinal section
- Section takes on the long axis of the building.
B. Building cross – section
- Section taken across its narrower dimension.
2. Wall section:-
 Shows the construction of a typical wall to a larger scale than the structural section.
3. Detail section:-
- Section views cut through a small segment of a building and drawn with enlarged scale
A. Window and door section

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B. Stair section
C. Chimney section
D. Structural detail section
Sectional drawings:-
Sectional drawings are drawn in a scale 1:50 in common working drawing package. Sections are basically
drawn referenced on plans and elevations.
Placement of cutting plane:-
The cutting plane best to be passes through;
A. Stairs to show vertical movement.
B. Window and door to show detail in opening.
C. Important interior spaces to show the interior spaces well.
Generally – depends on the need to convey the greatest amount of information and clarity for those building
structures.
Number of sections taken:-
The number required varies according to the structural complicity of the particular building.
Note: - before doing the construction (building) section, first gather basic information including
A. Types of foundation.
B. Floor system.
C. Exterior and interior wall construction.
D. Beam and column sizes and their material.
E. Wall height.
F. Floor elevation.
G. Floor members (sizes/ spacing)
H. Floor sheathing material and size.
I. Ceiling size members/ spacing.
J. Roof pitch.
K. Roof material.
After having this information it is easy to draw sectional drawing by projecting from floor plan drawing.

Check list for building section

1. Grid / modular section lines.
2. Existing and new finished ground floor levels.
3. Dimensions
A. External – i. Changes of direction, openings etc.
ii. over all of a building.
B. Internal - i. Door and window openings, stair cases, ducts built in furniture, guard rails etc.
ii. Room height / floor to floor
- Floor to ceiling.
- Floor to top of a wall.
- Floor to top of beam, column etc.
4. Foundation construction in section
A. Description and dimensions including compositions, size and stepping details.

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B. Foundation walls - material

- Thickness
- Back filling
- DPC (Damp Proofing Course)
- Holes for drainage etc…
C. Fill and hard core materials, thickness and layering.
5. Floor in section
A. Thickness, composition, hard core, reinforced slab screed, floor finish.
B. Intermediate floor construction / type, material, fixing, ceiling etc/
6. Wall construction
Exterior / interior wall-type, materials, dimensions, fixing finishes.
7. Door and door frames, window and window frames.
- Dimensions and description (referenced to schedule)
8. Stair cases
- Dimension, description of direction (up or down), threads number, flight width, hand rails,
balconies, and landings
9. Fire places - dimension
- Description of opening
- Hearth (hearth means floor of fire place) etc…
10. Room / space names when applicable.
11. Lintel type, size and material.
12. Designation of materials for protection of finish for roof, ceiling, wall and structural member.
13. Roof construction
A. Call out information for all members / size, shape, material, spacing /.
B. Roof pitch and indication of slope.
14. Structural notes applicable to each particular section.
15. Reference symbols for all details and assembles that are enlarged for clarity.
16. Elevation of all visible building parts and openings.
17. Check all finishes with room finish schedule.
5. Drawing roof plans
Definition:-
Roof plan: - The top view of a building.
Purpose: - Explains the overall configuration of the roof plan elements that penetrate or rest on, the roofing
membrane.
Drawing: - A roof plan is usually one of the simplest drawings to do and is drawn at the same scale as the
floor plan.
Check lists for roof plan shows
1. All necessary building dimensions: over hangs canopies (over hang shelter or covering) and roof surfaces.
2. All dimensions to walls, column center lines or other permanent features.
3. Grid / modular planning lines.
4. Levels of various points.
5. Description of roof structure.

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6. Roof finishes (material, size, thickness, gauge, pitch (slop).

7. Indicate drainage of roof
A. Slopes to drains (direction of falls).
B. High and low points.
C. Drains and leaders.
8. Description and dimension of gutters and down pipes.
9. Description and dimension
A. Parapet walls.
B. Type of coping on walls and roofs.
C. Roof eaves, ridges, stands, valleys.
10. Show all roofs mounted mechanical equipment, smoke vent access panels and doors.
11. Show special paved areas, fences, railings, chimneys.
12. Locate roof mounted such as, flag poles radio and TV antenna etc…
13. Building line (edge) in hidden while roof covering in solid line.
14. Partially show roof framing.

6. Drawing reflected ceiling plans

Definition: - Reflected ceiling plan is the plan produced with the reflection see in a mirror placed directly below
the ceiling. It contains all items in ceiling but nothing above the ceiling is included.
Check list: ceilings
1. Show all features of the ceiling materials, wall faces and profiles, exposed beams, and other construction.
2. Show all light fixtures, access panels, sky lights trim around columns and similar items.
3. Check clearances of structure, coordination of all mechanical items: show all boarders; trim comics control
joints, coves, changes in ceiling height. Columns, structural support.
4. Show the ceiling pattern desired, with proper dimensioning: coordinate with building features.
5. Shown interior dimension.
6. Remember the principle of reflected plan
- The floor is a mirror, the plan drawn as if you were looking down in to it.

7. Drawing site plans

Definition: - site plan is the top view of a building which shows the location of the house on the site to get
her with information on terraces, walks, drive ways, contour, and elevations.
Check list: site plan show
1. Properly lines –lengths each side, direction.
2. Adjoining buildings streets, sidewalks, parking, curbs, and park ways.
3. Existing structures and proposed structure.
4. All utility lines (sewer, electric, telephone)
5. Contours, existing and new contour elevations.
6. Dimension
- Properly lines.
- Side yards, pear, front yard.
- Street center line.

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- Length of walks and walls.

- Dimension of building to property line.
7. Fence structural retaining walls, are a ways and pools.
8. North arrow
9. Drainage lines
10. All existing paving whether to remain or be removed: new paving, lots, steps, plat forms, signs, play
fields, fountains etc…
11. Trees, shrubs if exist
12. Legend showing all symbols and material used on the site.

8. Detail working drawing

Definition:-
Details: - Are enlarged drawings that provide essential specific information.
- A detail is often an enlarged segment of another section.
Purpose: -
1. Used to describe and define areas that require additional emphasis.
2. Provided for areas that are too small on plans to describe fully and dimension accurately like
parts toilet rooms, locker room, kitchen, stair, chimney etc…
3. Well detailed designs:-
A. Reduced the involvement of the designer in construction phase.
B. Easy to supervision.
C. Easy to understand assembly of parts by this the construction phase.
- Most of the time the contractors question, the construction time is b/c of poorly detailed drawing.
Detail drawing:-
- In almost every set of drawings, for a building of any size, detail drawings are necessary for a
complete and finished project. Details may be presented in section, plan, elevation or isometric
from and usually drawn in a scale of 1:1, 1:2, 1:5, 1:10 and 1:20.
- Before detailing a number of facts can be adjusted.
- The number of details to be shown.
- The scale of the details.
- What detail to show?
Some of the more common areas where detailing should be used
1. Wall section
2. Stairs to describe framing, connection to stair well riser / run dimension and railing and its method
of attachment.
3. Chimney
4. Door and window sill and lintel installation
5. Foundation details
a) Floor and foundation connection
b) Wall and foundation connection
c) Footing wall
6. Roof details

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a) Roof opening and terminations

b) Wall and roof connection
c) Roof eave details
d) Roof flash details
e) Flat roof connection wall
f) Truss detail
g) Sky light detail
h) Parapet detail
7. Ceiling details
a) Ceiling to wall connection
b) Ceiling to roof connection
8. Building framing connection
a) Including columns, beams, joints and walls
9. Built in cabinet detail
Details drawings identified by circling up the area to be magnified from the sectional view.
Detail identification
- Detail number and
- Sheet number
9. Drawing wall sections
Definition:-
The wall section is a vertical cut through and perpendicular to the outer face of the exterior wall. To
show the construction of typical wall to a larger scale than the structural section.
Purpose: -
- Illustrate construction detail.
- Show how the wall is made of and how the various pieces and parts are put together.
Check list wall section
1. Show all materials in their proper location and thickness. /all cut material strongly cut lined/
2. Indicate proper symbols for all materials, standard of noted symbols.
3. Identify all materials and use proper notes.
4. Fully dimensions sections vertically and horizontally. Use complete dimensions from bottom of
footing to top of section.
5. Coordinate section with column lines or building lines whenever possible.
6. Show it in other drawings with reference bubbles.
10. Drawing foundation details
Shows the foundation parts of the building in a enlarge scale.
11. Drawing fire places (chimney)
- The designer shows the fire place design by means of detail drawings.
Check list chimney or fire place detail
1. Elevation – show the design of the fire place opening and dimension of the opening.
2. Plan – showing dimensions of fire place with flue placement earth ash pit location.
3. Show the chimney in various levels – top floor, ground floor, basement floor.

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4. Show using section: connection of fire place to floor and foundation.

12. Drawing stair detail
- A complete set of stair details includes a section or elevation together with plan view of each stair
way. Details of tread construction and hand rail construction may be included.
Check list stair details
1. Check building requirements.
2. Check required loaded, dimensions and clearances.
3. Material indications.
4. Width of tread, number of risers. Height of risers.
5. Direction of travel in stair plan arrows with notation “up” and “dn” are used to show stair direction.
6. Hand rails, balustrades, railing.
7. Grade elevation of landing.
8. Structural coordination and features of stair and other.
9. Parts further magnified in stair detail
A. Landing to wall connection
B. Stair to foundation and floor connection
C. Stair to upper floor connection
D. Connection of two flight
E. Hand rail to balustrade connection
F. Balustrade to stair connection
13. Drawing roof detail & eave details
Show the roof detail by enlarged scale. Shows:-
- Roof to beam connection.
- Roof and gutter connection.
- Eave board and roof connection.
- Corner list to wall and ceiling connection. Etc…
14. Drawing kitchen details
- Kitchen detail is one types of detail drawing show the kitchen room detail information.
This drawing shown by elevation view, section view, by perspective view.
Check list kitchen
1. Detail of kitchen - plan, interior elevations (perspective).
2. Furnish and identity all the equipment’s.
3. Show the chimney in various levels – top floor, ground floor basement floor.
4. Show using section: connection of fire place to floor and foundation.
5. Show in hidden all over hang (fixed) equipment’s.
6. Give all dimensions.
7. Show the cabinets opening direction.
15. Drawing window and door details
- Window and door detail show the general information of the door and window use
enlarging scale.

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Window details - Check list

1. Show all sizes and elevations, caper able portions, head, jump and sill details.
2. Detail actual installation of windows.
3. Indicate weather stripping, thickness and type of glass.
4. Finishes of frame material.
16. Drawing window and door schedule
A schedule: - Is a list of catalog of information that defines the doors and windows of finished off a room.
A building is composed of tremendous number of parts. Infect if all of these parts were indicated on the
plans the plans would become so crowded that they would not be readable. Therefore the architect (designer)
includes much of this information in schedules on the working drawings.
Purpose: - To provide clarity, location, sixes, materials and information for the designation of doors, window,
floor finish etc…
Some of the items to be scheduled
1. Door schedule
2. Window schedule
3. Column and beam
4. Lintel
5. Electrical
Door schedule
Provides space for symbol the width the height and the thickness of the door. The usual place for the schedule
is near the plan.
Example :-
Door Schedule Remark
Symbol Door Sizes Material
Width Height Thickness Type
D1 70 210 4 wood - 3 pcs left
open etc

Note:-all wood has to be varnished

Door schedule
May include such information: as type of glass and material from which each unit is to be fabricated. Usual
place near to elevation.
Example :-

Window Schedule Remark

Symbol window Sizes No of
Width Height Type Frame pcs
W1 120 60 Fixed RHS 2 Frosted
glass

Note:-

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Interior floor finish schedule

Provide information such as floor and wall material trim material and ceiling finish. Usually place near
to plan.
17. Preparing material schedule
Material schedule: - Is a list of catalog of information that defines using materials of one building.
18. Tracing work in pen and ink media
Tracing for original drawing drawn or traced by tracing papers and pencil or ink (radiography) from
which blue prints are reproduced.
 Tracing papers are d/t color, thickness, surface, etc…

Revision Exercise
I. Choose the best answer
1. The type of drawing used to communicate the form of the building in terms of shape, colors &
texture is?
A. working drawing C. schematic drawing
B. design drawing D. none
2. The types of working draw in most important & contains more information than all the other
working drawing is ____________.
A. Site plan B. Floor plans C. Section D. Elevations
3. The minimum width of door in toilet is __________.
A. 50cm B. 60 120 cm C. 60 cm D. 90 cm
4. The overall distance of two columns is 4 m. what will be the center to center distance of their size
30 cm x 30 cm.
A. 4 m x 30 cm x 30 cm B. 4300 m C. 4.15 m D.430 cm E. None
5. Select the different one?
A. sofa set B. bath tub C. water closet D. hand wash
6. This symbol on floor plans show?
±300

A. Floor level difference B. Internal dimension of the room. C. The area of the room
D. The height of the room
7. The best floor finishing material for bath rooms.
A. PVC tile B. Ceramic tile C. Parquet D. Rubber tile

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8. When we draw on floor plans, thing hatch represent?

A. Block B. Brick C. Concrete with RC D. Stone E. None

9. The section cutting plan line on floor plans should be _____________.
A. Offset section B. Half section C. Removed section D. Full section E. A & D
10. The instrument used for drawing furniture on floor plans is _______________.
A. French curves B. Scale C. Tracing paper D. Template E. None
11. __________ is not kitchen furniture’s /equipment/.
A. Stove B. Refrigerator C. Sink D. Bath tub E. None
12. When we draw on floor plan in 4 axis ABCD & 3 other axis 123 are placed; how many columns are
their?
A. 8 B. 16 c. 12 D. None
13. The type of door must appropriate for kitchen
A. Gash window B. Accordion door C. Double swing door D. Single swing door E. None
14. Ato Asefa has only 3 rooms. He selects the room’s functions in his house. By looking at the circles.
A. G is bed room, A is dining & C is kitchen
B. A is living room, C is dining & G is kitchen
C. G is bed room, A is dining & C is living
D. A is bed room, C is dining & G is another bed
15. One is different from the others
A. Landing B. Tread C. Riser D. Ramp E. None
16. ___________is the top view of a building.
A. Site plan B. floor plan C. roof plan D. ceiling plan E. None
17. ___________is an architectural view of a building containing a height dimension?
A. Section B. Elevation C. Wall section D. None
18. Building drawing can be classified to two plans?
A. Schematic & design B. Presentation & working C. Architectural & working D.
Presentation & design
19. A vertical view slicing the building or wall is called_______________.
A. structural section B. floor plan C. Wall section D. Section E. None
20. Which step is correct?
A. Skirting, PVC file, Cement Screed, Hard Core & Compacted & Selected material.
B. PVC file, compacted soil, Skirting, hand core & PVC file.
C. Compacted soil, hard core, skirting, hard core & PVC file.
D. PVC file, cement screed & hard core.
E. None
II. Define the terms
1. What are the types of sections define them.
2. What are the different & similarities between interior & exterior elevations.

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3. Define floor plans.

4. Write the roof structure parts of the following drawing and foundation and ground slab parts.

B. STRACTURAL DRAWING (ST)

1. Introductions:-
 Steps of prepared building(cycle of project):-
Client → Architect → Structural Designer
-Make architectural drawing - make structural drawing

Drawing. ↓
Electrical designer
- make electrical drawing
↓
Government ← Quantities estimator ← sanitary designer
Authority to /quantities surveyors/ -make plumbing (sanitary) drawing
Obtain the -make bill of quantities
Construction (estimation of the building)
Permitting

↓
Contractor → Consultant
Built the building - supervising the contractor

2. PARTIES IN A CONSTRACTION PROJECT

A. Designers:-

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I. Architectural design packages -

This group /parties/ is making architectural design and architectural working
drawing.
_ For this group when start the work it gives license for government authority.
There are the two types of license:-
☻The first one is GAR (Graduate Architect) and
☻The second PAR (professional architect).
-This license is after graduated 5 years Experian’s.
II. Structural designer -
This group /parties/ is making structural design, make structural detail for different
structural member.
For this group there are two types of license:-
☻The first one is GCE (Graduate Civil engineer) and
☻The second PST (professional structural designer).
III. Sanitary designs -
This group /parties/ is making plumbing (sanitary) system of the building.
When making sanitary system of the building worked (designed) by the license of PSN
(Professional Sanitary Designer).
IV. Electrical designs -
This group /parties/ is making electrical installation design of the building.
-This design prepared by the license of PEL (Professional Electrical Designer).
B. Contractor:-
This is a company or a competent person who can build the building according to the designs
and specification. Contractors may have a license of GC (General Contractor) or BC (building
contractor).the level range from 1 to 10, 1 being the highest and 10 being the lowest. These ranking of
contractors is given based on the resources they have (Man power, materials, equipment and finance).
C. Consultant: -
This is a firm or a person who has the professional competency to evaluate and supervise or
monitored all activities of the works undertaken by the contractor and give due approval for payment
requests by the same. Consultant are graded and licensed like contractor s based on their resources.
3. STRUCTURAL DRAWING (ST)
Shows the general layout of the structure, size, spacing of structural components such as
columns, roof trusses, beams and great variety of constriction works made from structural steel shapes
and plates. It also includes notes containing information.
3.1. Principal of structural supporting system
The structure of a building consisting structural elements used to resist any load, live and, or dead load,
applied to the building and transmit it to the ground. Since earth has compressive strength . heavy load
transferred(distribution) over a large area.
 There are two supporting system of the structural on the building :-
 Horizontal supporting system includes floors, slabs, stairs, beams, lintels, and flat
roofs.

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 Vertical supporting system includes walls, foundations, and columns.

Load transferring system
Rain load, wind load and other load are supports by roof structure to→ Top tie beam (roof beam)
structural member to →vertical structural member (column) to→ floor beam or intermediate beam
(horizontal member) and slab carry live load (equipment or furniture) and dead load than transfer the
load to floor beam (intermediate beam) finally floor beams are transfer the load to →foundation
structure ( grade beam, foundation wall etc..) to → footing pad → finally all loads are distribute to the
ground.

dead load
and live load

dead load
and live
load

3.2. Building Structural Elements

A- Roof structure:-consists
1. Truss :-A framed structure consisting of straight members joined to from a patter
of inter connecting triangles usually made of wood or steel.

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2. Purlin:-A horizontal roof framing member which is laid perpendicular to main trusses
and supporting the roof.
3. Rafter:-A member in a roof framing work running from the roof to the ridge and
supports roof load.
4. Joists:-Horizontal structural members which support the floors and/or roof a building.

B- Wall, Slab and other Structural Elements

1. Beam (upper, intermediate, grade):-A horizontal structural member that carries load.
2. Column:-A vertical supporting member.
3. Shear wall:-A wall designed to resist lateral loading from wind and underground
disturbance.
4. Cantilever Beam:-A projecting beam or structure supported only at one end.
5. Slab (roof slab, upper floor slab, ground floor slab):-A flat concrete area usually
reinforced with wire mesh and/or rebar(s).
6. Lin[Link] horizontal member was supporting the wall and window (opening) over an
opening.
7. Stair: - Set of steps usually leads from one floor to other.
8. Post (stud):- The primary vertical member of a wooden wall.
9. Girder: - A horizontal structural member similar to beam . The difference is that:-Beam
spans from column to column, and also Girder spans from beam to beam.
C- Foundation structural parts (elements)
1. Foundation:-the supporting wall of a building below ground floor.
2. Footing:-the bases up on which the foundation and posts.
3. Retaining wall:-structural wall used to hold back earth.
3.3. Structural components
1. Concrete:-A mixture of cement, sand, aggregate, and water which is usually reinforce
with wire mesh and steel reinforcing bars when used in heavy construction.
2. Bars:-A round, square or rectangular in cross section.
3. Plate:-A flat steel piece rectangular in cross section.
4. Rear (rod):-Short term used for steel reinforcing bars to reinforce concrete.
3.4. Effect of external force on building structure
Four different types of forces with different effects will be applied on the structure of a building either
separated or in combination. These will enforce structural elements to develop stresses. These basic forces are:-
1. Tensile forces:-will stretch the member.

Lengthening

2. Compressive forces:-will compress the member.

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Compressive
Force

Shortening

3. Shear force:-will cause one part of the member to side on the other.
Shear force

Sliding

4. Torsion forces:-will cause the member to twist.

Twisting
Sliding

THE BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS AND THE STRESSES THEY DEVELOP

1. COLUMN/POST:-develops bending and compression stress.
A. Bending B. Compression

Shortening

Bending

2. BEAM /SLAB:-develop bending and shear stress.

A. Bending B. Shear load

Shear effect

Bending

3. CABLE:-develops tension

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Lengthening

4. TRUSS:-develops tension and compress.

Shortening

Lengthening

5. ARCH:-develops compression (and usually bending).

6. SHELL:-develops tension and compression.

3.5. Types of structures

The main types of structures used in building construction are three, which may be used independently
or in combination. This are:
1. Steel structure:-Are structures made of steel since steel. Since steel is light in weight and
has high tensile strength, if is used in wire house, stairs, and factories.
2. Wood structure: - Are made of wood. Wood is expensive and not stronger than steel and
concrete. But for its aesthetic value it is used in residential and simple buildings.
3. Concrete structure:-Are structures and /or structural elements made of concrete. Concrete
has high compressive character. It is week in tension but it can provide a tensile strength by
reinforcing it with steel. Concrete reinforcing with steel reinforcing bars is called
reinforcing concrete and a structure having parts made of reinforced concrete is known as
reinforced concrete structure.
3.6. Reinforcement
Structural will be resistant to the applied load if they are reinforced with reinforced bars.
Based on their finish, steels are classified in to plain (smooth) bars and deformed bars.
 Plain (smooth) bars:-Are TIE bars of small diameter (∅6, ∅8).

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 Deformed bars:-Are used to inhibit longitudinal movement of bar relative to the

concrete that surrounds it (∅10, ∅12, e.t.c).
Reinforcing bars are usually 12m length with diameter of nominal size (based on diameters of plain
round bars) usually from ∅6, to ∅50mm.
3.6.1. Types of reinforcement
1. Tensile reinforcement:-Reinforcement inserted in to the structure to resist the structure from
moment or defalcation effect.
2. Compressive reinforcement: - Reinforcement inserted in to the structure to over come
compressive force exerted on the structure.
3. Shear reinforcement: - Reinforcement inserted in to the structure to resist the shear action.
3.6.2. TYPES OF REINFORCING BARS
- Steel reinforcement may consist of wires. Bars, and welded wire fabric.
A. Reinforcement bar (rod)

B. Reinforcement cage (mesh)

-For column and beam.

C. Steel fabric
-For slab and wall.

D. Spiral reinforcement
-For circular column.

E. Main bar

F. Spacer bar
G. Distribution bar, temperature bar, shrinkage bar
-Distributes the effect of loading to control shrinkage and cracking.

H. Splice bar
-Lab length created during column reinforcement extension.

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I. Starter bar
-Footing column (plinth) reinforcement.

J. Link (tie) bar

–To tie the reinforcement together.
–To form uniform cages. (Shear reinforcement)

K. Anchorage bar
–Usually at end of structural element
In the form of: - A. Hook
B. Bend
L. U-shaped bar

M. L-shaped bar

N. Erection bar
– Reinforcement for stresses occurring erection work.
O. Stay

P. Support

Q. Chair

R. Stirrup

S. Binder

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3.6.3. COMMON BENT BAR TYPES

Reinforcing bars are cut and bent to the range of standard shapes.

A. Straight F.
bars

B. J- Shaped G.

C. U- H. Cranked bar
Shaped
Rectangular
D. I. Link bar

E. J.

3.7. Symbols, conventions and standards in structural

drawings
Symbols and abbreviations are used extensively on construction drawings.
1. Structural steel shapes and their symbols
i. Re bar

ii. Circular Hollow Section (CHS)

iii. Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS)

iv. Square Hollow Section (SHS)

v. Plate

vi. C-section

vii. I-section

viii. L-section

ix. T-section
2. Common structural drafting symbols
Symbol Description
# Number e.g. # 12
∅ Diameter e.g. ∅ 12 𝑏𝑎𝑟
□ Square e.g. 25 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

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@ Symbol for at used for dimensioning

C/C C/C spacing e.g.#3 bars C/C 15
Indicate direction of reinforcing (used on plan views)
3. Abbreviations
F= Footing C/C=Center To Center
C= Column SFL=Structural Floor Level
IB=Intermediate beam FFL=Finish Floor Level
UP= Upper Beam BT=Bottom
GB= Grade Beam TOP=Top
S=Slab L=Lintel
FC1=Footing For Column One
ST= structural drawing J= Joists
AR= architectural drawing

4. Structural Grid Notation

 Structural grid lines identified (referenced) with letters (A, B, C …) in one direction and
with numbers (1, 2, 3 …) in the other.

5. Bar notation in reinforcement details

A. Bars in group
 Column reinforcement
 Beam

2 4 Ø 20 L= 3.3M

Length of bar
Size of bar
No. of bars in the group
Bar mark number

B. Bars in strange
 Slab reinforcement

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 Footing base

22 26 Ø 10 c/c 30 L=5.5M

Length of bar
Spacing of bar
Size of bar
No. of bars in the string
Bar mark number

3.8. Contents of structural drawing

Main information included in ST drawings:
 Location of majors structural components such columns, beams.
 Basic dimensions
 Typical sections
 Notes to clarify complicated situations
 Details
Typical framing bays
Column and beam connection
Reinforcement in concrete
Footing
Foundation
3.9. Contents of structural working drawing for a certain
project (multi-storied building)
1. Site plan: - Normally drawn from the ground survey and is used to locate to the beelines from
which the building is serous and show the building grid.
2. Foundation and footing layout:-Show the plan, elevation, and sections of the building
foundation.
3. Ground floor slab layout:-Normally cast direction on to a compacted hardcore sub base and the
drawings basically illustrates a simple slab of constant thickness (usually 100-200mm).
4. First floor slab layout
5. Roof slab layout
6. Column and beam layout
7. Reinforcement drawing:-
 Footing reinforcement
 Slab reinforcement (ground, upper, roof)
 Column reinforcement
 Beam reinforcement (grade, intermediate, upper, cantilever)
 Lintel reinforcement
 Stair reinforcement
8. Column lift shaft, staircases:-
 Separate drawing prepared for them.

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9. Structural steel work

10. External works:- For ramps, retaining walls, duct e.t.c….
N.B- Generally for every structural element two sets of information is required.
A. Layout or general arrangement drawing shows:-
1. A fully dimensioned profile drawing of the concrete structure.
2. Details of the concrete to be used.
3. Details of surface finishes required.
4. Additional (non-concrete) elements such as water proofing inserted for bolted fixing
cramps, dowels and so on.
5. Comprehensive notes including cross references to other drawings.
B. Reinforcement detail drawing shows:-
1. The outline of the concrete profile drawn to scale but not dimensioned. Except for levels.
2. A fully annotated layout of the reinforcing bars (complete reinforcement assemblies).
3. Compressive notes which relate to the reinforcement and to cross references.
4. Type, size and arrangement of ail the reinforcing bars required in concrete structure.
4. Structural Drawing for RC Foundation Plan
Foundation plan
This drawing shows the general Rc foundation plan of the building or to show the
base of the building in plan view).
When draw foundation plan first know types of footing:-there are two types of
footing in construction.
1. Isolated footing: - according there shape isolated footing are divided in to two:-
A. square B. rectangular

2. Combined footing:-is a type of footing combined one footing pad two or more
columns in one. E.g.

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 Rc foundation plan shows include the following information:-

A. Dimension
1. External
 Detail dimension
 Offset dimension
 Center to center
 Overall
2. Internal
 Column size
 Footing size
 Grade beam size
 Internal dimension b/n grade beam to grade.
 Level difference
B. mark identification number (e.g.FC1,GB1)
C. Grid line
D. Mark structural grid notation
E. Title and scale of have drawn the drawing.
The scale this drawing is the same as floor plan scale.
Facts with footing
- The minimum depth of footing pads is 15 cm.
- The minimum concrete cover for footing pads is 50mm.
- The best location for columns on footing pads is at the center of the pad.
- The quality of concrete mostly used for footing is C-25.
- The quality of steel mostly used for footing is S-300 and above.

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GB1
D
1000

3000 F3C2 F2C1

1000
F F
1 GB2 1
1000
C
C1 C2
F3C2

 8c/c200
Both ways 1200
 8c/c200
both ways
3881 F3C2

B
'
1841
F
GB2 1
B
C1 C2
F3C2

GB4 GB5
GB4

6519  8c/c200 Expansion joint

both ways

1200

A A GB3 C2
A
' F1
1500 2100 000

C2
A
F3C1 GB1
F
4

6202 549 8
1 2 3

Foundation, column
ground
layout floor slab & grade beam
(Slab Thickness=100mm) Scale 1:50

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Footing Rc detail

B B

10 L=1200
25

850
C
Lean Concrete-C5 -100

220
350

30
50
SECTION A- A 
Scale 1:30
250

250
SECTION B-B
Scale 1:5
200 50
50
200 200

200

 C6c/c 200 L=900

A A stirrup scale 1:5
1400

250

250



FOOTING PLAN

12c/c 200 L=1720

190

1340
FOOTING - F1(4 pcs)
Scale 1:30

5. Structural columns
These structural members are vertical loads bearing member of the structural frame, which
transmit the beams and floors load down to the foundation.
- The concrete quality for columns is C-25.
Classification of column
A. Depending on the types of reinforcing bars
1. Columns reinforced with longitudinal steel and closely spaced spirals(helical
reinforcement )
Plan

Section

2. Columns reinforced with longitudinal steel and lateral ties (closed stirrups)

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Plan

Section

3. Composite – structural steel member is encased in a concrete.

Concrete

Steel

B. Depending on the types of material

1. Steel concrete

I Beam-Columns
Circular tube Mullion
Stanchion

2. Columns of timber

Prop Post Pole

Wood or steel

Anchorage bar

3. R.C column

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Reinforcing
bars

concrete

C. Depending on their location in a building

1. External column
 Columns located on the outside or perimeter if the building.
2. Internal columns located on the inside of the building.
D. depending there shape
Circular, square, rectangular, polygon, etc
5.1. Structural Drawing For RC Columns
1. Column reinforcement: - column mainly carries compressive forces, column under load has a
tendency to buckle or bend. Thus column must be reinforced with steel reinforcing bars to
prevent the columns from buckling or bending.
Basic column reinforcement.
a. Longitudinal (main steel bars)
b. Link (ties/stirrup)
a. Main /longitudinal bars: - secured to starter bars projecting from the column or foundation below
and is normally cranked to keep the bars on the perimeter of the cage. Work with the concrete to
carry the compressive loads and to resist the tensile stresses that occur in columns when a bldg.
frame is subjected to wind or earthquake loads.
b. Links (ties/stirrups):-
 Smallest steel bars wrapped around the vertical bar help to prevent them from buckling
under load (prevent it from bursting through the sides of the column).
 Normally made from mild steel.
 Size ties ( ∅6- ∅10mm)
 Depending on the vertical bars, arraignment ties may be either column ties or column
spirals.
U.B

L-bars
splice
st
1 floor
I.B STRAIGHT
BARS
stirrups

G. floor lap
G.B STARTER
BARS

Column ties/ tie arrangements/

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Ties may be arranged in many ways to restrain the vertical main bars. Here are some of the
arrangements which are used in structural column.

2. Column splices: - columns which are used in multistory buildings must be spliced usually occurs
at floor levels. Splicing a column involves extending the main reinforcing steel out of the bottom
column so that it can be spliced to the bottom column so that it can be spliced to the main
reinforcing of the column that will rest no the top of it.

Lap Column splicing details Lap

A. tied column splice B. spiral column splice

3. Kicker :-
 Is the raised plinth, it is about 50mm-75mm high and the same
shape as column.
 It is cast directly on the slab before the reinforcement cage is
erected.
 It is used to locate the column shutter.
Links
Main steel

Kicker

BASIC RULES FOR THE DESIGN OF COLUMNS

1. Cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement should not be :-
 Less than 0.8% A0.
 Greater THAN 8% A0. A0=Area of concrete
2. Min ∅ of longitudinal bar shall not be less than 12 mm.

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3. Min concrete cover is 25mm

4. Min # of main bars shall be
i. 6 for circular columns ii. 4 for rectangular columns

5. Minimum lateral dimension of a column shall be at least length 15cm and width 15cm.

15

15
Structural Drawing of Columns
A. STRUCTURAL COLUMN LAYOUTS
It is the plan view of columns, showing the location, the size, spacing and marks of columns,
which is used to reference structural column reinforcement detail.
It includes:-
 Basic dimension.
 Structural grid identification.
 Column mark numbers.
 Location and size of columns.
 Plan view of columns.
 Center line of columns.
 Notes
 Schedule (column schedule)

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1 2 3

D
C C C1
1 1

C1 C C
C
1 1

C C C1
B
1 1

C1 C C
A
1 1
Column layout plan
Scale
1:50

B. STRUCTURAL COLUMN DETAILS

SHOWS:-
1. How the bars are to be placed in the form.
2. Height and size of columns.
3. The amount size and length of bars.
4. Detail reinforcements.
INCLUDES:-
 Plan view, sectional view and details.
 General dimensions.
 Column height
 Floor levels
 Beam sizes
 Lap length
 Kickers height
 Elevations of structural form(levels)
 Bar identifications (bar marks)
 Size, number and length of bars.
 Grid identification
 Column identification
Column mark
No. of pieces
 Necessary notes
 Details
 Column cross section
 Stirrups development
 Construction joint details.

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 Bar schedule
COLUMN - C1 #
10
Scale 1:30
+5.85
200

14 - 3145

250x250 2945

1 1 
a 8

50mm kicker b 560

8  14

250
+2.88

250

SECTION 1-
1 Scale
1:25

200
50

200 200
50

200
a St.  8c/c200-
14 - 3440 b
900
St.  8c/c100-
900

a 250x250

1 1 
8

50mmkicker
b 560

±0.00

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5.2. Structural Drawing for Steel Columns

For this structure the columns are building made up of steel. Shows this construction in the
structural drawings described size, material and shapes of steel.
Including drawings for structural steel columns:-
1. Structural steel columns layout
It is the plan view of columns, showing the location, the size, spacing and marks of columns, which
is used to reference structural column steel detail.
It includes:-
 Basic dimension.
 Structural grid identification.
 Column mark numbers.
 Location and size of columns.
 Plan view of columns.
 Center line of columns.
 Notes
 Schedule (column schedule)

2. Structural steel column details

SHOWS:-
1. How the steels are to be placed in the form.
2. Height and size of columns.
3. The amount size and length of steel.
4. Steel Detail.
INCLUDES:-
 Plan view, sectional view and details.
 General dimensions.
 Column height.
 Floor levels.
 Beam sizes.
 Lap length.
 Kicker’s height.
 Elevations of structural form (levels).
 Steel identifications (steel marks).
 Size, number and length of steel.
 Grid identification.
 Column identification.
Column mark.
No. of pieces.
 Necessary notes.
 Details
 Column cross section.
 Construction joint details.
 Steels schedule.

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 Steel welding or fastener types and size.

6. Structural Drawing For RC Ground floor slab

Ground floor slab
Definition: - A flat R.c slab which is normally casts directly on to a compacted
hardcore sub base.
Ground floor slab

Ground floor slab thickness

75 mm ____________________For side walks.
100 mm ___________________For a residential floor.
150-200 mm ______________For an industrial floor.
300 mm ____________________For airport runway.
Reinforcement
The slab is not required to span and flexural reinforcement is unnecessary, but sheets of fabric
or square mesh are placed in the top. The reinforcing helps to protect the slab against cracking that
might be caused by concrete shrinkage, temperature, stress concentrated loads or settlement of the
ground.
Including structural drawing for R.C slab
1. R.c ground floor slab plan:-
2. Detail section :-
3. Bar schedule

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GROUND FLOOR SLAB

(Slab Thickness=100mm) Scale 1:50
C

A F 8c/c200
both ways
A F 8c/c200
4470 both ways

B'

1810

3780
A F 8c/c200 Expansion joint
both ways

A A
A'

1500

4050 3375

1 2 3

7. Structural beam
Beams are the horizontal structural elements of a building that transmits the roof loads to the structural
vertical elements.
7.1. Classification of beams
A. Depending on location
I. Upper tie beam: - A beam which carries the roof load.
II. Lintel beam: - A simple beam which supports the wall over an opening.
III. Intermediate: - Is a beam, which carries the load of upper roof, furniture,
people & floor load to the column.
IV. Grade beam: - Is a beam locates the wall, used to transfer the load to
foundation.

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Upper (top) tie

beam

Lintel beam

Cantilever slab

Intermediate (floor) beam

Grade beam

B. Depending on its cross section

C. Depending on support -
1. Single span beam: - A beam, which spans from one end to the other end
and it is a simply supported.
2. Continuous beam: - A beam, which is continued on more than two spans.
3. Cantilever beam: - A beam that is supported at one end and the other end
become projected (free end).
4. Fixed end beam:-A beam which is fixed in its two of its ends.
5. Suspended beam: - Abeam which is fixed in its two of its ends and
suspended its length.
D. Other -
1. Spandrel beam: - Is a beam that runs along the outside edge floor or roof.
2. Tie beam: - A Rc beam cast is a masonry wall whose primary purpose is to hold
the wall together or cast between a numbers of isolated foundation elements
to mention their relative positions.
3. Perimeter beam: - A beam which runs along the perimeter of the building.
4. Ring beam: - A beam which forms ring in its support, particularly for concentric
beam layout.
5. Fascia beam: - A beam serving as a fascia on the top of the wall or structure
usually for secondary beams.
6. Plinth beam:- A beam located below the wall.
7.2. The effect of beam under load
BEAM ACTION UNDER LOAD
 Beams are subjected to shear, bending and deflection
1. Shear: - The tearing of a beam near the support-usually associated with
heavy loads and short span.
2. Deflection:-The sagging of a beam under load in long spans.

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3. Moment: - The splitting of a beam mid span-for long beams.

LOAD EFFECT
Slab type Load effect

1. Single span
T
T T T
2. Continuous c
c
c
c
c
T T

T
3. Cantilever c

7.3. Beam reinforcement

Beams normally reinforced with:-
i. Longitudinal (main steel)
ii. Top steel
iii. Links
iv. Negative bars ( not used grade beam)
i ii
iv

iii

i. Main steel (longitudinal):- The principal reinforcement in the beam.

Bars introduced to give necessary tensile strength.
High yield steel 12-32
ii. Top steel: - Used to complete the reinforcement and also works with links to resist shear.
iii. Links: - Are shear reinforcement bent bars normally takes the form of encased rectangular
hoops bent from lengths of straight bars.
Introduced in to the concrete to prevent the beam from shear failure.
Mild steel 8 & 10mm bar.
iv. Negative bars: - These bars are provided in the beam for the purpose of resisting
compressive & tensile stresses that are caused by the push of columns upwards.
- The diameter and number of negative bars are to be determined based on the amount of
the negative tension & compressive.
- For simple beams, the length of negative bares is 1/3rd of the span of the beam.
7.4. Arrangement of reinforced bars in a beam
1. Simple single beam: - usually for upper tie beam of smaller load for lintel
beam, and for grade beam.

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1 2
BEAM GB1 (250 x 300)
Scale 1:50
a 1
300

4050

 14- 4800
250 250
4300
14- 4300

2. Continuous
b 4 b 4
400

2660 2500

B' C D
16- 6110
350 350
5410
14- 5410

3. Cantilever beam

b Scale 1:20
400
5

7.5. STRUCTURAL DRAWING OF BEAM

I. Structural beam layout:-
Is the plan view of beams showing the layout (arrangement), size, spacing and marks for
identification.
It is used to:
 Reference structural beams.
 Show the size of beam for form work.
 Show the beam axis.
It includes –

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 Basic dimension
Effective span length or c/c dimension of columns.
Sizes of beams.
Length (overall) of beams.
1 2 3

IB1

IB2 IB2

IB1

Intermediate beam layout plan

scale 1 : 50

General procedures for producing beam layout drawing (usually for intermediate beams)
1. From the architects drawing and structural column layout drawing determine beam
configuration length dimension grid identification abut the columns.
2. Determine the width and length of beams and draw the plan view or configuration of beams.
3. Write numbers and letters for the grid.
4. Give all marks for both columns and beams.
5. Give the necessary dimensions and notes.
6. Finally prepare beam schedule.
II. Structural beam reinforcement drawing
 It the longitudinal sectional view of beams intended to show the arrangement of bars in the
form.
It is used to show:-
1. Placement of bars in the form and their spacing’s.
2. Length and depth of beam.
3. The amount, size, and length of bars.

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4. Detail references.
5. Configuration dimension.
This drawing includes:-
 Plan view, section view (longitudinal and cross) and details.
 General dimension
Beam length and configuration dimensions.
Reinforcing bar lengths.
Reinforcing bar spacing along the length of the beam.
Column size and location.
Reinforcing bar spacing in the sectional view of the beam.
Lap lengths.
 Structural grid identification.
 Bar, marks, bar sizes, bar numbers bar spacing, and bar lengths.
 Necessary notes.
 Details.
Beam cross-sections taken near the center and near the supports.
Stirrups development length.
Construction detail (joint details).
Bar schedule
1. TYPICAL UPPER TIE BEAM REINFORCEMENT DRAWING
2. TYPICAL INTERMEDIATE BEAM
3. TYPICAL GRADE BEAM REINFORCEMENT DETAIL DRAWING

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Grade beam on axis D-D

Scale 1:50
a 1
300

4050

 14- 4800 250

250
4300
 14- 4300

Floor beam on axis D-D @ +300

Scale 1:50
b 3
400

4050

 16- 5000 350

350
 4300
 16- 4300

Top tie beam on axis D-D @ +600

Scale 1:50
a 7
300

4050

 14- 4800
250 250
4300
 14- 4300

4. TYPICAL CANTILEVER BEAM DETAIL

Cantilever beam
Scale 1:20
b 5
400

Lintel beam: - is the horizontal member supporting the wall over an opening constructed with 1:2:4
concrete mix and reinforced with mild steel.
- Acts likes a beam and transfers the load vertically to the supporting walls.

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Lintel reinforcement
Basic rule
 Main bar – depends on span and load.

Span in M In mm
Up to 1.2 10
1.2-2 12
2-3 14
 Depth of lintel
Up to 1.2m =15cm
For every additional 30cm span add 25mm.
 Bearing
Bearing of lintel at its end=10cm-20cm.

 Width of lintel
Depends on thickness of the wall. Ex. For brick wall
External - 25cm
Internal - 15cm
Reinforcement consists of:-
 Top (anchor) bars
 Main (bottom) bars and
 Links
Lintel beam3 (250 x 200)
Scale 1:50
b 5

LINTEL LEVEL PLANS

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1 2 3

D
LB2

Bed LB2
room
LB4
C
Bed
room
LB2
LB2

Living and LB4

Dinning
B
LB3
LB5
LB2 WC
LB1
A

Lintel beam
layout
Scale 1:50

Gutter Section G-G

Scale 1:20
100
2 Ø8c/c200 3 2Ø8

300
1 Ø8c/c165 100

250
70 360

350 1 Ø8c/c165-3080
750
270
790 270

220

8. Structural slab
Slab is a flat concrete area usually reinforced with mesh and/or re bar.
- Supported live loads and equipment (furniture)loads, and transfer these loads to the supporting
beams or walls.
Slab Reinforcing
Edge or side
bars
Soffit

8.1. Classification of slab

i. Depending on its position in building:- under this the following can be grouped
 Roof slab
 Mezzanine slab
 Cantilever slab
 Floor slab
 Stair slab
 Landing slab

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Roof slab (flat roof)

Mezzanine floor slab

Cantilever slab
Upper floor slab

Landing slab

Stair slab

Ground floor slab

ii. Depending on its shape and support

A. Suspended slab
 A slab which is supported at its ends and suspended in its size.

B. Fixed edge slab

 A concrete slab which is fixed in two its ends.

C. Cantilever slab
 A projecting slab support only at one end.

D. Ribbed slab
 A thinner slab with concurrently poured ribs.

E. grid slab (coffered) waffle

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 A thick slab with a series of geometric recesses formed into it.

F. Flat plates
 Are solid concrete slabs of uniform depths that transfer load directly to the
supporting column without the aid of beam.

iii. Depending on direction of deflection

A. One way slab
 Beams run in one direction.
 Deflects in one direction.
 The main reinforcing bars run only on one direction.
Load

B. Two way slab

 Beam run in two directions.
 Deflects in two directions.
 Reinforced in two directions.

Load

iv. Depending on material used to construct

A. solid slab
 Made by reinforcement bar and concrete.
B. Filler slab (flat slab)
 Made by filler material like ribbed block.
This slab is made without supporting beams; the slab is supported on column.
Facts with slab
- The minimum concrete cover for slabs is 15mm.
- A slab having only two supports is a simple slab.
- A slab having many supports is a continuous slab.

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- A slab having only support is a cantilever slab.

8.2. Slab reinforcement bars
 Basic slab reinforcement consists of:
A. Main steel bars.
B. Secondary steel (distribution bars).
C. Negative bars
A. Main steel
 Placed parallel to direction of span and carries the bending moments due to the weight
of slab and imposed loading.
Facts with main bars
- The main bar always at the bottom.
- The minimum diameter of bar for slab is 8mm.
- The minimum spacing between the bars is 250mm, and the maximum 2 times the thickness of the
slab or 300mm.
B. Distribution steel
 The distribution bars are places at right angle to the main bars.
 It is used to control the effects of concentrated loads over a wide area.

Main steel

Distribution
Steel
Span

C. Negative bars
 The slab protects the concrete from negative tensions.
Negative bars always placed at the top of the slab.
Negative bars are provided only when there is a connection between the
slab & the beam. Otherwise no negative bars are needed.
When slabs are supported on three or four sides the loading are carried as bending moments in both
directions. The secondary steel then became must be main steel.
 All slab steel is normally in the range of ∅8-∅25 mm.

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120
FB1
D 625

2500
120 120
Ø8c/c200-6925
Ø8c/c190-2325
835
120
FB2
C
FB6 5360 1120
1490
2660
120 Ø8c/c190- 120
1485 FB8
4470 885
700
FB3
B'
120 120
600
1810
LB FB9
Ø8c/c200-11340
120 1490
120 Ø8c/c200-2870

FB4
B Ø8c/c170-2220
10100
1380
2100

3780
120 Ø8c/c200-7160 120

FB7 Ø14c/c140-1380

5720 1260

FB5
A'
1500
120 1320 120

FB1 FB10
A
120
120

4050 3375

1 2 3

FIRST FLOOR SLAB & BEAM LAYOUT

(Slab Thickness=150mm) Scale 1:50

9. Stair structure
A stair is set of steeps leading from floor to floor.
It functions as:-
- A means of providing circulation and communication between the various a building.
- Means of escape incase of fire.
9.1. Load effect and reinforcement
The simplest stair flight is designed as a slab spanning between the centers of the supporting walls, with the
main reinforcement in the bottom.
- No shear effect is expected.
- Concrete mix = 1:2:4
- Concrete cover = 15mm-25mm or diameter of bar, which even is (the greater to give 1 hr fire resistant).
- Waist thickness = usually between 100 – 250mm depending on stair type.
- Reinforcement type = mild steel or high yield steel.
- The most common riser dimension is in range of 15cm to 30cm.
- The most common thread dimension is in the range of 25cm to 30cm.
- Concrete quality for stair is C -25
- Steel grade for stair can be S-300 and even more.

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9.2. Structural drawing of stair

A complete set of stair details (structural details) includes stair plan longitudinal sectional
sections and reinforcement layout drawings.
1. Stair plan
- Is a plan view of stair showing the sizes of staircase. It is used to :-
1. Show the basic dimension of stair.
2. Reference other details.
Stairs plan view includes:-
 Basic dimensions.
 Stair width and overall length.
 Flight width and length.
 Landing depth and length.
 Levels (floor elevation).
 Width of thread and number of risers.
 Direction of flight
 Cutting planes showing detail section.
 Notes
1 2

B
B B
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

A 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
A
Up

2. Stair section
- It is a section view showing the arrangement of reinforcing bars in stair waist.
It is used to show:
- Basic dimension.
 Levels (floor elevation).
 Landing thickness (depth).
 Slab depth
 Total riser and tread in the flight.
 Sizes of thread, height of riser.
- Reinforcing bars.
 Layout.
 Length
 Spacing.
 Size.
 Number.

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 Mark.
 Lap length.
- Necessary notes.
- Details.
- Bar schedule.
Example of stair section see below (section A_A & section B_B).
Stair reinforcement layout plan
- It is the plan view of staircase intended to show the arrangement (layout) of reinforcing bars.
Major procedures
- First lightly trace the plan of staircase from the stair plan.
- Give mark size dimension of the staircase.
- Show the layout of reinforcing bars with dark lines.
- Give mark size, number spacing and length for the reinforcing bars.
- Put all necessary notes.
9.3. Reinforcement bars for stair
1. Main bars
2. Distribution bars
3. Step bars
4. Hanger bars
5. Starter bars
1. Main bars: -These bars are placed parallel to the direction of flight to take the tensile stress in the
inclined slab. They are placed to full length of the flight slab without lapping.
- The diameter of these bars ranges from 10mm to 16mm depending on the bending
moment in the slab.
- The minimum spacing between the bars is 250mm or 300mm.
- The ends of the bars are connected to the slabs and landings.
2. Distribution bars: - These are similar with the bars in slabs. They are placed across the flight
perpendicular to the main bars.
3. Step bars: - These bars are placed in each step to take the shear stress as in the case of stirrups in
beams. 8mmor 10mm bars can be used with space of 150mm or 200mm.
4. Hanger bars: - The primary purpose of these bars is keep the step bars in position when concrete
is filled. They are provided one in each step.
5. Starter bars:-These are placed at the beginning and end of a flight to connect the flight with the
supports, and to act as a negative bar for the flight.
- The length of starter bars depends on the bond strength of the concrete.
- The placement of these bars shall be in compression and tension zones of the stair with
one bar.

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

 

 



Section B-B
Scale 1:20


 
note:
  -25mm concrete cover
-reinforcing bar s 300
  - all dimensions are in mm

- Lap length65 x bar diameter

- Concrete mix c 25


 

Section A-A
Scale 1:20



[Link] structure
Roof- Is the top cover of the building. Used to:
- Give enclosure to a building.
- Protects from rain, snow, sun rays and wind.
More over roof gives stability to walls. Walls of the structure are give stability by their attachment to
the ground and to the roof. Most roofs are not structurally sound without roofs. Walls can resist outside
or inside forces unless same horizontal support (roof).
Roof strictures made up of steel and wood structure
Structural roof drawings:-as shown in the structural drawings of a roof are two in types.
i. Layout drawing (truss layout)- framing plan .
ii. Details-roof member details.
i. Roof framing plan:-It is plan view of roof framing (truss, purling )
It is used to show:-
A. The layout or arrangement of roof trusses and purlin.
B. The spacing of roof framing.
C. The roof configuration.
D. Referencing of detail.
E. The layout of upper tie beam.
- Plan view roof members.

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- Plan view of top tie beams.

- Structural grids and their identification.
- Marks of roof truss.
- Marks of upper tie beams
- Spacing between roof members.
- Marks of roof frames.
- Basic dimensions.
- Necessary notes.
Truss layout

A B C

90 90 90 90 90 90

Ridge line

3
A UB1
120
UB2 UB2
UB2
B
120

2
C UB1
120

120 Truss
UB1
1
E
Purlin
5
1 2 3 4 6 7 8

ii. Structural roof details

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Ridge
7 x 7cm zigba purlin
Splice

J6

Top chord

Eave
J2 J4 J3

Ø 100 mm eucalyptus truss inclined member Bottom chord

Ø 100 mm eucalyptus truss diagonal member
Ø 100 mm eucalyptus tree vertical member
Ø 100 mm eucalyptus tree horizontal member

Joint details of wooden truss

sheet plate both side
Ø 6 nails spaced at
Splice

Eave

Joint Joint 3
4

Joint 6

Joint 2 Steel cosset plate on both sides

Other roof details

1. Ridge detail- shows the ridge board in section and how rafters corner to it.

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2. Eave detail- shows how the ceiling joints or roof trusses overhang the wall and the construction of eave.

3. Parfait detail- to show how the parfait wall is constructed and its relation to the roof members.

4. Truss – beam connection detail – shows how roof members connected to the structural beam.

5. Sky light detail – shows the detail construction of the part.

iii. Roof configuration drawing

 It is the plan view of a roof intended to show the roof configuration and basic dimension.
 Provide completed picture to guide the carpenter in constricting a roof.
- Gable roof
Roof
overhang

Ridge line

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- Hip roof

R.L
R.L
R.L

R.L
R.L

Steel roof structure is mead up of steel show types of steel section and sizes of steel.
Bar schedule
Beam schedule
Longitudinal
Beam Mark No of Size of beam reinforcement Stirrup

Remark
type No beam Top Bottom
No Ø L No Ø L No Ø L Spacin
Width Depth g (c/c)
Upper TTB1
tie beam TTB2
Inter. IB1
Beam IB2
Grade GB1
beam GB1
N.B

Column schedule
Beam Column No of Size of column Vertical bar stirrup Remark
location type column
C1 C2 length width No Ø L No Ø L Spacing
(c/c)
Roof
1st floor
G.F
footing
NB:
Footing schedule
Footing No of Size of footing Main bar Distribution bar Remark
type footing length width depth No Ø L No Ø L
F1
F2
F3
NB:

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Revision exercises
I. Choose the best answer for the following questions.
1. In the principle of load transferring system all parts of the building transfer their load to beam and
beam to column except.
A. First floor slab D. Load bearing wall
B. Roof E. All
C. Ground floor slab
2. Which one of the following is not part of structural foundation?
A. Footing D. Retaining wall
B. Foundation wall E. None
C. Load bearing wall
3. Depending on their location in building columns may be divided in to,
A. Two C. Six E. None
B. Four D. Three
4. Basically the depth of footing depends on
A. The types of soil
B. The types of concrete
C. The load of super structure
D. A & C
E. All
5. The vertical load bearing member which transmits the beams and floor load down to the foundation
is known as____________
A. Footing base D. Structural stair
B. Structural slab E. All
C. Structural column
6. Which one of the following is not true?
A. Continuous beam is continued on more than two spans.
B. Cantilever slab is two way slabs.
C. Star is vertical structural member.
D. Deflection is a sagging of beam under load and long span.
E. B & D
7. Which of the following is true about bar notation in reinforcement detail?
A. Bar mark- size of bar- bar spacing – bar length
B. Bar mark- bar size- bar number- bar spacing- bar length
C. Bar number- bar mark- bar size- bar spacing- bar length
D. Bar mark- bar number- bar size- bar spacing- bar length
E. Bar number- bar spacing- bar size- bar length- bar mark
8. Columns which are used in multistory buildings must be spliced at
A. Footing base D. Starter bar
B. Floor level E. None
C. The mid pint of columns
9. Basic slab reinforcement consists of
A. Main steel bar D. A & C
B. Stirrups E. All of the above
C. Secondary (distribution) bar
10. The minimum ground floor slab thickness for sidewalk is
A. 100mm
B. 200mm D. 225mm
C. 150mm E. None
II. Matching column A with B

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A B
______ 1. Cantilever slab A. A simple beam which support the wall over an opening.
______ 2. Post B. Placed parallel to the direction of span.
______ 3. Secondary bar C. Column.
______ 4. Main steel bar D. Resist sheer force.
______ 5. Retaining wall E. A type of timber column.
______ 6. Horizontal structure G. Single span.
______ 7. Develops bending and sheer; H. A raised plinth, about 50mm high and the same shape
Stress. as column.
______ 8. Kicker I. A projecting slab supported only at one end.
______ 9. Top steel J. Two way slab.
______ 10. Sheer K. Stair.
L. structural wall used to hold back earth.
M. placed perpendicular to the direction of span.
III. Draw the structural drawing of the following RC footing (plan, section, & detail)
Note:-foundation depth 2 meter.
Use concrete cover 25 mm.
- Bottom bar ⌽12mm.
- Top bar ⌽ 10mm.
- Longitudinal bars 4 ⌽ 20 and 4 ⌽ 16 mm.
- Bottom and top bar spacing 16cm.
- Stirrup ⌽ 8 mm and spacing 20 cm.
- Footing pad depth 30 cm.
- Footing size 120 cm x 120 cm.
- Grade beam depth 30 cm.
- Lean concrete 50 mm.
Column size 25 x 25 cm

[Link] Kidus Abegaz & Mesfin Kebede

 C. SANITARY DRAWING (SN)
Introduction
Definition
- Are drawings prepared for indicating plumbing system in a building. Which comprises the layout of sanitary
fittings, pipes, valves, drains, and vent pipes.
- Concerned with drawings made for plumbers. Which are containing valuable information for him, To show to
him where to locate the plumbing work, the materials to use and now to install it.
- Concerned with plumbing fixtures. Potable water distribution and sanitary and storm drains.
Purposes
- SN drawings indicate the size, type and location of pipes.
- Indicate how water is supplied to a building and waste disposal system of the building.
- Show the surface drainage of a building.
- Means of communication between sanitary engineer and plumber.
- Means of communicating the contractor.
- Bases for ordering material.
- Bases for estimating the cost of plumbing work.
Sanitary drawings
Includes
- Plumbing plans
- Floor and roof plans for fixture and drain locations.
- Enlarged drawings- floor plans of toilet, kitchen bath room. To show actual piping distribution and
connections.
- Riser diagrams (isometric or oblique of sectional elevation)
- For hot water and cold water supply line.
- For waste disposal line.
- Site plan
- To show how water is supplied to the building site, surface drainage, location of septic tank, cwp
and public sewer line and storm line.
- Required notes
- Plumbing fixture schedule.
- Symbol and abbreviations.
- Detail
- Show drain and connection by details.
Manhole, septic tank, water tanker, gutter, and ditch details.
SN drawings are drawn to a scale selected, usually drawn with the same as to the AR drawing.
Sanitary drawings are generally identified by a letter SN as a prefix in the title block.
Symbols, conventions and standards in SN drawings
- Standard symbols are those that are recognized and accepted by drafters, designers, contractors and
trade workers. The following symbols are widely used in SN drawings.
1. Common SN symbols
A. Fixture symbols

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 Fixture Symbols

Sink
90 x 50 or s
120 x 60
Wash basin
50 x 50 or WB

50 x 120

Shower
80 x 80
90 x 90 or
100 x
100
Bath
165 x 68
169 x 75
180 x 83
Water closet
38 x 50
or
47 x 70

Bide t
38 x 69

Urinal
20 x 25

Water heater
Hot water

Cylinder HWC

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B. Symbols for pipe lines
Pipe Symbols
Cold water supply line
Hot water supply line
Sewerage pipe
Vent pipe
Hot and cold water supply
line

Gas line G G G G
Valve
Three way valve
Pipe sleeved
20 25
Change of pipe diameter
Gate valve
Coupling
Elbow
Tee
Hose bib
Rain water pipe RWP
Vent pipe or soil and vent VP
pipe S & VP

C. Other
Cold water storage tank CWST
Boiler B

Manhole MH
Floor drain
or FD
Water meter M

D. Abbreviations used in SN drawings

WC = Water Closet HWC = Hot Water Cylinder
BT = Bath Tub MH = Manhole
BO = Bidet ST =Septic Tank
SH = Shower B = Boiler
FD = Floor Drain W = Washer

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 HWB = Hand Wash Basin D = Dryer
CW = Cold Water HW = Hot Water
Nomenclature of building pipes
1. Main – The main of any system of continuous piping is the principal artery of the system, to
which branches may be connected.
A. Main stack – The vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent piping.
B. Main vent – The principal artery of the venting system, to which vent branches may be
connected.
2. Branch – Any part of the piping system other than main, riser or stack.
A. Branch vent – A vent connecting one or more individual vents with a vent stack or stack
vent.
3. Drain – Is any pipe which carries waste water in a building drainage system.
A. Fixture drain –Is the drain from the trap of a fixture to the junction of that drain with
any other drain pipe.
B. Floor drain – Is a drainage fixture set flown in a floor to drain away any liquid which may
be and or full on that floor.
C. Building drain – Is that part of the lowest piping of drainage systems which receives the
discharge from soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside the walls of the building and
conveys it to the sewer.
4. Horizontal pipe –Any pipe or fitting which is installed in a horizontal position or which makes an
angle 450 with the vertical.
5. Vertical pipe – Any pipe or fitting which is installed in vertical position.
6. Waste pipe - Is a pipe which conveys only liquid waste free of focal matter or urine.
7. Waste stack -Is a vertical drain pipe which carries liquid waste products that do not contain
“soil”.
8. Vent stack – Is a vertical vent pipe installed primarily for the purpose of providing circulation of
air to and from any part of the drainage system.
9. Stack vent – (waste vent or soil vent) – Is the extension of a soil or waste stack above the
highest horizontal drain connected to the stack.
10. Soil pipe – As any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closets, urinals or fixtures having
similar functions, with or without the discharge from other fixtures to the building drain.
Soil – Is liquid → from WCs and urinals.
11. Riser –Is a water supply pipe which extends vertically one full storey or more to convey water
to branches or fixtures.
12. Water main – The water (street) main is a water supply pipe for public or community use.
13. Water service pipe –Is the pipe from the water main or other source of water supply to the
building served.
14. Trap –Is a fitting or device so designed and constructed as to provide, when properly vented, a
liquid seal which will prevent the back passage of air without material affecting the flow of
sewage or waste water through it.
15. Sewer – a slop drainage pipe carrying liquid wastes.

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 A. Sanitary sewer – Is a pipe which carries sewage and excludes storm surface and ground
water.
B. Storm sewer – Is a sewer used for conveying rain water surface water, condensate,
cooling water or similar liquid wastes exclusive of sewage and industrial waste.
C. Public sewer – Is a common sewer directly controlled by public controlled authority.
D. Private sewer – Is a sewer privately owned and not directly controlled by public
authority.
16. Overflow (warning) pipe
Waste disposal system
The waste water and sewage from appliances will discharge from the building with sewerage pipes generally
it is a single stack extending vertically from the drain in a straight lines to a point which is above roof level in
most cases. The appliances are connected to the stack by branch pipes called wastes or branch discharge pipes,
all of which have a trap filled with water which prevents the smells and gases from permitting in to the rooms.
Most appliances will discharge direct one main stack but in same cases those on the ground floor may be
arranged differently. WCs may be taken direct to the drain at the nearest manhole. Drain pipe will install on the
stack pipe, which transfer the west water and sewage from the building (stack pipe) to the treatment plant or
public sewer line.
Standards for plumbing
Size and type of pipe
The proper size of pipes required for a given installation will depend on:-
- The average amount of water used.
- Peak loads.
- Water pressure on the line.
- Length of the pipe run.
It can also determine by calculation all the pie size for each fixture and branch line in the house.
Main pipe size
Fixture Waste (in Vent (in Cold water Hot water Trap (in
mm) mm) (in mm) (in mm) mm)
BT 36 32 15 15 36
BD 36 36 15 15 32
WC 75 50 15 - 80
LAV 36 32 15 15 36
SERVICE SK 50 32 15 15 50
SH 50 32 15 15 40
LAUNDERY 36 32 15 15 36
TUB
FD 50 32 - - 50
Commonly use pipe dimension
For liquid west ⌽50- ⌽75
For liquid and solid west ⌽100-⌽110
Supply
1. Building main (rising main) -----25mm
2. Cold water main ------------------25/20mm

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 3. Hot water main -------------------25/20mm
4. Cold water pipe (branch)--------15mm
5. Hot water branch pipe------------15mm
Waste
1. Main stack --------------------------25mm
2. Stack vent ---------------------------50mm
3. Drain pipe ---------------------------150mm
4. Hot water branch pipe ------------50mm
Valves
 Stop valve - on mains supply.( high pressure)
- To isolate the mains from the appliances.
 Gate valve -on branch pipes. (distribution pipes)
- Low pressure.
- Used to isolate the stored water supply during maintenance work on
distribution runs.
 Drain valve- location on any drop which has the tap higher than its feed pipe.
 Ball valve- automatically which doses the water rise in the tanker and opens
it again as the level drops.
- Fitted all CWST and all hand operated flushing cisterns.
Manhole locations
Manholes required at:-
1. Head of the drain.
2. Bends
3. Junctions
4. Within 12.5m of the connection to the main sewer.
5. At 90m interval (max)
6. Change in level

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 SCALE: 1:20

A A

PLAN
20
20 40
40 150 150 130 150 150

100

50 50

75 600 75

DETAIL A VARIABLE

GROUT GROUT

200 200

100 100

150
MASS CONCRETE BASE
100

950

COMPACTED BEDDING
MATERIAL

DETAIL A

SCALE: 1:30

JOINT TO BE WATER TIGHT

45 MORTAR TO BE THROUGH
35

75

Septic tank locations

- The minimum distance of septic tank from the nearest building will vary with the number of user.
No of users Min. length of x in m
Up to 20 15
21 to 50 30
51 to 99 60
100 & over 90
- On sloping sites locate the ST on lower levels than the building it serves.
- Away from trees.
- The soil will permit the drainage of treated effluent.

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 Unsuitable in soils if –
A. The ground is heavy clay.
B. The water table is likely to be within 1.5m of ground level for periods of several
weeks.

MH1

BLDG

MH2

MH3

3M

SEPTIC TANK

boundary 3M

Size of septic tank

 Depth below inlet is 1.5 to 1.8m
 L=3W in single tank
 L=2W or W in double tank ( W means width)

General considerations
In planning
- Group appliances around the stack rather than have them spread out along the wall and
possibly having to use bends in the wastes.
- Arrange sanitary appliances above each other and use a common stack pipe.
- Locate the WCs nearest to S & VP where ever possible as this has the largest diameter and is
the most expensive pipe.
- Avoid bends in the main vertical stack pipe at times. Exception however
 When the stack ceases to be a soil pipe and becomes a vent only.

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 - Avoid layouts which require soil pipes or drains to cross each other.
- Provide a min of 650mm between the basin and any wall facing it.
- Arrange the WCs so that the pipes from them go to direct to S & VP or, in case of ground floors, to the
drain.
- Space around WC.
- The soil and vent pipe may be external for up to 3 storey’s only.
- Avoid the use of appliances which have no flat or relatively flat bottom.
SN plan include the following information
- Show the cold and hot water supply line installation.
- Show the slop percentage and direction of floor.
- Show types and sizes of connection pipes (ex. Elbow, tee etc…)
- Show the floor drain to the building.
- Draw the drainage or sewerage pipe with there size description.
- Indicate the size of each line in the water supply system.
- Show the location of water heater and identify it.
- Locate and draw the house drain and soil and vent stacks.
- Connect all fixtures and floor drains to the house drain showing all fittings and secondary vents that are
used.
- Specify the type of pipe to be installed.
- Include a plumbing fixture schedule, symbol legend, and general notes required.
- Add the scale and title block to the drawing check the entire drawing for accuracy and omission.

80 LWH

Ø20 FROM ABOVE

WS1
Ø100 F/A
Ø100 T/MH Ss1
FD MH

2% SLOPE

The riser diagrams

Definition – These are isometric drawing which is showing all piping. Fittings and equipments
that constitute the plumbing system.
Purpose – It enables the designer to better visualize and stream line a design.

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 - It provides a bases on which all pipe size may be properly established and shown.
- It provides an accurate format on the basis of which the plumbing contractor may accurately
estimate the cost of the plumbing system.
Includes - separate riser diagrams prepared for water supply line waste disposal line).
- Main cold water supply pipe.
- Main stack, stack vent.
- Branch pipes cold and hot water feed.
- Pipe sizes and types.
- Vertical heights or elevation of
 Floors
 Fixtures
- Fixtures, elevation or short hand notation.
- Slopes of waste pipes.
- Direction of flow (arrows).
- Volume of hot water cylinder.
- Location and type of valves.
- Vent pipes.
- Required notes.

WS WS1 WS2
WATER
FROM WATER TANK FROM WATER TANK
SUPPLY
ROOF LEVEL
ROOF LEVEL
80LWH
+1.80
80LWH
HWB +1.80
Ø20 Ø20
BT BT

Ø15
Ø15

Ø15

WC HWB
WC
Ø15 Ø15
Ø1
5 Ø15

FIRST FLOOR
FIRST
FLOOR SH 80LWH
+1.80

KS WC
Ø20 Ø20
Ø15

Ø15
Ø15
HW
B

Ø15
WC HWB
Ø15
Ø1
5
GROUND FLOOR
GROUND FLOOR

WATER SUPPLY RISER DIAGRAM WATER SUPPLY RISER

Scale 1:50 Scale 1:50
DIAGRAM

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 WS1 WS2
VENT CAP VENT CAP

ROOF LEVEL ROOF LEVEL

Ø50 VENT PIPE Ø50 VENT PIPE
HWB

BT BT
Ø50 Ø50
Ø65
Ø65
HWB Ø65
Ø65
FD
WC FD
Ø65 Ø65
Ø65 WC
Ø65
Ø65
FIRST FLOOR Ø100 Ø65 FIRST FLOOR
Ø100 Ø100

Ø100 SH WC Ø100

HWB
HWB Ø65 Ø100

WC FD
Ø65 Ø100 Ø65
Ø65
Ø65 FD
GROUND FLOOR Ø100 Ø65 GROUND FLOOR Ø65
Ø100 Ø100

TO MH TO MH

WASTE WATER RISER DIAGRAM WASTE WATER RISER DIAGRAM

Scale 1:50 Scale 1:50

Notes:-
Text information’s which describe the plumbing installation. Usually information’s other than represented by
symbols, dimensions and specification. This information is recorded in the from of general notes.
The notes must appear on the drawing to which they refer. They are usually location above the title block or
other prominent piece.
Notes may rafter to materials, installation procedures or any facet of the plumbing system.

Plumbing fixture schedule

A plumbing fixture schedule is useful in planning the plumbing system ordering the fixtures and
installing the system.
Includes - Identifying symbol.
- Name of the fixture.
- Number of fixture.
- Pipe connection sizes and
- A space for remarks.

Drawings site plans of sanitary system

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  Shows sewer line.
 Shows drainage line and how to drain west water to septic tank.

1
MH
BLDG

MH2

MH3

3M
ST
boundary 3M

Road

Drawing Drains and sewers

Drains and sewers are required to carry the foul water from a community. Under – ground drains
and sewers are either pipes or ducts of required shape and size. Where underground drains and
sewers are constructed, street gutters of v- shape or saucer type, street in lets and gully pits are
constructed to receive the water (storm water and street wash water) from surface in to the drain or
sewer line. The combine sewers carry both storm water and foul water during monsoon and only dray
water flow (D.W.F.). Underground drainage or sewerage is very costly. But, sanitary sewers must be
laid underground. Therefore, in most of the city outskirts, towns and municipal areas road side open
surface drains.

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 Types of drians

cement brick work (1:6)

lime cocrete

rectangular section v- section

glazed ston ware

lime concrete

semi-circular section

bricks or stones or
concrete block

1:2:4 cement cocrete

1:4:8 lean cement concrete

trapezoidal section parabolic section

Drawing Septic tank
 What is septic tank and what are the purposes of septic tank?

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 6 20 60
0 0

6
0

8
0
x x
150
8
0

6
0

Septic tank plan

Scale: 1:50

DEPTH OF SLAB=150MM
Ø12 C/C 200
Ø12 C/C 200
9 80
0
15

Ø12 C/C
Ø12 C/C
200
200
MASONARY WALL
WITH MORTAR

6 20 60
0 0 30
0
USE CONCRETE
WATER TIGHT FINISH
10 C-25
0
S-300
CONCRETE
40
COVER
FOR
SLAB=15MM
10
0
Section X-
X
Scale 1:30

Sanitary material schedule:- is a list of sanitary material give information the material type, material size,
material quality and number of materials are described by prepared table formate.

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 D ELECTRICAL DRAWING (EL)
Introduction
Definition
- Are drawings prepared for indicating internal and external lighting design and power supply system of a
building.
 Plan layout shows the location and types of switches and lighting fixtures to be used, as well as
specialty items such as electrical heaters.
 An electrical legend is incorporated in these drawings that define what the various electrical
symbols.
Purposes
- Provide a satisfactory and adequately wired electrical system up on completion of the structure.
- Indicate how electric power is supplied to a building.
- Indicate the size, type, material and location of lighting fixture, power outlets special electric devices.
- Means of communication between electrical engineer and electrician.
- Bases for ordering material, cost estimation and for instructing the contractor.
EL drawings
Includes
1. Electric plans
- Separate plan prepared for different floors.
2. Circuit diagrams
- Separate diagram prepared for different distribution boards.
3. Required notes
4. Lighting fixture schedule
5. Legend showing symbol and abbreviations.
EL drawings are drawn with the same scale to AR floor plans.
Electrical drawings are generally identified by a letter electrical as a prefix in the title block.
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION SYMBOLS
Symbols Descriptions
/MDB/ Main Distribution Board
/SDB/ Sub Distribution Board
Ceiling light point
Wall light point
Fluorescent light
5 x 60w Multi lamp luminary

Luminary with switch

Emergency luminary
One-way switch
Two-way switch

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 Double pole switch
Or
Staircase switch

Pull switch

Single -phase socket outlet

Twin-socket outlet

Single phase socket with

Earth contact
Socket outlet with switch

Three-phase socket outlet

Bell BP Bell panel

Siren KWH Kilo watt hour

Or Telephone outlet

Bell point (push button)

Earthling

Hot water heater

Electrical cooker

G Electrical generator

Or TV Antenna outlet

Wall mounted light

Ceiling mounted light

Single fluorescent light

Double fluorescent light

Electrical distribution system for building

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  Consist of five basic divisions:
1. Service entrance –Including main disconnecting devices, distribution panel boards, metering
equipment and conduit and wiring.
2. Feeder system – A system of heavy-duty conduits and wiring that carries electric power from
the service entrance equipment to the various lighting and power panel boards that are
strategically located throughout a building.
3. Lighting and power panel board – Metal enclosures which house the circuit barkers, fuses and
fused switches to which all branch circuits connect and which give electrical protection to those
branch circuits.
4. Branch circuits - The wiring circuits that receive power in a controlled manner from the lighting
and power panel boards and carry that power to all the many items of electrical equipment that
constitute the electrical load of the building. Branch circuits usually extend to serve all parts of a
building.
5. Electric load – consist of a wide range of electrically operated equipment including lighting
fixtures, electric motors, heaters etc…

power
transmission
Line
home run conduit
Junction box

ceiling
surface
service drop Fully
mounted
Recessed

light
Lighting
Switch
service panel
Transformer service B
conduit

stem ceiling

branch
hung
Main circuit
switch
utility lighting
meter
pole panel

Meter A

base main distribution

panel (MDB) sockets

feeder's

Ground

rod

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 Generally
EELP line Service line MDB Lighting panel Equipment
  boards or power
Power service drop
panels or SDB Lighting fixtures
transmission  service conduit  socket outlets
line  meter 2 3 switches
 service  main switch
4  devices
transformer
1
5

Electric supply system of a residential building

The residential electric system provides an adequate supply of electric for lightening of
different spaces and power provision for different electric deices in desired location of a building.
The following two tables are showing the lighting and power requirements of different spaces
in a residential building.
Lighting requirement
Area Lighting requirement
Living room - Ceiling out let or wall brackets controlled by switch at entrance and switch
on the walls of the living room.
Dining room - Ceiling out let or wall bracket controlled by switch at entrance.
Kitchen - Ceiling out let controlled by switch at entrance.
- Lighting out let over sink controlled by wall switch.
Bed rooms - Lighting out lets (ceiling & wall) controlled by switch at entrance and near to
bed.
Bath room - Ceiling out let and wall out let over a mirror controlled by switch at
shower (toilet) entrance.
Hall or corridor - Ceiling out let controlled by wall switch in each separate hall area, where
hall is over 4.5m in length. 2 way witching is required.
Stair - Lighting of stairways controlled from upper and lower floor levels.
Balconies - Outdoor lighting at each entrance controlled by switch.
Entrance
Verandahs
Reception room - One ceiling outlet for each 14m2 of floor space.
Laundry - Ceiling outlet controlled by wall switch at entrance.
Store & Garage - Lighting out let controlled by switch at entrance.

Power requirement

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 Area (location) Desirable
No of Remark
socket
outlet
Living room 5 - Installed at every 4m of usable wall space around room
Dinning 2 perimeter.
Kitchen 4 - One socket for each 2m or fraction of each counters work
space.
- Socket (separate) for cooker, (range), WH and
refrigerator (frizzier)
Bed rooms - For TV, tape recorder, bedside lamp, side lamp.
 Double bed 3
 Single bed 2
Hall (corridor) 1 -
One in each hall, if it’s longer than 4m add another.
Verandah or Balcony 1 -
Weather proof sockets.
Family lounge 3 -
For tape –recorder, range etc…
Out door 2 -
Weather proof sockets, one at front entrance the other
location optional.
Bath room 2 - One for water heater and the other below the mirror.
Garage 1 - One on separate circuit.
Laundry or utility 1 - On separate circuit is required at table height in each of
room or workshop these areas.
N.B ☻ Separate circuit for appliances which require large amount of electricity. These are:
- Range (cooker) - Counter top over
- Water heater - Water pump
- Dish washer - Clothes dryer
- Air conditioner - Furnace
- Clothes washer - Etc…
- Attic fan

Electric installation floor plans

Definition – The plan view drawing which shows the locution and types of switches , sockets, bell
points lighting fixtures and electric devices.
- It is generally traced from the floor plan and reflected ceiling plan.
Shows – 1. The layout of switches and lighting fixtures and their relationship.
2. The layout of socket outlets.
3. The location of electrical equipments and associated power lines.
Includes: - Fixtures and equipments location (traced from AR plan).
- Layout of lighting fixtures. AR ceiling plan is used to show the exact location of all
fixtures.
Ceiling outlets
Wall outlets

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 - Layout of switches. Identification and type of switch system with appropriate symbol.
One way switch
Two way switch
Pull switch
Double – pole switch
- Layout of socket outlets.
- Layout of interconnecting wires (using curvilinear lines).
Between Switch and light fixtures.
 Different socket outlets.
 Bell line.
Procedure for drawing an electric plan
1. Trace the floor plan showing all exterior and interior walls and major appliances.
2. Location the meter and distribution panel. Indicating voltage and amperage rating.
3. Show all convenience outlets using the proper symbols. Be sure to indicate those which are
240V, split wired, weather proof, or other special purposes.
4. Locate all ceiling and wall lighting outlets carefully check the use of symbols.
5. Show all special outlets and fixtures such as telephone.
6. Locate the switches and connect them to the outlets and lighting fixtures which they
operate.
7. Add the lighting fixture schedule and symbol legend.
8. Note the number and type of circuits required.
9. Letter in all other notes, title, scale and sheet number.
10. Check the drawing carefully to be sure that all information is accurate and complete.
Circuit diagrams
Definition: - These are simple diagrams tabular in their from which are showing the electric circuit
System of a building.
Purpose: - provides the number and type of circuit in particular distribution board.
- Enables the electrician to determine the wire size and its amperage.
Includes: - - The number of circuit and their description.
- Cross – sectional area and number of wires.
- Current rate for the circuits.
- Types of distribution board (separate diagram prepared for different distribution
boards.)

- Circuit diagram

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N.B - No of lamp 10-16 in one circuit, if more add another circuit.
- For socket outlets of 16amp, use 5-8 sockets in one circuit, if more add another.
- Keep reserve circuit breaker in any distribution board.
- Make all external socket outlets weather proof.
- Provide three phase system for MDB from EELPA line and for power panels from
MDB.
- Telephone system has its own line, separated from the electric supply line.
- TV, tape-recorders might get power from the ordinary sockets with divider or
extension chord.
Lighting fixtures schedule
Lighting fixture schedule
Type Manuf. Cat. No. No. Req. Mounting watts Remark
HT
A
B
C
D
E
CHAPTER THREE
Recognize, read and interprets drawings and specification
3.1 Checking title panel to verify latest amendments of drawing
3.2 Checking amendments to specify current information
3.3 Recognizing civil construction symbols and abbreviations
3.4 Interpreting legend on project drawings, symbols and abbreviations
3.5 Identifying job specifications from drawings, notes and descriptions
3.6 Identifying standards of work, finishes and tolerances
3.7 Identifying material attributes
CHAPTER FOUR
Identify project requirements
4.1 Identifying and Locating Orientation of the site and its plan/blue print
4.2 Identifying access to site
4.3 Determining existing surface level and finished surface level
4.4 Identifying Dimensions for earthworks
4.5 Identifying Invert level and depth
4.6 Determining batter slopes and gradients
4.7 Identifying drainage location and type
4.8 Identifying pavement types and dimensions
4.9 Identifying Environmental controls and locations
4.10 Determining Location, dimensions and tolerances for ancillary work
CHAPTER FIVE
Sort and produce complete technical document

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 5.1 Checking and verifying collected drawings and technical documents
5.2 Grouping /Identifying/ Documents
5.3 Duplicating Required documents
5.4 Folding and Bounding Drawings and technical documents
5.5 Registering Labeled documents
5.6 Setting registered documents to assigned place
CHAPTER SIX
MEASURE QUANTITIES OF WORK
6.1. Taking measurements to be quantify item in terms of volume and area
6.1.1. Definition quantity surveying
Quantity surveying is the art of defining available in given project, estimating the quantities of those
defined works using appropriate measurement techniques, and finally estimating the probable cost of
executing the works.
A person who is skilled at doing the above tasks is known as a quantity surveyor. A good quantity
surveyor is one who:
 Takes a clear image of the project in his/her drawing before starting the work.
 Estimates the quantities of all works in the project without jumping anything.
 Estimations the most probable cost of the project with very small variations.
6.1.2. Purpose of quantity surveying
Why do we carry out quantity surveying? Why don’t we just go our work without having any time
wasted on quantities?
These questions have often been raised by many clients. The problem is they don’t seem to have
understood the purposes of this process, and have outlined for you here.
Quantity surveying is done:
 To calculate the problem costs of the project at hand so that the client will be aware of the
expenses due to arise in the course of the constriction. If the many is not there, the client can
devise a mechanism for other sources of money or change the project idea from the beginning.
 To fix the completion time of the project. This is usually done by breaking the works in to smaller
activities. The activities require materials, labor, equipment and same overheads (generally
called “resources”). The project6 time required by these small activities with some spare times
made available.
 To prepare construction schedules material schedules, labor schedules, equipment schedules
and payment schedules, which are very important to affectivity, utilize the recourses made
available for the project.
 To get approval from the concerned authorities. The government office giving the construction
permit needs to be aware of the magnitude of the work you are going to get in.
 To get loans or funds or budget for various projects. If you are working at a government owned
project, you may be required to present the budget for the works before the work is c
commenced.
 For solicitation purposes. In most cases bid documents are sold to perspective contractors so
that they can submit their offer for the works. Among the sold documents is a bill of quantities
consisting the description unit of measurement and quantity of the work works under each
category of items.
6.1.3. Inputs to conduct quantity surveying
Now you know way quantity surveying is necessary!! Now let’s discuses what is needed to carry out
quantity surveying for a single project.
A. Drawings:
A completed set of drawings are necessary for the following two purposes:

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  To have a clear image of the building in our mind so that we can determine the order of
activates and understand the method of construction.
 To take dimensions of works from the drawings so that the quantities of works can be
calculated to the most accurate number.
Which drawing is necessary?
a. Architectural working drawings with complete dimension. (floor plans, roof plan, site plan, four
elevations, sections, details)
b. Structural drawings with detail description on concrete member sizes and reinforcement
provisions (footings, columns, beams, slabs, stair case, shear walls)
c. Sanitary drawings showing the sanitary appliances, installation plans and riser diagrams.
d. Electrical drawings showing the light points, socket outlets, light fittings and other electrical
appliances with good descriptions on material types.
e. Other drawings this includes electro mechanical drawings, landscape drawings and other special
feature at the site.
Generally quantities of all works are calculated by using the drawings.
B. Cost Break Down (CBD)
Once the quantities are well calculated by using the drawings, the next step will be to determine the
unit price of the works based on market price of materials, labor and equipment the unit previously
costing was done by hand by breaking the works in to materials and labor using material break dawn
sheets. But now-a-days computer programs have showed up in the market to simplify greatly these
tedious tasks of a quantity surveyor. Most of these programs are prepared on excel sheets with the
formula for all breaking down stored in the cells. The one labeled CBD is known to be best from those I
used.
In this CBD program you are expected to insert the unit price of material which is exhaustively listed.
You are also expected to insert the daily wages of different workers, and daily rental cost of
machineries along with the over head and profit percentage you want to use. Then the program
automatically tells you the unit price of all works related to the materials, the labor and the machineries
you inserted before.
Therefore, instead of calculation yourself, I advise you to learn how to operate on computers and
use those excel programs for the unit price calculation.
For those who need to use the hand method, break booklets are available.
6.1.4. Mensurations
Exercise:-Find the formula & give example of volumes, area and perimeters of the following forms &
plane?
Rectangles, squares, circles, triangles, trapeziums, cubes, cones, pyramids and cylinders.
6.1.5. Take off sheet
Take off sheet is a standard table used to take dimensions off the blue print to calculate the
quantities of given work items. Take off sheet has its own rules and standards, so that everybody
using the take off sheet will have no problem in understanding what is written there.
A. Timesing column:
Is used to write some unit less numbers that are needed
- To multiply identical items such as 4 columns or 6 beams or 54 footings.
- To write unit less parts of a formula such as 1/2 in the area of a triangle.
- To pleas in the area of a circle.
- Only multiplication among the numbers is allowed.
B. Dimension column:
Is used to write the dimensions of the item for which the quantity is to be calculated. The dimension
column is used with the following rules.
- The dimensions are written vertically down in order of length, width and depth or height.
- There are only two significant digits after the decimal point.

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 - Squared or cubed numbers are not written in the dimension column.
- Only multiplication among the dimensions is allowed.
C. Squaring column:
Is used to write the product of those dimensions which are written in the dimension column. This
column carries the quantity of the work we have been calculation for.
Notes:
- For completed items double underline is used; however for incomplete items, single
underline is used.
- Addition and subtraction are allowed here. We can make the deductions and additions in
this column once the basic quantities are calculated.
- The words Ddt. and Ditto. Are usually used to affect the addition and deduction
procedures.
 “Ddt.” Means - Deduct. In the general sense that means.
 “Ditto” Means – As above. This applies for addition.
 “[Link]” Means – Subtract the value stated in the squaring column from the
above calculated value.
D. Description column:
In this column a description of the works is written. The descriptions give clear explanation about
the works for which the quantities have been calculated in the squaring column. When you have some
mathematical simplification procedures, the description column is the best location to do so. Generally
everything is possible in the description column.

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 Take off sheet
Project:-_______________________________________ page ______of_______
Location:-_____________________________________
Client:-_________________________________________
Contractor:-_________________________________
1 2 3 Description 1 2 3 Description

PREPARED BY KIDUS ABEGAZ & MESFIN KEBEDE

Signature _____________________________ signature
____________________________
6.1.6. Estimations
 What is estimation means?
[Link]. Types of estimates
There are different types of estimates.
1. Approximate estimate:
This is done for preliminary studies of the project or the works in the project. From this preliminary
studies, the approximate cost may be known for the purpose of justification whether the project is worth
constructing or not. It is mainly prepared by taking practical knowledge in to consideration along with
the data from other similar projects.
Approximate estimate is done by using a number of estimation mechanisms, some of which are
outlined below.
a. Per number: This is applicable for those projects whose price can be judged by the number of
users they serve such as stadiums, car parking lots, hospitals, cinema hall etc.
Example: a cinema hall with 500 seats has been constructed with a total investment of 2,000,000
birr. What will be the approximate price of the same cinema hall if the number of seats is 700?
The rate of the previous cinema hall is = (total investment /number of seats)
= (2,000,000 birr / 500 seats)
= 40,000 birr per seat
The approximate cost of the new cinema hall is = 700 seats x 40,000 birr/seat
= 28,000,000.00 birr
Note: this does not mean that the two cinema halls are the same, nor the price of one seat is
40,000 birr. It is just a very rough price for feasibility studies. Just to know whether we can start
the design packages or not.
b. Per linear meter: This is applicable for projects whose price can be judged by the length they
cover. Typically they have greater length than the remaining dimensions. Roads, irrigation
channels, tunnels are good examples.
Example: For a first class asphalt concrete road of length 100 km, 600 million birr is used. What
will be the approximate price of a 300 km road with the same quality and material?
Rate of the previous road is = (total investment /total length)
= (600,000,000 birr / 100 km)
= 6,000.000 birr per km
The approximate cost of the new road will be = 300 km x 6,000,000 birr/km
= 1,800,000,000.00 birr
Note: estimating is work the same ground level, the same formation level, the same volume of
earth work, the same fills and other properties of the roads.
c. Per plinth area: This is usually used for building projects where the area of the building is used
for calculating the approximate cost of the project. Currently the municipality office is also using
this method.
Example: A G+2 residential building resting on a plinth area of 300 m2 has consumed 600,000
birr. What will be the approximate cost of the same G+2 building resting on a plinth area of 450m 2?
The rate of the previous building is = (total investment /total plinth area)
= (600,000 birr / 300 m2)
= 2,000 birr per m2
The approximate cost of the new building will be = 450 m2 x 2,000 birr/m2
= 900,000 birr
2. Detail estimate:
Detail estimate is made by taking each item of work and calculating the quantities in detail. An
item of work in a project may fall in one of the following types.
 Linear items; those measured by length. E.g. skirting, gutter, window sill etc…

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  Superficial items; those measurements by area. E.g. plastering, floor finish, roofing.
 Voluminous items; those measured by volume. E.g. concrete, earth work.
 Number items; those measured by pc. E.g. door & window
 Weight items; those measured by weight. E.g. reinforcing bars.
2.1. Works in sub structure and methods of measurement
A building has two parts: the sub structure and super structure.
2.1.1. The sub structure
This is part of the building located entirely in the foundation of the building. For quantity
surveying purposes, the sub structure of the building is taken as that part below the floor finish level
(FFL), which is at the ground floor slab level. Usually the ground floor slab is located at the level of
grad beam, and thus the grad beam is the demarcation line for the sub structure and super
structure.
Due to the fact that all buildings are not the same we can not specify the same work types in
all foundation. However; most buildings have the followings works in their foundation.
[Link]. Earth work:
This is a general term denoting all works related to excavation, fill and removal of soil. The
works mostly encountered in many sites are listed below.
a. Site excavation:
This is the removal of the top 20-30cm layer of the soil in order to avoid organic materials
from the site. It is same times known as to soil clearance.
Unit: m2
Rules:
i. Give one meter clearance around the perimeter of the building from the last edge of the
foundation.
ii. Trees with diameter greater than 80 mm are counted in number; while those with diameter
less than 80 mm are include in the area of the clearance.
iii. If termite hills are available at the site, they should be measured in volume.
iv. The removal of other existing structures in measurement lump sum.
Examples are to be shown in the class
b. Bulk excavation:
This excavation is made for either of the following purposes;
i. When the soil at the site is of inferior quality, it should be removed and replaced by
another superior quality (selected material) soil. To do so, the original soil is
removed by bulk excavation, which covers the entire area of the foundation.
ii. When the type of foundation is mat, than due to its nature, the entire area of the
foundation is excavated by bulk excavation.
iii. When the level of the ground is to be reduced by some amount for the foundation,
bulk excavation is carried.
Typically the depth of this excavation is les than the length and the width.
Unit: m3
Rules:
i. For mat foundation, you can give ample working space as much as 50 cm.
Examples are to be shown in the class
c. Pit excavation:
This is a type of excavation made for isolated and combined footings. The depth of pits is
greater than the length and the width.
Unit: m3
Rules:

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 i. The pit is assumed to have a size equal to the size of the footing pad. No working space is
assumed for the purpose of quantity surveying. But in the real work practice 25cm working
space is taken around the edge of the pad.
ii. For pits having different depth wise grouping is necessary. The usual grouping is done in
1. Pits n/e 1.5m
2. Pits n/e 2.5m
3. Pits n/e 3.5m
iii. It is also wise to categorize the pits according to the type of the soil as
1. Ordinary soil
2. Soft soil
3. Hard rock, weathered rock or soft rock
Examples are to be shown in the class
d. Trench excavation:
This excavation is made for masonry in the foundation.
Unit: m3
Rules:
i. The width of the trench is taken to be equal to the width of the foundation wall.
ii. In the real work practice a working space of 25cm is taken at the edge of the masonry.
Examples are to be shown in the class
e. Back filling or selected fill:
This is referring to the volume of earth filled in extra excavated spaces in the foundation.
Usually such fills are made in layers not exceeding 20cm in the spaces around the footing
column, and under the hard core where grade reduction is made by using bulk excavation.
 Back filling: refers to the volume of fill made by taking the fill material from the
already excavated material at site.
 Selected excavated material: refers the same type of soil stated above.
 Selected borrowed fill: refers to the volume of soil satisfying the fill quality
requirement imported from outside the site.
Unit: m3
Rules:
i. The volume of the fill is calculated equal to the volume of voids to be filled.
Examples are to be shown in the class
f. Cart away:
This is referring to the disposal of surplus excavated material away from the site after all
earth-related works are completed.
Unit: m3
Rules:
i. The total volume of soil is calculated by summing the volume of all soils excavated.
ii. The area of site excavated is converted to volume by multiplying the area of the
excavation by the depth, which is taking to be 25cm.
Examples are to be shown in the class
g. Hard core:
Hard core is a 25 cm (no always) layer of stone crushed and leveled under the ground floor
slab to give uniform support for the slab. The area the hard core is assumed to include the
blinder discharged on top of it.
Unit: m2
Rules:
i. If the thickness of the hard core is greater than 30cm, the unit of measurement will be in cubic
meters by taking the product of the area and the thickness of the hard core.
Examples are to be shown in the class

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 [Link]. Concrete work:
This is the general item consisting of all concrete works in the foundation of the building. The
works included are listed below.
a. Lean concrete:
Lean concrete is a tine layer of poor class concrete discharged under footing pads and stone
foundation walls to level the ground for the structural member to rest the ground. Same time’s lean
concrete may be discharged on hard core before the ground floor slab is casted.
Unit: m2
Rules:
 The area of the lean concrete under footing pads is taken to be equal to the area of the footing
pad with no projections.
 For lean concrete under masonries, the same principle is followed.
 Where 5cm projections are given beyond the edges of the footing pad, the area can be
calculated as per the drawing.
Examples are to be shown in the class
b. Footing
The word “footing” rafter to the volume of concrete in the footing pad and in the column
below the gad beam. Therefore during estimation of the concrete for footing, separate
calculation is carried for the pad and the column, and finally summed up. Isolating footings,
combined footings, mats, stepped or sloped footings are all lying in this category.
Unit: m3
Rules:
 The dimensions of every footing must be taken from the structural drawings.
 The volumes are referring to the hardened volume of concrete in the footing.
Examples are to be shown in the class
C. Grad beam:
Grade beams are those beams located at the ground floor slab level. Generally for concrete
volume calculation, it is only the structural drawing which must be consulted for dimensions of
all members. The same applies for grade beam. The length of grade beam is taken by summing
the center distances given on the drawing. The width and depth of the grade beam is give on
sections. Using these three dimensions. The volume of concrete for the grade beam is
calculated and multiplied by the number of grade beams running over a number of axes with the
same size.
There are of course some discrepancies at the intersection and beams; however a rough
approximation is something we can’t avoid here.
Unit: m3
Examples are to be shown in the class
d. Ground floor slab
This is the concrete slab casted at the ground floor level. The dimensions of the slab are
usually given on the structural drawing of the slab, and these dimensions are used to calculate
the quantity of concrete for the slab.
Unit: m3
Rules:
 Sometimes the unit may be square meter when the thickness of the slab is specified.
Examples are to be shown in the class
[Link]. Masonry work
This is referring to the stone masonry foundation construction under grade beams. The unit of
measurement for masonry works in the foundation is usually cubic meter.
Rules:
 Separate estimation is made for masonry constructed above and below the ground level.

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  Due care is take to account for the difference in height of the masonry.
Examples are to be shown in the class
[Link]. Miscellaneous works
In this category are those items of works that have not been included in any of the above
mentioned categories. Such works include:
a. Damp proofing work
b. Termite treatment on ground
The unit of measurement is usually square meter. But sometimes when the case urges, we can
adopt other applicable units.
Examples are to be shown in the class
2.1.2. Works in superstructure
Superstructure is part of the building which is location above the substructure. The demarcation
line for superstructure is the ground floor slab, which is port of the substructure.
As stated in the previous class, all buildings are not the same, and they do not have the same
works in either the substructure or the superstructure part. However, some works have been
repeatedly encountered as superstructure works for which I have explained the methods of
measurement as here under.
[Link]. Concrete work
1. Columns:
The unit of measurement for columns is always cubic meter. The structural drawing is consulted for
the dimension of the column, and once the volume is calculated, it can be multiplied by the number of
identical columns in the building. Separate estimation can be carried for columns on different floors. But
it is a must to separately estimate columns that are made by concrete of different classes. This is to
mean that you cannot sum up the volumes of two columns made by C-25 and C-30 concretes. Never
refer to the architectural drawing for the sizes of columns.
2. Beams:
As we have done for grade beams, we take the length of one beam as the sum of the center to
center distance of columns given on the structure drawing. The total length is then multiplied by the
width and the depth of the beam to find its volume. Beams having the same size may be calculated at
once. One can take the total volume of beams in one floor as a separate item from the same volume of
concrete for beams on another floor separate estimation can be made for:
2.1. Floor beams
2.2. Tie beams
2.3. Lintel beam
In most cases structural drawings are not provided for lintel beams. In such cases the total length
of the lintel is taking as having 10cm bearing on either sides of the opening; and the width is taken as
equal to the width of the wall. The thickness of the lintel is taken equal to the bearing length.
3. Slab:
The unit of measurement of slabs is cubic meter except for ribbed slabs. To find the volume of
the slab, the length, width and thickness of the slab can be taken from the structure lay out of the slab.
Where you have problems in finding the exact area of the slab due to dimension problems, you can
take approximate values by employing your own scale from the drawings. If you have access to the
CAD file of the project, if will be simple to measure areas of irregular objects there. Separate estimation
can be made for floor slabs and roof slabs. Due deductions are made for stair hall piercing slab panel.
4. Stair case:
Stair cases can be of different types. The most popular type of stair case is the dog legged stair
case the volume of correct for stair case is calculated by separately treating the parts of the stair case
as steps, slab and landing. The volume of concrete for the steps is calculated by taking one of the
steps and multiplying by the number of steps in the whole flight. The same is done for the slab and the
landing of the stair case.

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 5. Shear wall:
- Shear wall is a wall made by concrete
- This wall is needed for lift stacks, parapets, load bearing walls, damp proofing curtains in
foundations etc.
- The unit of measurement is square meter or cubic meter depending on the thickness.
- The length of the wall is first developed, and multiplied by the thickness and the height.
- In case of lift stacks, deductions are made for doors.
6. Others:
In this category are those elements of the building that are made by concrete.
- It may include horizontal and vertical sun breakers, mullions and other decorative parts.
- The unit of measurement depending on the size of the member and its application.
Examples are to be shown in the class
[Link]. Masonry work
This is a general term for all walls made by using masonry unite such as bricks, concrete blocks
and brick units.
1. Concrete block masonry:
In this category are all concrete block masonries.
- The unit of measurement for all of them is square meter.
- Estimation is separately made for 10cm, 15cm and 20cm thick concrete blocks.
- Estimation is separately made for hollow concrete blocks (HCB) and solid concrete
blocks (SCB).
- Estimation may separately made for concrete blocks at different floors.
- Estimation is separately made for concrete blocks with different classes (A, B, C, or D).
- Doors and windows are deducted from the masonry.
- Sometimes the area of occupied by lintel beams can be deducted.
2. Brick masonry:
In this category are all brick masonries of different types are included.
- The unit of measurement is square meter.
- The area occupied by lintel beams can be deducted.
- Estimation is separately made for brick wall of different thickness (12cn, 25cm, and 37cm).
- Estimation is separately made for brick wall of different bonds (Flemish, English, etc...)
- Estimation may separately made for bricks walls on different floors.
- Estimation is separately made for brick walls of different class (A, B, C, and D).
3. Stone masonry:
In this category are all those masonries made by stone. Stone masonry can be of rubble
masonry or ashlars masonry.
- The unit of measurement for stone masonry is usually cubic meter.
- But if the thickness is very small, and if the masonry is ashlars facing, then the unit can be
square meter.
- Estimation may separately made for stone works of different patterns and types.
4. Others:
Hydra forms and other ready-made masonry unit are considered here. The unit of measurement is
square meter, unless specified by other publications.
Examples are to be shown in the class
[Link]. Roof work:
This category consists of all roofs covering materials.
- The unit of measurement is always square meter.
- Estimation is separately made for different roof covering materials.
- The horizontal projection of roof can be taken; but the actual area of the roof is
calculated by taking the hypotenuse as the actual length of the roof.

PREPARED BY KIDUS ABEGAZ & MESFIN KEBEDE

 - At this stage, it is the area of the roof cover that is calculated; it is not the number of the
roofing material or anything else sought. The roofing be of corrugated iron sheet (CIS) or
EGA sheet or tiles or other materials.
Examples are to be shown in the class
[Link]. Finishing works
1. Plastering:
Plastering is the application of a very thin of mortar on to walls to make them smooth for
painting.
- The unit of measurement is square meter.
- The area the wall is calculated by taking the length and the height of the wall from the
floor plan and the section respectively. In the absence of a section, the elevation may be
consulted.
- Door and window jambs are very difficult to account for, but if you can consider, you will
have a more accurate value.
- Sometimes plastering works at edge of columns and walls are measured in meter. This is
the trend at the work site, but the normal expectation is to use the square meter.
- Estimation is separately made for plastering with different thickness (12mm, 15mm,
20mm, 25mm) and with different mortar type (cement mortar, lime mortar).
- Estimation is made separately for plastering on walls and ceiling.
2. Rendering:
Rendering is the same with plastering except that the final finish is a rough one. The unit of
measurement for rendering is also the same with that of plastering. Sometimes peoples are confused
whether they have to make estimation for the plastering behind the rendering. But it is not necessary to
estimate for the plastering behind the rendering because the rendering is normally completed with the
plastering behind.
3. Pointing:
Pointing is seating the vertical and horizontal joints of the masonry with cement mortar to prevent
the entrance of moisture. The unit of measurement is square meter.
4. Painting:
Painting is the application of different types of points on wall and ceiling surface for the purposes
of aesthetic and decoration.
- In the estimation process it is only the area of the painting that is measured. We don’t pay
any attention for the type of the paint unless we are dealing with the specification of the
paint.
- Usually the area of the painting is taken to be equal to the area of plastering and rendering.
- Small recesses and projections may not be considered as they have a very small quantity.
5. Floor finishing:
This is referring to the material used for the finishing of the floor slabs in building.
- The unit of measurement is always square meter.
- Estimation is separately carried for different types of floor finishing material; such as:
terrazzo tiles, ceramic tiles, PVC tiles, marble tiles, ceramic tiles parquets and others.
- In bath rooms and toilets where we have shower trays, the area of the shower tray is
deducted.
- Sometimes additional estimation is carried for floor finishes under doors.
Examples are to be shown in the class
[Link]. Metal work
1. Doors and windows:
In this category are door and window frames made by using different types of steel profiles.
- The unit of measurement is piece.

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 - The doors and windows made by steel profiles are counted in number, and proper
specification is given in the bill of quantities later.
Examples are to be shown in the class
[Link]. Carpentry and joinery
1. Truss works:
In this category are all truss works made by timber or wood.
- The unit of measurement is always meter.
- The length of each member of the truss is calculated by taking center lengths.
- Usually the members considered are: horizontal members, rafters, posts and purlins.
2. Openings:
In this category are all doors and windows made by timber or wood.
- The unit of measurement is always piece.
- Doors and windows with the same size and make up are counted together.
[Link]. Structural steel work:
1. Truss works:
This category is consisting of all truss and other member works by the use of structural steel
section such as C-channels, U-channels, I sections, L sections RHS, CHS, SHS sections.
- The unit of measurement for these sections is meter length.
- The length is taken from the structural drawing.
- When you need to change the length to KG, you can use the conversion tables for different
types of steel sections.
[Link]. Skirting:
Skirting is provided at the junction of walls and floors in the interior of the building (room).
- The unit of measurement is always meter.
- The total length of the skirting is calculated by taking the internal perimeter of the room.
- Doors are deducted from the gross perimeter.
[Link]. Ceiling:
This usually found at the upper most floor of a multi story building below the roof.
- The unit of measurement is square meter.
- Usually the area of floor finish for that specific floor is taken assuming that the ceiling is the
reflection of the floor.
[Link]. Window sill:
Window sill is provided at the bottom edge of windows.
- The unit of measurement is meter.
- Usually the area of floor finish for that specific floor is taken assuming that the ceiling the
reflection of the floor.
[Link]. Gutter:
The gutter is usually provided along the overhanging edge of the roof to collect rain water from
the roof and discharge it to the down pipes.
- The unit of measurement is meter.
- The length of the gutter is taken from the roof plan.
[Link]. Down pipe:
Down pipes are given to take the rain water down to the ground.
- The unit of measurement is meter.
- No special calculation is necessary. You can take the the vertical height of the building from
the gutter to the ground.
[Link]. Coping (ridge cover):
Ridge cover is provided in gable roofs at the junction of the two oppositely roof covers.
- The unit of measurement is meter.
- The length is taken from the roof plan.

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 [Link]. Eave board:
Eave boards are located behind gutters.
- The unit of measurement is meter.
- The length of the eave board is equal to the length of the gutter.
[Link]. Site works
1. Fence work:
Fence works are composed of
a. Earth work
b. Concrete work
c. Masonry work
d. Finishing work
The measurements are as shown in the previous discussions.
2. Pavement works:
Pavement works are usually measured by using the area of the pavement on the ground. They can
be made of stone or precast concrete tiles.
3. Damp proofing work:
Damp proofs are applied either in the form of paints or in the form of membranes to protect walls,
roofs and floors from dampness.
- The unit of measurement is square meter.
- The area of the damp proofing paint or membrane is measured by taking the dimensions
form the floor plans, elevations and other important drawings.
Examples are to be shown in the class
[Link]. Estimating the quantities of form work
A. Form work
Form work is temporary support for fresh concrete. It also serves as a mould to give the required
shape and size for the fresh concrete. There are different types of form work. The most popular types
are steel form work and timber form work.
The unit of measurement for form work is square meter. It is only the contact area between the
concrete and the form work that is taken as the area of the form work. Other supporting members such
as collars. Yokes and struts are taken as part of the sheeting calculated before.
Though the method of estimation is the same, the following illustration explains how the quantity of
form work for different RC members is calculated.

1. Footing
1.1. Square footing:
The area of the form work for square footing is calculated by taking the external perimeter of the
footing pad and multiplying by the depth the pad. For a square pad of size 2.3m, for instance, the total
length of the form work will be 4 x 2.3m which is equal to 9.2meter. if for instance the depth of the
footing pad is 35 cm, then the area of the form work for this pad will be the product of the length and the
depth which will become 9.2m x 0.35 m=3.22m2.
1.2. Circular footing:
The method is the same. The length of the form work is calculated by taking the external perimeter
of the pad. If for instance the radius of the footing is 2 meter, the length of the form work will be 2ΠR.
Which is equal to 2 x 3.14 x2m = 12.56m. This length of the pad is then multiplied by the depth of the
pad. If the depth is 45cm, then the area will be 12.56m x 0.45m = 5.65m2.
Note: The areas of from work for footings include the area of the form work for the pad and the
column below the grade beam.
2. Column:

PREPARED BY KIDUS ABEGAZ & MESFIN KEBEDE

 2.1. Square column:
The length of the form wok is calculated by taking the external perimeter of the column as we have
done for footings. Then this length is multiplied by the height of the column. Dimensions are necessarily
taken from the structural drawing.
2.2. Rectangular column:
The same steps are repeated again.
2.3. Circular column:
The same steps we used for the circular footing are used again.
2.4. Polygonal column:
The length of the form work is calculated by taking the perimeter of the polygon by applying
appropriate rules. The other steps area the same with the previous ones.
3. Slab:
The area of form work for slabs is normally taken in two types. The soffit and the side forms. The
area of the soffit is calculated by taking the product of the length and the width of the slab panel.
3.1. Circular slab panels:
For circular slab panels the area is calculated by taking the area of the circle as 𝛑r2. For circulars
that are incompletes, other formulas will be given in class.
4. Stair case:
The area of form work for stair case is calculated separately for each part of the form work as
shown below.
4.1. Soffit:
This is the bottom form work for the slab (the flight). The length of the flight is calculated by taking
the hypotenuse of the right angle triangle formed by the thread and the riser of the stair. Then the area
is calculated as the product of the length and the width of the flight.
4.2. Stringer:
This is the side form to the flight fixed at the waist part of the stair case. The length of the stringer
is equal to the length of the flight calculated before. The height of the board Is taken as the sum of the
riser and the thickness of the slab (the flight). The area of the stringer is then calculated by the product
of the length and the height of the stringer.
4.3. Riser form:
This the board provided to shape the risers of the stair case. The length of this form is equal to
the width of the flight, and the height of the board is equal to the riser height. Then the area of the riser
form will be the produced of the length and the height.
4.4. Landing form:
This composed of the soffit and side forms of the landing. They are calculated as shown in slab.
5. Beam:
The form work for beam is composed of the soffit and the side form. The soffit of the beam is
taken as the clear span of the beam; whereas the side length of the beam for exterior sides is the
overall length of the beam. For interior cases, the clear span of the beam also serves as the length of
the internal side of the form. As we have been doing for concrete works, the dimensions of the beam
are taken from the structural drawing of the beam.
Cases for circular beams will be considered in class.
6. Shear wall:
Shear wall is entirely made by taking the surfaces of the wall as the area of the form work.
Note:
1. The estimation for form work is separately carried for the substructure and the
superstructure of the building.
2. It is only the contact area between the concrete and the form work that is taken for
calculation.
3. The support members are not considered here.

PREPARED BY KIDUS ABEGAZ & MESFIN KEBEDE

 4. A separate take off sheet is better used for estimation of form work.
[Link]. Estimating the quantities of reinforcement
1. Reinforcement:
Due to the poor tensile strength of concrete, reinforcing bars are provided for RC sections with
different diameter and number. The objective of this chapter is to let you know the principles behind
estimating the quantities of reinforcement in any RC section by using a standard table called the bar
schedule.
2. Bar schedule:
The bar schedule is a table used to take the dimensions and quantities of reinforcing bars form the
structural drawing, and produced the total amount of the bars needed. Different types of bar schedule
have been in use by different offices. The one which is very popular in many offices is discussed below.

6 Total length for different diameter of bars

1 2 3 4 5 ⌽6mm ⌽8mm ⌽10mm ⌽12mm ⌽14mm ⌽16mm

Total length (m) 7 7 7 7 7 7

Unit weight (kg/m) 8 8 8 8 8 8
Total weight (kg) 9 9 9 9 9 9

1. The bar mark column:-

In this column the bar mark (if available) is written. It is only used to distinguish among the bars. If it
is not given on the structural drawing; you don’t have to write it.
2. The shape of bending column:-
In this column the shape of the bar is sketched with the dimensions written in cm. it is used to show
the bar bender how the bar is bent and hooked.
3. The length column:-
In this column the length of one bar is written in meter. The length of bar is obtained from the
structural drawing.
4. The number of bars column:-
In this column, the number of bars in one member (column, beam, slab, stair case etc) is written in
full numbers. The numbers are given on the structural drawing.
5. The number of member column:-
In this column the number of the members (columns, beams, slabs etc) is written. If you have for
example 5 footings containing the bar, than in the number of member’s column, you write 5.
6. The total length column:-
In this column the total length of the bar is written in meter as product of the individual length, the
number and the number of members. This refers to the total length required to produce all the required
bars. To use the table effectively, the total length is inserted corresponding to the diameter of the bars
as shown in the table.
7. The cells labeled “7”:-
In the cells labeled “7”, the sum of all total lengths above are summed down to find the total length
of the same diameter bars required for the project.
8. The cells labeled “8”:-
In the cells labeled “8”, the weight of the bar is written in kg per one meter length. This is the
property of the bar which greatly depends on the diameter of the bar. The weight of a one meter long
bar in kilo gram is given by the following formula.
W = 0.00617 d2
In the above formula. W refers to the weight of the bar in kg per one meter length. And D refers to
the diameter of the bar in mm. there are a number of formulas available, but the out put of all those

PREPARED BY KIDUS ABEGAZ & MESFIN KEBEDE

formulas is the same as the one shown above. The following table shows the weight for each bar
diameter.

Bar diameter Formula Unit weight

6mm 0.00617 (6)2 0.222
8mm 0.00617 (8)2 0.395
10mm 0.00617 (10)2 0.617
12mm 0.00617 (12)2 0.888
14mm 0.00617 (10)2 1.209
16mm 0.00617 (16)2 1.580
20mm 0.00617 (20)2 2.468
9. The cells labeled “9”:-
In this cell, the total length of the bars s converted to its equivalent weight as the product of the total
length written in cell 7 and the unit weight in cell 8. This will give us the total weight in kg for the specific
diameter of the bar.
Note: The above table is the most popular bar schedule in almost all engineering offices. But the table
has its own defects in considering the wastage of bars properly. It just assumes the total length of the
bar, for instance 800meter, will be obtained at market, and will be used to cut all bars needed with the
required length. But this not true. The bars are obtained in the market with length of 12m (one “berga”).
If you have bar of 4m length, you can successfully get 3 bars from the berga. But if your bar 3.5 meter
long, then the berga will only give you 3 bars having a length of 3.5m, and the remaining will be having
a length of 1.5meter. As the per the above table, this 1.5 long bar is considered to be useful for the
3.5m long bar after it is reunited with another bar take from another berga. But this is not also true. That
is why we need to devise to devise another method by which we can control the leftovers effectively.
The following table shows how those bars are accounted for; the table has the following columns.
1. Bar mark: definition is as before the (see above definition).
2. Diameter: write the diameter of the bar in mm.
3. Shape of bending: Definition is as before the (see above definition).
4. Length: Definition is as before the (see above definition).
5. Number of bars: Definition is as before the (see above definition).
6. Number of members: Definition is as before the (see above definition).
7. Total number of bars: The product of column “5 and column 6”is written.
8. Number of bars obtained from one berga:
In this column, the number of bars that we can obtain from one berga is written. If for example the
length of the bar you need is 3m. The number of 3m bars obtained from one berga is 12m/3m = 4pc.
If the number is not a full number, it should be trunced not rounded. Trouncing means leaving the
numbers after the decimal point whether they are greater than 5 or not. If you need a bar of 4.2 meter
length, then the number of such bars you obtain from one berga is only 12/4.2 = 2 after trouncing.
Excel provides excellent features in this regard.
9. Number of bergas required to produce the bars:
In this column, the number of full bars (bergas) need to produce all the above bars is written. This
is done by dividing the total number of the bars in column “7” to the number of bars obtained in from
one berga in column “8”. If for example, you need 325 bars with length of 4.2m, than in column “8”
you have 2 bars obtained from one berga. If one berga gives you two bars, then how many bergas
will give 345 bars. This is obtained by dividing 345 by 2, which provides 175.5. but after rounding it
will be [Link] you have to round to the next integer whether the number after the decimal point is
greater or less than 5. On excel sheets the function “ROUNDUP” is used with the significant digits as
0.
10. Total length required:

PREPARED BY KIDUS ABEGAZ & MESFIN KEBEDE

 To find the total length required you need to multiply the number of the bergas by 12m, which is the
length of one berga.
11. Unit weight of the bar:
The unit weight of the bar is calculated by using the same formula I give you before.
12. Total weight required:
The total weight of the will be calculated as the product of the total length and the unit weight.
13. Leftovers:
This is referring to the length of bar which is remaining after the required bar have been cut from
the berga. These bars may not be a waste; but rather they can be used for other works if the bar
diameter is the same. The leftovers are calculated by the following steps.
- When you divide 12m by the length of the bar you have obtained a number that is not
trunced.
- Subtract the trunced number in column “8” from the untrunced one here.
- Multiply this number by the length of the bar in column “4”.
- This will give you the length of the bar that remains from one berga.
14. Assigned to:
In this column you can write the position where this left over bar can be used in the structure. For
example, if you have 1.32m bar left over, and if you get another bar 1.2m needed, than you can assign
the lift over to be used in placed of the 1.2m bar.
15. Remark:
You can write anything you want like the position of the bar, the name of member or something
that best explains the work.
Illustrative examples are to be given in class
A sample will be given for your reference.
Bar schedule
Part of the building - substructure
Member - footing
Column 2
Column 1

Column 3

Column 4

Column 10

Column 11

Column 12

Column 13

Column 14

Column 15
Column 5

Column 6

Column 7

Column 8

Column 9

No. of [Link] Total remark

Total length of
Total number of

bars bergas weight

Unit weight

assigned to

obtained
Number of

Number of

Left over’s

require
Left overs
members

bars
diameter
Bar mark

member

from one
Shape of to
Length

berga
bars

bars

bending produce
the bars
A 12 3.45 19 6 114 3 38 456 0.888 405.147 1.65
B 16 2.44 54 14 756 4 189 2268 1.580 3582.351 2.24
C 20 1.86 69 5 345 6 58 696 2.468 1717.728 0.84
20 1.23 10 12 120 9 14 168 2.468 414.624 0.93
12 2.34 10 12 120 5 24 288 0.888 255.882 0.3
12 3.56 10 12 120 3 40 480 0.888 426.470 1.32

PREPARED BY KIDUS ABEGAZ & MESFIN KEBEDE

 24 7.89 10 12 120 1 120 1440 3.554 5117.645 4.11
24 9.03 10 12 120 1 120 1440 3.554 5117.645 2.97
32 2.54 10 12 120 4 30 360 6.318 2274.509 1.84
12 5.67 10 12 120 2 60 720 0.888 639.706 0.66
12 5.67 10 12 120 2 60 720 0.888 639.706 0.66
10 5.67 10 12 120 2 60 720 0617 444..240 0.66
8 5.67 10 12 120 2 60 720 0.395 284.314 0.66
24 5.67 10 12 120 2 60 720 3.554 2558.822 0.66
10 5.67 10 12 120 2 60 720 0.617 444.240 0.66
16 11 10 12 120 1 120 1440 1.580 2274.509 1
16 2.33 10 12 120 5 24 288 1.580 454.902 0.35
20 5.44 10 12 120 2 60 720 2.468 1776.960 1.12
Total

6.2. Preparing bill of quantities

After the take off sheet is prepared, the next step is to produce the specification (bill of quantities)
of the work.
Specifications are detailed description of works for which the quantities have been calculated in
the take off sheet. Specifications define the scope of the work and the method of construction, therefore
prospective bidders during bidding will have the necessary data to make their offer reasonable, an offer
which is neither too cheap nor too expensive.
Once the specifications are well written for all works, then these specifications are inserted in to a
standard table called “the bill of quantities or the abstract form” a sample of the table is given below.

No. Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

1. No.
Serial numbers are written corresponding to each item.
2. Description
The specifications for each item of work are written here.
3. Unit
The unit of measurement is written.
4. quantity

PREPARED BY KIDUS ABEGAZ & MESFIN KEBEDE

 The quantity of the work is written by taking from the take off sheet.
5. Rate
This is filled by the bidders. The unit price for the work is written in birr.
6. Amount
This is also filled by the bidder. The amount is normally the product of the unit price and the quantity
of the work.
Note:
At the end of every category, such as earth work or concrete work, a row is left for “total carried
to summary”, in which the sum of the amounts for that category is written.

Example of bill of quantities

SPECIFICATION AND BILL OF QUANTITIES

FOR

W/RO SELAMAWIT MULATU

G+1 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT @ "YEKA SUB CITY"

GRAND SUMMARY

1 G+1 MAIN BLDG Birr 954,026.68

PREPARED BY KIDUS ABEGAZ & MESFIN KEBEDE

 Total Birr 954,026.68

Summary
A. Sub structure

1. Excavation and earthwork Eth. Birr 19,242.96

2. Concrete work Eth. Birr 113,885.24

3. Stone masonry work Eth. Birr 20,900.00

Total of A Eth. Birr 154,028.19

B. Super Structure

1. Concrete work Eth. Birr 358,385.01

2. Block work Eth. Birr 91,981.22

3. Roofing Eth. Birr 22,550.00

4. Carpentry & Aluminum work Eth. Birr 35,028.54

5. Plastering & other finishing work Eth. Birr 91,674.11

6. Glazing Eth. Birr 6,120.00

7. Painting Eth. Birr 11,172.35

8. Sanitary installation Eth. Birr 42,540.00

9. Electrical installation Eth. Birr 16,109.00

* Eth. Birr 675,560.23

Total of A +B Eth. Birr 829,588.42

PREPARED BY KIDUS ABEGAZ & MESFIN KEBEDE

15% VAT Eth. Birr 124,438.26

Grand total Eth. Birr 954,026.68

Item Description Unit Qty Rate Amount

A. Sub Structure
1. Excavation and earth work
1.1
Site clearing to remove top vegetable soil up
to 200mm below the natural ground level. m2 134.38 3.00 403.13

1.2 Bulk excavation in ordinary soil to a depth

not exceeding 600mm from natural m3 80.63 25.00 2,015.66

1.3 Trench excavation in ordinary soil for masonry

foundation wall to a depth not exceeding 100cm
from bulk excavation level. m3 42.34 25.00 1,058.58

1.4 Excavate for isolated footing in ordinary soil

to a depth not exceeding 1500mm starting
from stripped ground level. m3 71.43 25.00 1,785.75

1.5 Ditto over 1500mm but not exceeding

2500mm m3 23.81 30.00 714.30
1.6
Back fill under floor slab with selected and non
expansive granular material bought from outside
and well ram in layers not exceeding 200mm thick
by sprinkling water using 16 ton roller until
attaining 95% proctor density. m3 18.56 55.00 1,020.63

1.7 Ditto but pit foundation m3 102.29 55.00 5,625.84

1.8 Cart away and spread surplus excavated

material to a distance not loss than 1km m3 124.24 28.00 3,478.72

1.9 Hard basaltic or equivalent stone hard core

well rolled consolidated and blinded with crushed
stone to a finished thickness of 250mm thick. m3 69.79 45.00 3,140.34

Total carried to summary 19,242.96

2 2. Concrete work

PREPARED BY KIDUS ABEGAZ & MESFIN KEBEDE

2.1 50mm thick lean concrete class C-5 with
minimum cement content of 150kg/m 3 under.

a) Masonry foundations. m2 30.25 85.00 2,570.83

b) Grade beams. m2 24.20 85.00 2,056.66

c) Footing pad m2 25.10 85.00 2,133.08

Reinforced concrete class C-25 with

minimum cement content of 360kg/m3 filled
into form work and vibrated around steel
reinforcement. steel reinforcements and
form works measured separately.

a) 10cm thick ground floor slab m2 31.40 250.00 7,851.10

b) Grade beams. m3 6.05 2,300.00 13,912.70

c) Footing pad m3 9.08 2,300.00 20,894.12

d) Footing column m3 1.79 2,300.00 4,111.25

Provide cut and fix in position sawn zigab

wood form work to

a) Grade beams. m2 48.39 85.00 4,113.32

b) Footing pad m2 26.60 85.00 2,261.17

c) Footing column m2 28.60 85.00 2,431.00

Steel reinforcement according to structural

drawings price shall include cutting, bending,
placing in position and tying wire.

2.5 Diameter 8mm deformed bar Kg 369.66 30.00 11,089.82

2.6 Diameter 12mm deformed bar Kg 97.75 30.00 2,932.53

2.7 Diameter 14mm deformed bar Kg 1,106.30 30.00 33,188.95

PREPARED BY KIDUS ABEGAZ & MESFIN KEBEDE

2.7 Diameter 16mm deformed bar Kg 144.62 30.00 4,338.71

2.7 Diameter 20mm deformed bar Kg 0.00 30.00 0.00

Total carried to summary 113,885.24

3 3. Masonry Work

3.1 Construct 500mm wide stone masonry m3 22.00 950.00 20,900.00

using cement mortar mix ratio 1:3 below
NGL to a depth of 150cm.

Total carried to summary 20,900.00

B. Super Structure

1. Concrete work

1.01 Reinforced concrete in class C-25 with

minimum cement content of 360kg/m3 filled
in to form work and vibrated around steel
reinforcement steel and form work measured
separately.
a) In elevation columns m3 4.17 2,300.00 9,586.69

b) In suspended beam and top tie beam m3 9.68 2,300.00 22,260.32

c) Stair case and stair case beam and landing m3 3.48 2,300.00 8,013.29

d) In 150mm thick suspended slab m3 69.79 2,300.00 160,506.42

e) In parapet m3 1.58 2,300.00 3,634.00

1.02 Provide cut and fix in position sawn zigaba

wood form work to:

a) In elevation columns m2 66.69 85.00 5,668.65

b) In suspended beam and top tie beam m2 145.18 85.00 12,339.96

c) Stair case and stair case beam and landing m2 14.41 85.00 1,224.53

PREPARED BY KIDUS ABEGAZ & MESFIN KEBEDE

 d) In 150mm thick suspended slab m2 69.79 85.00 5,931.76

e) In parapet m2 15.75 85.00 1,338.75

1.03 Steel reinforcement according to structural

drawings price shall include cutting, bending,
placing in position and tying wire.

Diameter 8mm deformed bar. Kg 989.75 30.00 29,692.55

Diameter 10mm deformed bar. Kg 553.00 30.00 16,590.00

Diameter 12mm deformed bar. Kg 527.00 30.00 15,810.00

Diameter 14mm deformed bar. Kg 1,867.98 30.00 56,039.36

Diameter 16mm deformed bar. Kg 324.96 30.00 9,748.73

Diameter 20mm deformed bar. Kg 0.00 30.00 0.00

Total carried to summary 358,385.01

2. Block Works (class B)

2.1 200mm thick HCB wall bedded on cement

mortar mix (1:3) m2 189.36 290.00 54,914.40

2.2 150mm thick HCB wall bedded on cement

mortar mix (1:3) m2 110.71 290.00 32,105.09

2.2 100mm thick HCB wall bedded on cement

mortar mix (1:3) m2 19.08 260.00 4,961.74

Total carried to summary 91,981.22

3. Roofing

3.1 Harvey roof tile cover including 7 x 5cm zigba

purlin and roof ridge cover fixed to timber
purlin with tying wires overlaps as specified
by the manufacturer, roof cover measured in

PREPARED BY KIDUS ABEGAZ & MESFIN KEBEDE

 horizontal projection. m2 82.00 275.00 22,550.00

Total carried to summary 22,550.00

4 4. Carpentry & Aluminum work

4.1 Supply and fix all structural member well

seasoned, straight and free of any harmful
defects. Each truss joint shall be connected
with band iron and truss shall firmly anchored
to concrete top tie beam with dia 6mm plain
bars.

a) Dia 12cm eucalyptus to upper and

lower chord. ml 240.60 15.00 3,609.00

b) 5 x 7cm zigba purlins. ml 81.00 25.00 2,025.00

4.2 Supply and fix 8mm Gypsum board ceiling

fixed to 4 x 5cm zigba buttons fixed at 40cm c/c
Price shall include decorative gypsum
corner list. m2 42.91 120.00 5,149.44

4.3 Supply and fix 2.5cm x 25cm kerero facial

board price including three coats of synthetic
paint. ml 0.00 25.00 0.00

As specified and shown on drawing. Door

set with anodized aluminum door & window ,
frame,
cover fillets and stops, iron mongrel and
shall be cylindrical. All workmanship and
material shall be approved by the engineer on
the submission of the samples.
Doors

4.4 Type D1 size 1250 x 2400 Pcs 3.00 1,350.00 4,050.00

Type D2 size 800 x 2100 Pcs 3.00 756.00 2,268.00
Type D3 size 900 x 2100 Pcs 5.00 850.50 4,252.50

Windows

PREPARED BY KIDUS ABEGAZ & MESFIN KEBEDE

4.6 Type W1 size2600x2400 Pcs 2.00 2,808.00 5,616.00
Type W2 size 700x1100 Pcs 2.00 346.50 693.00
Type W3 size1700x1600 Pcs 2.00 1,224.00 2,448.00
Type W4 size 640x1100 Pcs 2.00 316.80 633.60
Type W5 size 800x1100 Pcs 1.00 396.00 396.00
Type W6 size 1500x1600 Pcs 3.00 1,080.00 3,240.00
Type W7 size 900x1600 Pcs 1.00 648.00 648.00

Total carried to summary 35,028.54

5. Plastering and other finishing

Finishing works shall include all surface pre-

cleaning preparation, application of finishing,
polishing and cleaning at the end of the
finishing works.

5.1 Apply three coats of plastering to internal wall

surfaces columns, beams and parapet in
cement mortar mix (1:3) up to fine and
smooth finish. m2 638.30 55.00 35,106.59

5.2 Apply three coats of plastering to external

rendered wall surfaces columns, beams
and in cement mortar mix (1:3) up to fine
and smooth finish. m2 99.86 55.00 5,492.52

5.3 2mm thick wooden parka onto 48mm

thick smooth finshined (cement sand screed
measured separately) with approved
adhesive. m2 71.00 200.00 14,200.00

5.4
Non slippery glazed ceramic tile floor m2 28.00 150.00 4,200.00

5.5 150x150x6mm white glazed ceramic wall tile. m2 21.00 150.00 3,150.00

5.6 300x300x2mm PVC floor tile m2 29.00 150.00 4,350.00

5.7 Marble tile m2 26.50 950.00 25,175.00

Total carried to summary 91,674.11

PREPARED BY KIDUS ABEGAZ & MESFIN KEBEDE

6 6. Glazing

Ordinary type clear sheet glass glazed to

metal beads and putty.

6.1 4mm thick clear glass m2 51.00 120.00 6,120.00

Total carried to summary 6,120.00

7 7. Painting
Apply by brush three coats of approved type
plastic emulsion paint to:-

7.1 Plastered internal wall surfaces m2 638.30 15.00 9,574.52

7.2 Ditto item no 8.1 but to external wall

column, beam and parapet. m2 99.86 16.00 1,597.82

Total carried to summary 11,172.35

9. SANITARY INSTALLATION
INTERIOR INSTALLATION
Supply & install galvanized steel pipes for
cold & hot water distribution to all sanitary
fixtures according to the drawing shown
complete with necessary connecting pieces
such as bends, unions, etc. unit price shall
include all necessary assistance to the
installation works such as chiseling of walls,
slabs, beams, floors, etc. and closing then
with concrete or cement mortar to normal
condition. The installation shall be tasted at
a pressure of10kg/cm2 at the expense of the
contractor.
9.1 Dia. 15mm ml 36.00 45.00 1620.00
Dia. 20mm ml 27.00 55.00 1485.00
9.2 Supply and fix bronze gate valves of approved
standards complete with unions, elastic
water proofing and hand wheels of best quality
Dia. 15mm No 9.00 40.00 360.00
Dia. 20mm No 7.00 55.00 385.00
Dia. 25mm No 5.00 60.00 300.00
9.3 Supply and fix best quality UVM 'Armitage
Shanks' hand wash basins made of whites

PREPARED BY KIDUS ABEGAZ & MESFIN KEBEDE

 vitreous equipped with concealed bracket
made of gray malleable cast iron white
painted complete with plug chains and traps
500 x 450mm No 4.00 600.00 2400.00

9.4 Supply and fix best quality Italy made wash

down water closet UVM 'Armitage Shanks'
made of white vitreous china with plastic
seat and covet including low flush cistern and
stop cock on the water supply line, complete
with all accessories. No 4.00 2500.00 10000.00

9.5 Floor drain made of enameled cast iron,

complete with all accessories. No 4.00 85.00 340.00

9.60 Supply and install solid waste and vent pipe in

horizontal branches and vertical stacks made of
rigid plastic pipes(PVC) of approved standard
including all necessary fittings such as bends,Y,T
,clean outs, increasing and reducing pieces with
tight joints as shown on the drawing. All horizontal
branch pipes shall be laid in a slope of 2%.The
unit price shall include all the necessary masonry
assistance such as chiseling. of walls, slabs, beams
floors, etc…and closing them with concrete or.
cement mortar.
Ø 50mm ml 36.00 95.00 3420.00
Ø110mm ml 18.00 120.00 2160.00
9.70 Supply and install vent caps made of rigid
PVC to be connected to the roof terminal of
vent pipe.
Ø50mm N0 2 35.00 70.00

9.80 Supply & fix 70x70 shower try with all necessary

accessories N0 1 1,000.00 1000.00

9.90 Ditto but double size Jacuzzis with all the

necessary accessories N0 1 18,000.00 18000.00

9.10 Ditto but 70x180 cm bath tub N0 1 1,000.00 1000.00

Total carried to summary 42,540.00

PREPARED BY KIDUS ABEGAZ & MESFIN KEBEDE

 10. Electrical Installation

10.1 POWER INTAKE (PORVISIONAL QTY)

Manhole made of brick walls internally

plastered including reinforced concerted cover

with lifting lug and of size 600x600x700mm No 1.00 1,000.00 1,000.00

10.2 POWER CABLES

Power cables type Siemens NYY 600 1000v
or equivalent in plastic pipes:-

a) (4x6 +(1x4) sq mm in 25mm diameter pipe

from ELPA to MDB Ml 30.00 15.00 450.00

b) (3x4) +(1x4) sq mm in 16mm diameter pipe

from MDB to SDB Ml 63.00 15.00 945.00

10.3 DISTRIBUTION BOARDS

Distribution panel boards flush mounted
distribution panel with lockable door separate
earth and neutral bars (terminals) ample
reserve spaces. Complete with all necessary
connection and fixing accessories.

a) MDB- and consisting

3pc [Link] 3p
1pc [Link] 3p

9pc [Link] 1p No 1.00 1,000.00 1,000.00

b) SDB- 1F- and consisting

1pc [Link] 3p

4pc [Link] 1p No 1.00 500.00 500.00

c) SDB- 2F- and consisting

1pc [Link] 3p
3pc [Link] 1p

2pc [Link] 1p No 1.00 500.00 500.00

PREPARED BY KIDUS ABEGAZ & MESFIN KEBEDE

10.4 LIGHT POINT AND SWITCHES
a) Light point fed through insulated copper
conductor of 2x2.5sq mm in PVC conduit of
16mm diameter including boxes with covers

insulated accessories. No 19.00 185.00 3,515.00

b) Extra-over light point for flush mounted

switches ( legrand )

Two way switch No 6.00 40.00 240.00

Single switch No 9.00 40.00 360.00

Double pole switch No 4.80 50.00 240.00

10.5 FLUSH MOUNTED SOCKET OUTLETS
WITH GROUND (EARTH)TERMINAL

a) Flush mounted socket out let with earning

contract fed through conductor of 3x2.5mm
in Condit of mim dia 16mm including junction

boxes with cover and insulated caps etc. Pcs 16.20 195.00 3,159.00

-
LIGHING FITTINGS AND LAMPS NOTE:-
Lighting fitting selection by the client an
average unit price is considered for cost
estimation

A Single florescent lamp No 9.60 100.00 960.00

B RZB lamp No 21.60 150.00 3,240.00

Total carried to summary 16,109.00

CHAPTER SEVEN
Check, estimate and correct quantities
7.1 Checking Erroneous data and size of parameters
7.2 Making corrections and adjustment
7.3 Compiling Bill of quantities
7.4 Calculating material requirements

PREPARED BY KIDUS ABEGAZ & MESFIN KEBEDE

7.5 Estimating quantities
7.6 Calculating, confirming and recording material quantities
7.7 Confirming and recording/documenting results

PREPARED BY KIDUS ABEGAZ & MESFIN KEBEDE