1.
Introduction
Matter-changes
Matter:
Matter has anything that occupies space and has mass. Matter includes things
we can see and touch (such as water, earth, and trees), as well as things we
cannot see (such as air). Thus, everything in the universe has a "chemical"
connection.
Chemists distinguish among several subcategories of matter based on
composition and properties. The classification of matter includes substances,
mixtures, elements and compounds.
Matter
Substances and Mixtures:
A substance is a form of matter that has a definite (constant) composition and
distinct properties. Ex: water and ammonia.
Substances differ from one another in composition and can be identified by
their appearance, smell, taste, and other properties.
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the substances
retain their distinct identities.
Ex: Air, soft drinks, milk and cement.
Mixtures do not have constant composition. Mixtures are either homogeneous
or heterogeneous.
Ex: i) Sugar dissolves in water is a homogeneous mixture in which the
composition of the mixture is the same throughout.
ii) Sand is mixed with iron filings, however, the sand grains and the iron
filings remain separate. This type of mixture is called a heterogeneous mixture
because the composition is not uniform.
Any mixture, whether homogeneous or heterogeneous, can be created and
then separated by physical means into pure components without changing the
identities of the components. Thus, sugar can be recovered from a water
solution by heating the solution and evaporating it to dryness. Condensing the
vapor will give us back the water component. To separate the iron-sand
mixture, we can use a magnet to remove the iron filings from the sand,
because sand is not attracted by the magnet. After separation, the components
of the mixture will have the same composition and properties as they do to
start with.
States of Matter
All substances exist mainly in three states: solid, liquid and gas.
Ex: H2O exists as ice (solid); water (liquid); water vapour (gas).
Fig: Arrangement of particles in solid, liquid and gaseous state
Gases differ from liquids and solids in the distances between the molecules. In
a solid, molecules are held close together in an orderly fashion with little
freedom of motion. Molecules in a liquid are close together but are not held so
rigidly in position and can move past one another. In a gas, the molecules are
separated by distances that are large compared with the size of the molecules.
The three states of matter can be interconvert without changing the
composition of the substance. The phenomenon of change of matter from one
state to another state and back to original state, by altering the conditions of
temperature and pressure etc.. is called inter conversion of matter.
The various state of matter can be interchanged into one another by altering
the conditions of a) temperature b) pressure.
Inter conversion of a solid into liquid:
The solids can be converted to liquids by heating them. Similarly, the liquids
can be cooled to form solids.
The process due to which a solid changes into liquid state by absorbing heat
energy is called melting or fusion. The constant temperature at which a solid
changes to liquid state by absorbing heat is known as melting point.
The process due to which a liquid changes to solid state by giving out heat
energy is called freezing or solidification. The constant temperature at which
liquid changes to solid by giving out heat is called freezing point.
The numerical value of melting point and freezing point is same. For example,
if melt1ing point of ice is 00 c, then freezing point of water is 00 c.
Inter conversion of liquid into gaseous state:
Liquids can be converted to gases by heating them. Similarly gases can be
converted to liquid by cooling them. The process due to which a liquid
changes into gaseous state by absorbing heat energy is called boiling or
vaporization, the constant temperature at the process is known as boiling
point. The liquids can slowly change to gaseous form (vapour) at a
temperature below its boiling point is known as evaporation. The process due
to which a gas changes to liquid state by giving out heat energy is called
condensation or liquefaction, the constant temperature at the process is
known as condensation point.
Direct conversion of solid into gaseous state is known as sublimation.
Fig: Inter conversion of states of matter
We note that the properties of water are unique among common substances in
that the molecules in the liquid state are more closely packed than those in the
solid state.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
Substances are identified by their properties as well as by their composition.
Physical Property: The property, which is measured and observed without
changing the composition or identity of a substance.
Ex: Color, melting point, and boiling point etc.
We can measure the melting point of ice by heating a block of ice and
recording the temperature at which the ice is converted to property.
Chemical Property: Its potential to undergo some chemical change or reaction
by virtue of its composition.
Ex: Hydrogen gas burns in oxygen gas to form water. This is a chemical
property of hydrogen, because to observe this property we must carry out a
chemical change, in this case burning.
2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 H2O (l)
After the change, the original chemical substance, the hydrogen gas, will have
vanished. All that will be left is a different chemical substance - water. We
cannot recover the hydrogen from the water by means of a physical change,
such as boiling or freezing.
All measurable properties of matter fall into one of two additional categories:
extensive properties and intensive properties.
Extensive property: The measured value of an extensive property depends on
how much matter is being considered.
Ex: Mass.
Two copper pennies will have a combined mass that is the sum of the masses
of each penny.
The value of an extensive quantity depends on the amount of matter.
Intensive property: The measured value of an intensive property does not
depend on how much matter is being considered.
Ex: Density.
Suppose that we have two beakers of water at the same temperature. If we
combine them to make a single quantity of water in a larger beaker, the
temperature of the larger quantity of water will be the same as it was in two
separate beakers.
Units and Inter Conversions
a) 1 Kilogram (Kg) - 1000 gr
b) 1 gram – 1000 mg
c) 1 Liter – 1000 mL
d) 1 atmosphere – 1.01325 bar
e) 1 atmosphere – 101325 Pa
f) 0o C – 273.15 K
g) 1 Joule – 107 ergs
h) 1 Calorie – 4.184 Joule
i) 1 L atm – 24.2 Cal
j) 1 L atm – 101.3 J