2026 LET REVIEWER

NEW CURRICULUM
SPECIALIZATION- TLE Industrial Arts

SUBJECT: Basic Electronics

Note: Composed of 4 sets, 50 items each (Total of 200 items Q&As with
rationalizations)

SET A

1. Which of the following best explains the function of a diode in an

electronic circuit?
A. To amplify signals
B. To allow current to flow in one direction only
C. To store electrical energy
D. To convert AC to DC
2. In a transistor, what is the primary role of the base terminal?
A. To supply power to the circuit
B. To provide resistance
C. To act as a heat sink
D. To control the flow of current between collector and emitter
3. When designing a voltage divider circuit, which of the following
factors must be considered to ensure accurate output voltage?
A. The power rating of resistors only
B. The tolerance and temperature coefficient of resistors
C. The color of the resistors
D. The length of the wires
4. What is the main advantage of using a MOSFET over a bipolar junction
transistor (BJT) in switching applications?
A. Higher input impedance and faster switching speed
B. Lower cost and simpler construction
C. Higher power dissipation
D. Lower voltage rating
5. Which of the following is the correct interpretation of the color
code on a resistor with bands: Red, Violet, Yellow, Gold?
A. 27 kΩ ±5%
B. 2.7 kΩ ±10%
C. 270 kΩ ±5%
D. 27 Ω ±5%
6. In an RC circuit, what happens to the time constant if the resistance
is doubled while capacitance remains constant?
A. It halves
B. It doubles
C. It remains the same
D. It becomes zero
7. Which device is used to convert analog signals into digital signals?
A. DAC
B. Transformer
C. Op-amp
D. ADC
8. What is the primary purpose of a fuse in an electronic circuit?
A. To regulate voltage
B. To protect the circuit from overcurrent
C. To amplify current
D. To store energy
9. In a common-emitter amplifier, what is the phase difference between
the input and output signals?
A. 0 degrees
B. 90 degrees
 C. 180 degrees
D. 270 degrees
10. Which of the following best describes the function of a Zener
diode?
A. To allow current flow only in forward bias
B. To regulate voltage by operating in reverse breakdown region
C. To amplify signals
D. To convert AC to DC
11. When measuring the resistance of a resistor using a multimeter,
which of the following precautions should be observed?
A. The resistor must be connected in the circuit
B. The resistor must be disconnected from the circuit
C. The multimeter should be set to voltage mode
D. The resistor should be heated
12. What is the effect of increasing the frequency of an AC signal
on the capacitive reactance in a circuit?
A. Capacitive reactance increases
B. Capacitive reactance decreases
C. Capacitive reactance remains constant
D. Capacitive reactance becomes infinite
13. In a full-wave rectifier circuit, what is the frequency of the
output ripple compared to the input AC frequency?
A. Half the input frequency
B. Equal to the input frequency
C. Twice the input frequency
D. Four times the input frequency
14. Which of the following components is essential for tuning a
radio receiver to a specific frequency?
A. Transformer
B. Variable capacitor
C. Diode
D. Resistor
15. What is the main reason for using a heat sink in power
electronic devices?
A. To increase electrical resistance
B. To dissipate heat and prevent device damage
C. To store electrical energy
D. To amplify signals
16. In digital electronics, what logic gate outputs a HIGH signal
only when all inputs are LOW?
A. AND
B. OR
C. NAND
D. NOR
17. Which of the following best explains the principle of operation
of a transformer?
A. Conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy
B. Induction of voltage by changing magnetic flux
C. Amplification of current
D. Storage of electrical charge
18. What is the primary characteristic of an ideal operational
amplifier?
A. Infinite input impedance and zero output impedance
B. Zero input impedance and infinite output impedance
C. Infinite gain and zero bandwidth
D. Zero gain and infinite bandwidth
19. In a series circuit with three resistors, if one resistor is
removed, what happens to the total resistance?
A. It increases
B. It decreases
 C. It remains the same
D. It becomes zero
20. Which of the following is a common application of a photodiode?
A. Light detection and measurement
B. Voltage regulation
C. Signal amplification
D. Frequency modulation
21. What is the main difference between AC and DC motors in terms
of construction?
A. AC motors have brushes; DC motors do not
B. DC motors have brushes; AC motors generally do not
C. Both have brushes
D. Neither has brushes
22. In a logic circuit, what is the output of an XOR gate when both
inputs are HIGH?
A. HIGH
B. Depends on the circuit
C. Undefined
D. LOW
23. Which of the following best describes the function of a
capacitor in a power supply circuit?
A. To block DC and pass AC
B. To smooth out voltage fluctuations
C. To increase current
D. To convert AC to DC
24. What is the unit of inductance?
A. Farad
B. Henry
C. Ohm
D. Tesla
25. In troubleshooting an electronic circuit, which instrument is
most suitable for observing waveform shapes?
A. Multimeter
B. Voltmeter
C. Oscilloscope
D. Ammeter
26. Which semiconductor material is most commonly used in the
manufacture of diodes and transistors?
A. Germanium
B. Gallium Arsenide
C. Silicon
D. Copper
27. What is the effect of temperature on the resistance of a
typical metallic conductor?
A. Resistance decreases with temperature
B. Resistance increases with temperature
C. Resistance remains constant
D. Resistance becomes zero
28. In a transistor amplifier, what is the purpose of biasing?
A. To turn off the transistor
B. To reduce gain
C. To increase power consumption
D. To set the transistor’s operating point for linear amplification
29. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a digital
signal?
A. Discrete levels
B. Noise immunity
C. Binary representation
D. Continuous variation
30. What is the main function of a relay in an electronic circuit?
A. To amplify signals
 B. To switch circuits electrically isolated from the control signal
C. To store energy
D. To regulate voltage
31. In a Wheatstone bridge, what condition must be met for the
bridge to be balanced?
A. The voltage across the bridge is maximum
B. The voltage across the bridge is zero
C. The current through the bridge is maximum
D. The current through the bridge is zero
32. Which of the following best describes the operation of a SCR
(Silicon Controlled Rectifier)?
A. It acts as a switch controlled by gate current
B. It amplifies signals linearly
C. It stores charge
D. It converts AC to DC without control
33. What is the main advantage of using surface-mount devices (SMD)
over through-hole components?
A. Easier manual soldering
B. Smaller size and higher component density
C. Higher power rating
D. Lower cost
34. In an LED, what determines the color of the emitted light?
A. The current flowing through the LED
B. The semiconductor material and its bandgap energy
C. The size of the LED
D. The voltage applied
35. Which of the following is a characteristic of a logic NOR gate?
A. Output is HIGH only when all inputs are LOW
B. Output is HIGH when any input is HIGH
C. Output is LOW only when all inputs are LOW
D. Output is HIGH when all inputs are HIGH
36. What is the primary purpose of a voltage regulator IC in a
power supply?
A. To increase voltage
B. To maintain a constant output voltage despite input or load
variations
C. To convert AC to DC
D. To amplify signals
37. In an RC differentiator circuit, what is the output voltage
proportional to?
A. The integral of the input voltage
B. The derivative of the input voltage
C. The input voltage itself
D. The square of the input voltage
38. Which of the following is true about the frequency response of
an ideal op-amp?
A. Gain increases with frequency
B. Gain remains constant at all frequencies
C. Gain decreases with frequency
D. Gain is zero at all frequencies
39. What is the main function of a crystal oscillator in electronic
circuits?
A. To amplify signals
B. To store energy
C. To convert AC to DC
D. To provide a stable frequency reference
40. In a transistor, what happens when the base-emitter junction is
forward biased and the collector-base junction is reverse biased?
A. The transistor is in cutoff region
B. The transistor is in active region
 C. The transistor is in saturation region
D. The transistor is damaged
41. Which of the following best describes the function of a Schmitt
trigger?
A. To amplify analog signals
B. To convert a noisy input signal into a clean digital output
C. To store charge
D. To regulate voltage
42. What is the main difference between a PNP and an NPN
transistor?
A. The direction of current flow and type of charge carriers
B. The number of terminals
C. The physical size
D. The power rating
43. In a digital counter circuit, what is the significance of the
clock input?
A. It resets the counter
B. It provides timing pulses to increment the count
C. It stores the count value
D. It powers the circuit
44. Which of the following is a passive electronic component?
A. Transistor
B. Diode
C. Resistor
D. Integrated circuit
45. What is the main purpose of a bypass capacitor in an amplifier
circuit?
A. To block DC signals
B. To stabilize the power supply by filtering noise
C. To increase gain
D. To convert AC to DC
46. In a logic circuit, what is the output of a NAND gate when all
inputs are HIGH?
A. HIGH
B. LOW
C. Undefined
D. Depends on the number of inputs
47. Which of the following best explains the term "hysteresis" in
electronic circuits?
A. The delay in response to input changes
B. The frequency response
C. The amplification factor
D. The difference in output for increasing and decreasing input
signals
48. What is the main advantage of using a microcontroller in
industrial electronics?
A. It can perform multiple control tasks with programmable logic
B. It consumes more power
C. It is more expensive than discrete components
D. It cannot be reprogrammed
49. In a power supply circuit, what is the role of a smoothing
capacitor?
A. To convert AC to DC
B. To reduce the ripple voltage in the output
C. To increase voltage
D. To regulate current
50. Which of the following best describes the function of a voltage
comparator?
A. To compare two voltages and output a digital signal indicating
which is higher
B. To amplify small signals
 C. To store voltage levels
D. To convert AC to DC

Answer Keys and Rationalizations

1. B – Diodes allow current to flow in one direction only, acting as a
one-way valve.
2. D – The base controls the current flow between collector and emitter
in a transistor.
3. B – Tolerance and temperature coefficient affect the accuracy of the
voltage divider output.
4. A – MOSFETs have higher input impedance and faster switching speeds
than BJTs.
5. A – Red (2), Violet (7), Yellow (x10^4), Gold (±5%) = 270,000 Ω or 27
kΩ ±5%.
6. B – Time constant τ=RC, doubling R doubles τ.
7. D – ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) converts analog signals to
digital.
8. B – Fuses protect circuits by breaking the circuit during
overcurrent.
9. C – Common-emitter amplifiers invert the signal, causing 180° phase
shift.
10. B – Zener diodes regulate voltage by operating in reverse
breakdown.
11. B – Resistors must be disconnected to avoid parallel paths
affecting measurement.
12. B – Capacitive reactance XC=12πfC decreases as frequency
increases.
13. C – Full-wave rectifier output ripple frequency is twice the
input AC frequency.
14. B – Variable capacitors tune the resonant frequency in radio
receivers.
15. B – Heat sinks dissipate heat to prevent damage to power
devices.
16. D – NOR gate outputs HIGH only when all inputs are LOW.
17. B – Transformers operate on electromagnetic induction by
changing magnetic flux.
18. A – Ideal op-amps have infinite input impedance and zero output
impedance.
19. B – Removing a resistor in series decreases total resistance.
20. A – Photodiodes detect and measure light intensity.
21. B – DC motors have brushes; AC motors generally do not.
22. D – XOR outputs LOW when both inputs are the same (both HIGH).
23. B – Capacitors smooth voltage fluctuations in power supplies.
24. B – Inductance is measured in Henry (H).
25. C – Oscilloscopes display waveform shapes.
26. C – Silicon is the most common semiconductor material.
27. B – Resistance of metals increases with temperature.
28. D – Biasing sets the transistor’s operating point for linear
operation.
29. D – Digital signals have discrete levels, not continuous
variation.
30. B – Relays switch circuits electrically isolated from control
signals.
31. B – Balanced Wheatstone bridge has zero voltage across the
bridge.
32. A – SCRs act as switches controlled by gate current.
33. B – SMDs are smaller and allow higher component density.
34. B – LED color depends on semiconductor material bandgap energy.
35. A – NOR gate outputs HIGH only when all inputs are LOW.
36. B – Voltage regulators maintain constant output voltage despite
variations.
 37. B – RC differentiators output voltage proportional to the
derivative of input.
38. C – Op-amp gain decreases with increasing frequency.
39. D– Crystal oscillators provide stable frequency references.
40. B – Forward base-emitter and reverse collector-base bias puts
transistor in active region.
41. B – Schmitt triggers clean noisy signals into stable digital
outputs.
42. A – PNP and NPN differ in current direction and charge
carriers.
43. B – Clock input provides timing pulses to increment digital
counters.
44. C – Resistors are passive components; transistors and diodes
are active.
45. B – Bypass capacitors filter noise from power supplies.
46. B – NAND gate outputs LOW only when all inputs are HIGH.
47. D – Hysteresis is the difference in output for increasing vs
decreasing inputs.
48. A – Microcontrollers perform multiple programmable control
tasks.
49. B – Smoothing capacitors reduce ripple voltage in power
supplies.
50. A – Voltage comparators output digital signals indicating which
input is higher.

SET B
1. In a transistor amplifier, what effect does increasing the collector
resistor have on the voltage gain?
A. Decreases gain
B. Increases gain
C. No effect
D. Causes distortion
2. Which of the following best explains the role of a bypass capacitor
connected in parallel with the emitter resistor in a transistor
amplifier?
A. To increase input impedance
B. To stabilize the DC operating point
C. To increase AC gain by reducing emitter degeneration
D. To filter power supply noise
3. What is the primary reason for using a Darlington transistor
configuration?
A. To increase voltage rating
B. To improve frequency response
C. To reduce power consumption
D. To increase current gain significantly
4. In a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), what is the significance of
resolution?
A. The maximum output voltage
B. The smallest change in analog output corresponding to a one-bit
change in digital input
C. The speed of conversion
D. The number of input bits
5. Which of the following best describes the function of a Schottky
diode in high-speed switching circuits?
A. High forward voltage drop
B. Low forward voltage drop and fast recovery time
C. High reverse leakage current
D. Acts as a voltage regulator
6. When analyzing a transistor in cutoff region, which of the following
is true?
A. Both junctions are forward biased
 B. Both junctions are reverse biased
C. Base-emitter junction is forward biased, collector-base is reverse
biased
D. Base-emitter junction is reverse biased
7. In a logic circuit, what is the output of a NAND gate when one input
is LOW and the other is HIGH?
A. LOW
B. HIGH
C. Undefined
D. Depends on the number of inputs
8. What is the main advantage of using a synchronous counter over an
asynchronous counter?
A. Simpler design
B. Requires fewer flip-flops
C. Lower power consumption
D. Faster operation due to simultaneous clocking
9. Which of the following best explains the operation of a voltage
regulator using a Zener diode?
A. The Zener diode conducts only in forward bias to regulate voltage
B. The Zener diode maintains a constant voltage by operating in
reverse breakdown region
C. The Zener diode amplifies voltage fluctuations
D. The Zener diode stores charge to smooth voltage
10. In an RC low-pass filter, what happens to the cutoff frequency
if the capacitance is decreased?
A. Cutoff frequency increases
B. Cutoff frequency decreases
C. Cutoff frequency remains the same
D. Filter becomes a high-pass filter
11. Which of the following is a key characteristic of a CMOS logic
gate compared to TTL?
A. Higher power consumption
B. Lower noise immunity
C. Higher input impedance and lower power consumption
D. Slower switching speed
12. What is the primary function of a snubber circuit in power
electronics?
A. To increase voltage
B. To protect switching devices from voltage spikes
C. To amplify current
D. To convert AC to DC
13. In a transistor amplifier, what is the effect of thermal
runaway?
A. Stable operation
B. Decreased gain
C. Increasing current leading to device failure
D. Reduced power consumption
14. Which of the following best describes the operation of a
phototransistor compared to a photodiode?
A. Phototransistors have higher sensitivity and gain
B. Photodiodes have gain, phototransistors do not
C. Both have the same sensitivity
D. Phototransistors are slower than photodiodes
15. What is the main purpose of a pull-up resistor in digital
circuits?
A. To limit current
B. To ensure a defined logic level when the switch is open
C. To increase voltage
D. To filter noise
16. In a BJT transistor, what happens to the collector current if
the base current is doubled, assuming the transistor is in active
 region?
A. Collector current remains the same
B. Collector current doubles
C. Collector current halves
D. Collector current increases proportionally to current gain (β)
times base current
17. Which of the following best explains the function of a voltage
follower (buffer) using an operational amplifier?
A. To amplify voltage
B. To provide high input impedance and low output impedance without
voltage gain
C. To invert the input signal
D. To act as a comparator
18. What is the main difference between a half-wave and a full-wave
rectifier in terms of output?
A. Half-wave rectifier uses both halves of AC input; full-wave uses
one half
B. Full-wave rectifier uses both halves of AC input; half-wave uses
one half
C. Both produce the same output frequency
D. Half-wave rectifier produces smoother DC output
19. In a transistor, what is the Early effect?
A. Variation of collector current with collector-base voltage due to
base width modulation
B. Increase in gain at high temperatures
C. Delay in switching time
D. Breakdown of the transistor
20. Which of the following best describes the function of a flip-
flop in digital electronics?
A. To amplify signals
B. To store one bit of data
C. To convert analog to digital signals
D. To generate clock pulses
21. What is the effect of increasing the load resistance on the
output voltage of a voltage divider?
A. Output voltage increases
B. Output voltage decreases
C. Output voltage remains constant
D. Output voltage becomes zero
22. Which of the following is true about the frequency response of
a band-pass filter?
A. It passes frequencies below a certain cutoff
B. It passes frequencies above a certain cutoff
C. It passes frequencies within a certain range and attenuates others
D. It blocks all frequencies
23. In an NPN transistor, what is the polarity of the voltage
between the base and emitter for normal operation?
A. Base negative relative to emitter
B. Base positive relative to emitter
C. Base and emitter at same potential
D. Emitter positive relative to base
24. What is the main purpose of a decoupling capacitor in digital
circuits?
A. To store energy for long periods
B. To filter out voltage spikes and noise from the power supply
C. To increase voltage
D. To act as a timing element
25. Which of the following best describes the operation of a JFET
(Junction Field Effect Transistor)?
A. Current controlled device
B. Device with low input impedance
 C. Bipolar device
D. Voltage controlled device with high input impedance
26. In a logic circuit, what is the output of an AND gate when all
inputs are HIGH except one which is LOW?
A. HIGH
B. LOW
C. Undefined
D. Depends on the number of inputs
27. What is the main advantage of using a regulated power supply
over an unregulated one?
A. Lower cost
B. Provides constant output voltage despite input or load changes
C. Higher ripple voltage
D. Simpler design
28. Which of the following best explains the function of a
thermistor in an electronic circuit?
A. To act as a temperature-dependent resistor
B. To amplify signals
C. To store charge
D. To convert AC to DC
29. What is the primary reason for using a heat sink with a power
transistor?
A. To increase electrical resistance
B. To dissipate heat and prevent thermal damage
C. To increase gain
D. To reduce voltage
30. In a digital logic circuit, what is the function of a
multiplexer?
A. To select one input from many and forward it to the output
B. To amplify signals
C. To store data
D. To generate clock pulses
31. Which of the following best describes the operation of a
capacitor in an AC circuit?
A. It blocks AC signals
B. It passes AC signals and blocks DC signals
C. It stores DC voltage
D. It converts AC to DC
32. What is the main difference between a P-channel and an N-
channel MOSFET?
A. Type of charge carriers and polarity of voltages required for
operation
B. Number of terminals
C. Physical size
D. Power rating
33. In a transistor amplifier, what is the effect of increasing the
emitter resistor without bypass capacitor?
A. Increases gain
B. Decreases gain due to negative feedback
C. No effect
D. Causes distortion
34. Which of the following best describes the function of a crystal
in an oscillator circuit?
A. To amplify signals
B. To provide a precise and stable frequency reference
C. To convert AC to DC
D. To store energy
35. What is the main purpose of a voltage clamp circuit?
A. To limit the voltage to a certain level
B. To amplify voltage
 C. To convert AC to DC
D. To store charge
36. In a transistor, what is the significance of the current gain
(β)?
A. Ratio of collector current to base current
B. Ratio of base current to collector current
C. Ratio of emitter current to collector current
D. Ratio of collector current to emitter current
37. Which of the following best explains the function of a
comparator circuit?
A. To amplify small signals
B. To compare two voltages and output a digital signal indicating
which is higher
C. To store voltage levels
D. To convert AC to DC
38. What is the effect of increasing the capacitance in an RC high-
pass filter?
A. Cutoff frequency increases
B. Filter becomes a low-pass filter
C. Cutoff frequency decreases
D. No effect
39. Which of the following is true about the operation of a relay
coil?
A. It converts electrical energy into mechanical motion to open or
close contacts
B. It amplifies signals
C. It stores electrical energy
D. It regulates voltage
40. In a transistor, what happens when both the base-emitter and
collector-base junctions are forward biased?
A. Transistor is in cutoff region
B. Transistor is in saturation region
C. Transistor is in active region
D. Transistor is damaged
41. Which of the following best describes the function of a voltage
regulator IC like the 7805?
A. To provide a fixed 5V output voltage
B. To amplify signals
C. To convert AC to DC
D. To store energy
42. What is the main advantage of using a microcontroller in
industrial automation?
A. Fixed function control
B. Programmable control with multiple input/output capabilities
C. Higher power consumption
D. Limited flexibility
43. Which of the following best describes the operation of a logic
inverter (NOT gate)?
A. Outputs HIGH when input is HIGH
B. Outputs LOW regardless of input
C. Outputs HIGH regardless of input
D. Outputs LOW when input is HIGH
44. What is the primary function of a fuse in an electronic
circuit?
A. To regulate voltage
B. To protect the circuit by breaking the connection during
overcurrent
C. To amplify current
D. To store energy
45. In a transistor amplifier, what is the effect of increasing the
supply voltage?
 A. Increases maximum output swing and power
B. Decreases gain
C. Causes distortion
D. No effect
46. Which of the following best describes the function of a logic
latch?
A. To store a bit of data until changed by input signals
B. To amplify signals
C. To convert analog to digital
D. To generate clock pulses
47. What is the main purpose of a voltage divider bias in a
transistor amplifier?
A. To provide stable operating point independent of transistor beta
variations
B. To increase gain
C. To reduce power consumption
D. To filter noise
48. Which of the following best describes the operation of a step-
up transformer?
A. Increases voltage and decreases current
B. Decreases voltage and increases current
C. Increases both voltage and current
D. Decreases both voltage and current
49. What is the effect of increasing the frequency of an input
signal on the inductive reactance in an RL circuit?
A. Inductive reactance decreases
B. Inductive reactance increases
C. Inductive reactance remains constant
D. Inductive reactance becomes zero
50. Which of the following best describes the function of a Schmitt
trigger in digital circuits?
A. To provide hysteresis and clean noisy input signals
B. To amplify analog signals
C. To store charge
D. To regulate voltage

Answer Keys and Rationalizations

1. B – Increasing collector resistor increases voltage gain by
increasing voltage drop across it.
2. C – Bypass capacitor reduces AC feedback through emitter resistor,
increasing AC gain.
3. D – Darlington pairs provide very high current gain by cascading two
transistors.
4. B – Resolution defines smallest analog output change per digital
input bit.
5. B – Schottky diodes have low forward voltage and fast switching,
ideal for high-speed circuits.
6. B – In cutoff, both junctions are reverse biased, transistor is off.
7. B – NAND gate outputs HIGH unless all inputs are HIGH.
8. D – Synchronous counters clock all flip-flops simultaneously,
reducing delay.
9. B – Zener diode regulates voltage by maintaining constant voltage in
reverse breakdown.
10. A – Decreasing capacitance increases cutoff frequency fc=12πRC.
11. C – CMOS gates have high input impedance and low power
consumption.
12. B – Snubber circuits protect switches from voltage spikes
during switching.
13. C – Thermal runaway causes increasing current and potential
device failure.
14. A – Phototransistors provide gain and higher sensitivity than
photodiodes.
15. B – Pull-up resistors ensure defined logic HIGH when input is
open.
16. D – Collector current IC=βIB, doubling base current doubles
collector current proportionally.
17. B – Voltage follower buffers signal with unity gain, high input
impedance, low output impedance.
18. B – Full-wave rectifiers use both halves of AC input, producing
higher frequency output.
19. A – Early effect is base width modulation causing collector
current variation with voltage.
20. B – Flip-flops store one bit of data, fundamental memory
elements.
21. B – Increasing load resistance lowers output voltage due to
loading effect.
22. C – Band-pass filters pass frequencies within a specific range.
23. B – Base must be positive relative to emitter for forward bias
in NPN transistor.
24. B – Decoupling capacitors filter noise and voltage spikes from
power supply.
25. D – JFETs are voltage-controlled devices with high input
impedance.
26. B – AND gate outputs LOW if any input is LOW.
27. B – Regulated supplies maintain constant voltage despite
variations.
28. A – Thermistors change resistance with temperature, used for
sensing or protection.
29. B – Heat sinks dissipate heat to prevent transistor damage.
30. A – Multiplexers select one input from many to output.
31. B – Capacitors pass AC signals and block DC in circuits.
32. A – P-channel and N-channel MOSFETs differ in charge carriers
and voltage polarity.
33. B – Increasing emitter resistor without bypass reduces gain due
to negative feedback.
34. B – Crystals provide precise frequency reference in
oscillators.
35. A – Voltage clamps limit voltage to prevent damage.
36. A – Current gain β is ratio of collector current to base
current.
37. B – Comparators output digital signal indicating which input
voltage is higher.
38. C – Increasing capacitance lowers cutoff frequency in high-pass
filters.
39. A – Relay coils convert electrical energy to mechanical motion
to switch contacts.
40. B – Both junctions forward biased puts transistor in
saturation.
41. A – 7805 IC provides fixed 5V regulated output.
42. B – Microcontrollers offer programmable control with multiple
I/O.
43. D – Inverters output LOW when input is HIGH.
44. B – Fuses protect circuits by breaking connection during
overcurrent.
45. A – Increasing supply voltage increases output swing and power
capability.
46. A – Latches store data until changed by inputs.
47. A – Voltage divider bias stabilizes operating point against β
variations.
48. A – Step-up transformers increase voltage and decrease current.
49. B – Inductive reactance XL=2πfL increases with frequency.
 50. A – Schmitt triggers provide hysteresis to clean noisy signals.

SET C
1. In a transistor amplifier, what is the effect of increasing the
collector supply voltage beyond the recommended limit?
A. Increased gain without risk
B. Possible transistor breakdown due to excessive voltage
C. Decreased power dissipation
D. Improved linearity
2. Which of the following best explains the role of a coupling capacitor
in an amplifier circuit?
A. To block DC and allow AC signals to pass between stages
B. To store energy for power supply
C. To increase gain
D. To filter noise
3. What is the primary reason for using a push-pull amplifier
configuration?
A. To reduce power output
B. To increase input impedance
C. To simplify circuit design
D. To reduce distortion and improve efficiency
4. In a digital circuit, what is the significance of setup time for a
flip-flop?
A. Minimum time data must be stable before the clock edge
B. Time taken for output to change after clock edge
C. Time data is held after clock edge
D. Time for clock pulse duration
5. Which of the following best describes the function of a Hall effect
sensor?
A. Measures temperature
B. Detects magnetic fields and converts them to voltage
C. Measures light intensity
D. Acts as a voltage regulator
6. When designing a transistor biasing circuit, why is it important to
consider the transistor’s beta (β) variation?
A. To ensure consistent operating point despite gain variations
B. To maximize power consumption
C. To reduce input impedance
D. To increase frequency response
7. What is the main advantage of using a synchronous rectifier over a
diode rectifier in power supplies?
A. Lower conduction losses and higher efficiency
B. Simpler design
C. Higher voltage drop
D. Increased ripple voltage
8. In an RC phase shift oscillator, what determines the frequency of
oscillation?
A. The load resistance
B. The supply voltage
C. The transistor gain
D. The values of resistors and capacitors in the feedback network
9. Which of the following best explains the operation of a
photoconductive cell (LDR)?
A. Resistance decreases with increasing light intensity
B. Resistance increases with increasing light intensity
C. Converts light to voltage directly
D. Emits light when current passes
10. What is the effect of temperature on the leakage current of a
semiconductor diode?
A. Leakage current decreases with temperature
B. Leakage current increases with temperature
 C. Leakage current remains constant
D. Leakage current becomes zero
11. In a digital logic circuit, what is the output of a XNOR gate
when both inputs are different?
A. HIGH
B. LOW
C. Undefined
D. Depends on the number of inputs
12. Which of the following best describes the function of a voltage
regulator using an integrated circuit (IC)?
A. To maintain a constant output voltage regardless of input voltage
or load changes
B. To amplify input voltage
C. To convert AC to DC
D. To store energy
13. What is the primary purpose of a snubber diode connected across
an inductive load?
A. To increase current flow
B. To protect switching devices from voltage spikes caused by
inductive kickback
C. To regulate voltage
D. To amplify signals
14. In a transistor, what is the effect of increasing the base-
emitter voltage beyond the threshold?
A. The transistor enters saturation
B. The transistor turns off
C. The transistor enters cutoff
D. The transistor is damaged immediately
15. Which of the following best explains the operation of a Schmitt
trigger circuit?
A. Stores charge
B. Amplifies analog signals linearly
C. Converts an analog input into a clean digital output with
hysteresis
D. Regulates voltage
16. What is the main difference between a unipolar and bipolar
stepper motor?
A. Unipolar motors have center-tapped windings; bipolar do not
B. Bipolar motors have center-tapped windings; unipolar do not
C. Both have the same winding configuration
D. Unipolar motors require more complex drivers
17. In a transistor amplifier, what is the effect of adding an
emitter resistor without a bypass capacitor?
A. Increases gain
B. Provides negative feedback, stabilizing gain but reducing it
C. No effect on gain
D. Causes distortion
18. Which of the following best describes the function of a voltage
comparator?
A. Compares two voltages and outputs a digital signal indicating
which is higher
B. Amplifies small signals
C. Stores voltage levels
D. Converts AC to DC
19. What is the primary function of a Zener diode in voltage
reference circuits?
A. To provide a stable reference voltage by operating in reverse
breakdown
B. To amplify signals
C. To convert AC to DC
D. To store charge
20. In a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), what is the effect of
increasing the number of bits?
A. Increases resolution and accuracy of output voltage
B. Decreases resolution
C. Increases conversion time only
D. Has no effect
21. Which of the following best explains the operation of a relay
coil in an electronic circuit?
A. Regulates voltage
B. Amplifies signals
C. Stores electrical energy
D. Converts electrical energy into mechanical motion to open or close
contacts
22. What is the effect of increasing the frequency of an input
signal on the capacitive reactance in an AC circuit?
A. Capacitive reactance increases
B. Capacitive reactance decreases
C. Capacitive reactance remains constant
D. Capacitive reactance becomes infinite
23. In a transistor, what is the Early voltage?
A. The voltage at which the transistor breaks down
B. A parameter representing the variation of collector current with
collector-base voltage
C. The voltage required to turn on the transistor
D. The voltage across the emitter resistor
24. Which of the following best describes the function of a
multiplexer in digital circuits?
A. Selects one of many inputs and forwards it to the output
B. Amplifies signals
C. Stores data
D. Generates clock pulses
25. What is the main advantage of using a MOSFET in power switching
applications?
A. High power consumption
B. Low input impedance
C. High input impedance and fast switching
D. Slow switching speed
26. In a logic circuit, what is the output of a NOR gate when all
inputs are LOW?
A. HIGH
B. LOW
C. Undefined
D. Depends on the number of inputs
27. What is the primary purpose of a bypass capacitor in an
amplifier circuit?
A. To regulate voltage
B. To block AC signals
C. To store energy
D. To increase gain by providing a low impedance path for AC signals
around the emitter resistor

28. Which of the following best describes the operation of a JFET?

A. Device with low input impedance
B. Current-controlled device
C. Bipolar device
D. Voltage-controlled device with high input impedance
29. What is the effect of temperature on the resistance of a
thermistor?
A. Resistance increases with temperature for NTC thermistors
B. Resistance decreases with temperature for NTC thermistors
 C. Resistance remains constant
D. Resistance becomes zero
30. In a transistor amplifier, what is the effect of increasing the
load resistance?
A. Increases voltage gain
B. Decreases voltage gain
C. No effect
D. Causes distortion
31. Which of the following best describes the function of a crystal
oscillator?
A. Converts AC to DC
B. Amplifies signals
C. Provides a stable and precise frequency reference
D. Stores energy
32. What is the main purpose of a voltage divider bias in a
transistor amplifier?
A. To reduce power consumption
B. To increase gain
C. To provide a stable operating point independent of transistor beta
variations
D. To filter noise
33. Which of the following best explains the operation of a full-
wave bridge rectifier?
A. Uses four diodes to convert both halves of AC input to DC output
B. Uses two diodes to convert half of AC input to DC output
C. Uses one diode to convert AC to DC
D. Uses capacitors to smooth output
34. What is the effect of increasing the capacitance in an RC high-
pass filter?
A. No effect
B. Increases cutoff frequency
C. Converts it to a low-pass filter
D. Decreases cutoff frequency
35. Which of the following best describes the function of a logic
latch?
A. Stores one bit of data until changed by input signals
B. Amplifies signals
C. Converts analog to digital
D. Generates clock pulses
36. What is the main difference between an NPN and a PNP
transistor?
A. Direction of current flow and type of charge carriers
B. Number of terminals
C. Physical size
D. Power rating
37. In a digital counter, what is the role of the clock input?
A. Resets the counter
B. Provides timing pulses to increment the count
C. Stores the count value
D. Powers the circuit
38. Which of the following is a passive electronic component?
A. Transistor
B. Diode
C. Resistor
D. Integrated circuit
39. What is the main purpose of a fuse in an electronic circuit?
A. To regulate voltage
B. To protect the circuit by breaking the connection during
overcurrent
C. To amplify current
D. To store energy
40. In a transistor, what happens when the base-emitter junction is
forward biased and the collector-base junction is also forward
biased?
A. Transistor is in cutoff region
B. Transistor is in saturation region
C. Transistor is in active region
D. Transistor is damaged
41. Which of the following best describes the function of a voltage
follower (buffer) using an operational amplifier?
A. Provides high input impedance and low output impedance with unity
gain
B. Amplifies voltage
C. Inverts the input signal
D. Acts as a comparator
42. What is the main advantage of using a microcontroller in
industrial automation?
A. Fixed function control
B. Programmable control with multiple input/output capabilities
C. Higher power consumption
D. Limited flexibility
43. Which of the following best describes the operation of a logic
inverter (NOT gate)?
A. Outputs LOW when input is HIGH
B. Outputs LOW regardless of input
C. Outputs HIGH regardless of input
D. Outputs HIGH when input is HIGH
44. What is the primary function of a decoupling capacitor in
digital circuits?
A. To store energy for long periods
B. To filter out voltage spikes and noise from the power supply
C. To increase voltage
D. To act as a timing element
45. In a transistor amplifier, what is the effect of increasing the
supply voltage?
A. Increases maximum output swing and power
B. Decreases gain
C. Causes distortion
D. No effect
46. Which of the following best describes the function of a Schmitt
trigger?
A. Stores charge
B. Amplifies analog signals
C. Provides hysteresis and cleans noisy input signals
D. Regulates voltage
47. What is the main purpose of a voltage clamp circuit?
A. To limit voltage to a certain level
B. To amplify voltage
C. To convert AC to DC
D. To store charge
48. Which of the following best describes the operation of a step-
up transformer?
A. Decreases both voltage and current
B. Decreases voltage and increases current
C. Increases both voltage and current
D. Increases voltage and decreases current
49. What is the effect of increasing the frequency of an input
signal on the inductive reactance in an RL circuit?
A. Inductive reactance decreases
B. Inductive reactance increases
C. Inductive reactance remains constant
D. Inductive reactance becomes zero
 50. Which of the following best describes the function of a
multiplexer?
A. Selects one input from many and forwards it to the output
B. Amplifies signals
C. Stores data
D. Generates clock pulses

Answer Keys and Rationalizations

1. B – Excessive voltage can cause transistor breakdown and permanent
damage.
2. A – Coupling capacitors block DC bias and allow AC signals to pass
between stages.
3. D – Push-pull amplifiers reduce distortion and improve efficiency by
using complementary transistors.
4. A – Setup time is the minimum time data must be stable before the
clock edge to be correctly latched.
5. B – Hall effect sensors detect magnetic fields and output a voltage
proportional to the field strength.
6. A – Considering β variation ensures stable biasing and consistent
transistor operation.
7. A – Synchronous rectifiers use MOSFETs to reduce conduction losses
compared to diodes.
8. D – Frequency depends on RC values in the feedback network of the
oscillator.
9. A – LDR resistance decreases as light intensity increases, making it
useful for light sensing.
10. B – Leakage current increases with temperature due to increased
carrier activity.
11. B – XNOR outputs LOW when inputs differ.
12. A – Voltage regulator ICs maintain constant output voltage
despite input/load changes.
13. B – Snubber diodes protect switches from voltage spikes caused
by inductive loads.
14. A – Increasing base-emitter voltage beyond threshold drives
transistor into saturation.
15. C – Schmitt triggers convert noisy analog signals into clean
digital outputs with hysteresis.
16. A – Unipolar motors have center-tapped windings allowing
simpler driving schemes.
17. B – Emitter resistor without bypass capacitor provides negative
feedback, stabilizing but reducing gain.
18. A – Comparators output digital signals indicating which input
voltage is higher.
19. A – Zener diodes provide stable reference voltages by operating
in reverse breakdown.
20. A – More bits increase DAC resolution and output accuracy.
21. D – Relay coils convert electrical energy into mechanical
motion to switch contacts.
22. B – Capacitive reactance decreases as frequency increases
(XC=1/(2πfC)).
23. B – Early voltage models the effect of collector-base voltage
on collector current.
24. A – Multiplexers select one input from many to output based on
select lines.
25. C – MOSFETs have high input impedance and fast switching, ideal
for power switching.
26. A – NOR gate outputs HIGH only when all inputs are LOW.
27. D – Bypass capacitors increase gain by providing low impedance
path for AC signals.
28. D – JFETs are voltage-controlled devices with high input
impedance.
 29. B – NTC thermistors decrease resistance as temperature
increases.
30. A – Increasing load resistance increases voltage gain by
increasing load line slope.
31. C – Crystal oscillators provide stable, precise frequency
references.
32. C – Voltage divider bias stabilizes operating point against β
variations.
33. A – Full-wave bridge rectifiers use four diodes to convert both
AC halves to DC.
34. D – Increasing capacitance lowers cutoff frequency in high-pass
filters.
35. A – Latches store one bit of data until changed by inputs.
36. A – NPN and PNP differ in current flow direction and charge
carriers.
37. B – Clock input provides timing pulses to increment digital
counters.
38. C – Resistors are passive components; transistors and diodes
are active.
39. B – Fuses protect circuits by breaking connection during
overcurrent.
40. B – Both junctions forward biased puts transistor in
saturation.
41. A – Voltage followers provide unity gain with high input and
low output impedance.
42. B – Microcontrollers offer programmable control with multiple
I/O capabilities.
43. D – Inverters output LOW when input is HIGH.
44. B – Decoupling capacitors filter noise and voltage spikes from
power supply.
45. A – Increasing supply voltage increases output swing and power
capability.
46. C – Schmitt triggers provide hysteresis to clean noisy signals.
47. A – Voltage clamps limit voltage to prevent damage.
48. D – Step-up transformers increase voltage and decrease current.
49. B – Inductive reactance increases with frequency (XL=2πfL).
50. A – Multiplexers select one input from many to output.

SET D
1. In a transistor amplifier, what is the effect of increasing the
collector current beyond the maximum rating?
A. Improved linearity
B. Thermal runaway and possible device failure
C. Increased gain without risk
D. Reduced power dissipation
2. Which of the following best explains the function of a bootstrap
capacitor in an amplifier circuit?
A. To increase input impedance and improve gain
B. To filter power supply noise
C. To stabilize the DC operating point
D. To reduce output impedance
3. What is the primary advantage of using a complementary push-pull
amplifier over a single-ended amplifier?
A. Reduced crossover distortion and higher efficiency
B. Simpler biasing
C. Lower power output
D. Increased input impedance
4. In a JK flip-flop, what happens when both J and K inputs are HIGH at
the clock edge?
A. The output resets to 0
B. The output sets to 1
 C. The output toggles (inverts)
D. The output remains unchanged
5. Which of the following best describes the operation of a Hall effect
sensor in an industrial application?
A. Converts mechanical motion to electrical signals
B. Detects magnetic fields and outputs a proportional voltage
C. Measures temperature changes
D. Acts as a voltage regulator
6. When designing a transistor biasing network, why is the use of a
voltage divider preferred over a single resistor bias?
A. Increases gain
B. Reduces power consumption
C. Simplifies the circuit
D. Provides better stability against variations in transistor beta
(β)
7. What is the main benefit of using a synchronous buck converter in
power electronics?
A. Higher efficiency due to reduced switching losses
B. Simpler design than linear regulators
C. Higher output voltage than input voltage
D. Increased ripple voltage
8. In a Wien bridge oscillator, what determines the frequency of
oscillation?
A. The transistor gain
B. The supply voltage
C. The RC network in the feedback loop
D. The load resistance
9. Which of the following best describes the behavior of a
phototransistor compared to a photodiode?
A. Phototransistors provide current gain and higher sensitivity
B. Photodiodes provide current gain and higher sensitivity
C. Both have the same sensitivity
D. Phototransistors are slower than photodiodes
10. What is the effect of increasing temperature on the forward
voltage drop of a silicon diode?
A. Forward voltage drop increases
B. Forward voltage drop decreases
C. Forward voltage drop remains constant
D. Forward voltage drop becomes zero
11. In digital logic, what is the output of a three-input AND gate
when two inputs are HIGH and one is LOW?
A. HIGH
B. LOW
C. Undefined
D. Depends on the gate manufacturer
12. Which of the following best explains the operation of a linear
voltage regulator?
A. Converts AC to DC
B. Maintains a constant output voltage by dissipating excess power as
heat
C. Amplifies input voltage
D. Stores energy
13. What is the primary function of a freewheeling diode in an
inductive load circuit?
A. To increase current flow
B. To provide a path for inductive current when the switch is off,
preventing voltage spikes
C. To regulate voltage
D. To amplify signals
14. In a transistor, what happens when the base-emitter junction is
reverse biased?
 A. Thetransistor is in cutoff region
B. Thetransistor is in saturation region
C. Thetransistor is in active region
D. Thetransistor is damaged
15. Which of the following best describes the operation of a
Schmitt trigger in signal conditioning?
A. Regulates voltage
B. Amplifies analog signals linearly
C. Stores charge
D. Converts noisy input signals into clean digital outputs with
hysteresis
16. What is the main difference between a unipolar and bipolar
stepper motor in terms of winding configuration?
A. Unipolar motors have center-tapped windings; bipolar motors do not
B. Bipolar motors have center-tapped windings; unipolar motors do not
C. Both have identical winding configurations
D. Unipolar motors require more complex drivers
17. In a transistor amplifier, what is the effect of adding a
bypass capacitor across the emitter resistor?
A. Decreases AC gain
B. Increases AC gain by reducing negative feedback
C. No effect on gain
D. Causes distortion
18. Which of the following best describes the function of a voltage
comparator?
A. Compares two voltages and outputs a digital signal indicating
which is higher
B. Amplifies small signals
C. Stores voltage levels
D. Converts AC to DC
19. What is the primary role of a Zener diode in voltage regulation
circuits?
A. To store charge
B. To amplify signals
C. To convert AC to DC
D. To provide a stable reference voltage by operating in reverse
breakdown
20. In a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), what is the effect of
increasing the number of bits?
A. Increases resolution and accuracy of output voltage
B. Decreases resolution
C. Increases conversion time only
D. Has no effect
21. Which of the following best explains the operation of a relay
coil?
A. Converts electrical energy into mechanical motion to open or close
contacts
B. Amplifies signals
C. Stores electrical energy
D. Regulates voltage
22. What is the effect of increasing the frequency of an AC signal
on the inductive reactance in a circuit?
A. Inductive reactance decreases
B. Inductive reactance increases
C. Inductive reactance remains constant
D. Inductive reactance becomes zero
23. In a transistor, what is the Early effect?
A. Variation of collector current with collector-base voltage due to
base width modulation
B. Increase in gain at high temperatures
 C. Delay in switching time
D. Breakdown of the transistor
24. Which of the following best describes the function of a
demultiplexer in digital circuits?
A. Generates clock pulses
B. Amplifies signals
C. Stores data
D. Routes a single input to one of many outputs based on select lines
25. What is the main advantage of using a MOSFET in switching
applications?
A. High input impedance and fast switching speed
B. Low input impedance
C. High power consumption
D. Slow switching speed
26. In a logic circuit, what is the output of a NAND gate when all
inputs are HIGH?
A. LOW
B. HIGH
C. Undefined
D. Depends on the number of inputs
27. What is the primary purpose of a bypass capacitor in an
amplifier circuit?
A. To provide a low impedance path for AC signals around the emitter
resistor, increasing gain
B. To block AC signals
C. To store energy
D. To regulate voltage
28. Which of the following best describes the operation of a JFET?
A. Device with low input impedance
B. Current-controlled device
C. Bipolar device
D. Voltage-controlled device with high input impedance
29. What is the effect of temperature on the resistance of a
Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) thermistor?
A. Resistance decreases with increasing temperature
B. Resistance increases with increasing temperature
C. Resistance remains constant
D. Resistance becomes zero
30. In a transistor amplifier, what is the effect of increasing the
load resistance?
A. No effect
B. Decreases voltage gain
C. Increases voltage gain
D. Causes distortion
31. Which of the following best describes the function of a crystal
oscillator?
A. Provides a stable and precise frequency reference
B. Amplifies signals
C. Converts AC to DC
D. Stores energy
32. What is the main purpose of voltage divider bias in a
transistor amplifier?
A. To provide a stable operating point independent of transistor beta
variations
B. To increase gain
C. To reduce power consumption
D. To filter noise
33. Which of the following best explains the operation of a full-
wave bridge rectifier?
A. Uses capacitors to smooth output
B. Uses two diodes to convert half of AC input to DC output
 C. Uses one diode to convert AC to DC
D. Uses four diodes to convert both halves of AC input to DC output
34. What is the effect of increasing the capacitance in an RC high-
pass filter?
A. Decreases cutoff frequency
B. Increases cutoff frequency
C. Converts it to a low-pass filter
D. No effect
35. Which of the following best describes the function of a logic
latch?
A. Stores one bit of data until changed by input signals
B. Amplifies signals
C. Converts analog to digital
D. Generates clock pulses
36. What is the main difference between an NPN and a PNP
transistor?
A. Power rating
B. Number of terminals
C. Physical size
D. Direction of current flow and type of charge carriers
37. In a digital counter, what is the role of the clock input?
A. Resets the counter
B. Provides timing pulses to increment the count
C. Stores the count value
D. Powers the circuit
38. Which of the following is a passive electronic component?
A. Transistor
B. Diode
C. Resistor
D. Integrated circuit
39. What is the main purpose of a fuse in an electronic circuit?
A. To regulate voltage
B. To protect the circuit by breaking the connection during
overcurrent
C. To amplify current
D. To store energy
40. In a transistor, what happens when the base-emitter junction is
forward biased and the collector-base junction is also forward
biased?
A. Transistor is in cutoff region
B. Transistor is in saturation region
C. Transistor is in active region
D. Transistor is damaged
41. Which of the following best describes the function of a voltage
follower (buffer) using an operational amplifier?
A. Provides high input impedance and low output impedance with unity
gain
B. Amplifies voltage
C. Inverts the input signal
D. Acts as a comparator
42. What is the main advantage of using a microcontroller in
industrial automation?
A. Fixed function control
B. Programmable control with multiple input/output capabilities
C. Higher power consumption
D. Limited flexibility
43. Which of the following best describes the operation of a logic
inverter (NOT gate)?
A. Outputs LOW regardless of input
B. Outputs LOW when input is HIGH
 C. Outputs HIGH regardless of input
D. Outputs HIGH when input is HIGH
44. What is the primary function of a decoupling capacitor in
digital circuits?
A. To store energy for long periods
B. To filter out voltage spikes and noise from the power supply
C. To increase voltage
D. To act as a timing element
45. In a transistor amplifier, what is the effect of increasing the
supply voltage?
A. Increases maximum output swing and power
B. Decreases gain
C. Causes distortion
D. No effect
46. Which of the following best describes the function of a Schmitt
trigger?
A. Stores charge
B. Amplifies analog signals
C. Provides hysteresis and cleans noisy input signals
D. Regulates voltage
47. What is the main purpose of a voltage clamp circuit?
A. To limit voltage to a certain level
B. To amplify voltage
C. To convert AC to DC
D. To store charge
48. Which of the following best describes the operation of a step-
up transformer?
A. Increases voltage and decreases current
B. Decreases voltage and increases current
C. Increases both voltage and current
D. Decreases both voltage and current
49. What is the effect of increasing the frequency of an input
signal on the inductive reactance in an RL circuit?
A. Inductive reactance decreases
B. Inductive reactance increases
C. Inductive reactance remains constant
D. Inductive reactance becomes zero
50. Which of the following best describes the function of a
multiplexer?
A. Selects one input from many and forwards it to the output
B. Amplifies signals
C. Stores data
D. Generates clock pulses

Answer Keys and Rationalizations

1. B – Exceeding maximum collector current can cause thermal runaway and
damage.
2. A – Bootstrap capacitors increase input impedance and improve gain by
positive feedback.
3. A – Complementary push-pull reduces crossover distortion and improves
efficiency.
4. C – JK flip-flop toggles output when both inputs are HIGH at clock
edge.
5. B – Hall effect sensors detect magnetic fields and output
proportional voltage.
6. D – Voltage divider bias provides stable operating point despite β
variations.
7. A – Synchronous buck converters reduce switching losses, improving
efficiency.
8. C – Frequency is set by RC components in Wien bridge oscillator
feedback.
9. A – Phototransistors provide gain and higher sensitivity than
photodiodes.
10. B – Forward voltage drop of silicon diode decreases with
temperature.
11. B – AND gate outputs LOW if any input is LOW.
12. B – Linear regulators maintain constant voltage by dissipating
excess power as heat.
13. B – Freewheeling diode provides path for inductive current,
preventing voltage spikes.
14. A – Reverse biasing base-emitter junction turns transistor off
(cutoff).
15. D – Schmitt triggers convert noisy inputs into clean digital
outputs with hysteresis.
16. A – Unipolar motors have center-tapped windings; bipolar do
not.
17. B – Bypass capacitor increases AC gain by reducing negative
feedback through emitter resistor.
18. A – Comparators output digital signals indicating which input
voltage is higher.
19. D – Zener diodes provide stable reference voltage by reverse
breakdown operation.
20. A – Increasing bits improves DAC resolution and output
accuracy.
21. A – Relay coils convert electrical energy into mechanical
motion to switch contacts.
22. B – Inductive reactance increases with frequency (XL=2πfL).
23. A – Early effect is base width modulation causing collector
current variation with voltage.
24. D – Demultiplexers route single input to one of many outputs
based on select lines.
25. A – MOSFETs have high input impedance and fast switching, ideal
for power switching.
26. A – NAND gate outputs LOW only when all inputs are HIGH.
27. A – Bypass capacitors provide low impedance path for AC
signals, increasing gain.
28. D – JFETs are voltage-controlled devices with high input
impedance.
29. A – NTC thermistors decrease resistance as temperature
increases.
30. C – Increasing load resistance increases voltage gain by
increasing load line slope.
31. A – Crystal oscillators provide stable, precise frequency
references.
32. A – Voltage divider bias stabilizes operating point against β
variations.
33. D – Full-wave bridge rectifiers use four diodes to convert both
AC halves to DC.
34. A – Increasing capacitance lowers cutoff frequency in high-pass
filters.
35. A – Latches store one bit of data until changed by inputs.
36. D – NPN and PNP differ in current flow direction and charge
carriers.
37. B – Clock input provides timing pulses to increment digital
counters.
38. C – Resistors are passive components; transistors and diodes
are active.
39. B – Fuses protect circuits by breaking connection during
overcurrent.
40. B – Both junctions forward biased puts transistor in
saturation.
 41. A – Voltage followers provide unity gain with high input and
low output impedance.
42. B – Microcontrollers offer programmable control with multiple
I/O capabilities.
43. D – Inverters output LOW when input is HIGH.
44. B – Decoupling capacitors filter noise and voltage spikes from
power supply.
45. A – Increasing supply voltage increases output swing and power
capability.
46. C – Schmitt triggers provide hysteresis to clean noisy signals.
47. A – Voltage clamps limit voltage to prevent damage.
48. A – Step-up transformers increase voltage and decrease current.
49. B – Inductive reactance increases with frequency.
50. A – Multiplexers select one input from many to output

References
 Boylestad, R. L., & Nashelsky, L. (2016). Electronic Devices and
Circuit Theory (11th ed.). Pearson.
 Floyd, T. L. (2018). Electronic Devices (10th ed.). Pearson.
 Sedra, A. S., & Smith, K. C. (2015). Microelectronic Circuits (7th
ed.). Oxford University Press.
 Malvino, A. P., & Bates, D. (2017). Electronic Principles (8th ed.).
McGraw-Hill Education.
 Professional Regulation Commission (PRC). (2023). Professional
Standards for Teachers (PPST).
 Philippine Association for Teacher Education (PAFTE). (2023). LET
Competency Framework.