Republic of Namibia

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND CULTURE

SENIOR SECONDARY PHASE

MATHEMATICS NSSCAS GRADE 12

TRAINING GUIDE

2020
Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture

National Institute for Educational Development (NIED)

Private Bag 2034

Okahandja

Namibia

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 2

 TABLE OF CONTENT
1. Training Program
2. Forewords
3. What is a workshop
4. Goals and Objectives
5. Theme 1: Mathematics 1
5.1 Topic 1: Equations, expressions, identities and inequalities
Exercise 1a
5.2 Topic 2: Sequences and series
Exercise 2a
5.3 Topic 3: Graphs and functions
Exercise 3a
5.4 Topic 4: Coordinate geometry
Exercise 4a
5.4 Topic 5: Circular measure
Exercise 5a
5.6 Topic 6: Trigonometry
Exercise 6a
5.7 Topic 7: Vectors in three dimensions
Exercise 7a
5.8 Topic 8: Differentiation
Exercise 8a
5.9 Topic 9: Integration
Exercise 9a
6. Theme 2: Mathematics 2
6.1 Topic 1: Algebra
Exercise 1b
6.2 Topic 2: Logarithmic and exponential functions
Exercise 2b
6.3 Topic 3: Trigonometry
Exercise 3b
6.4 Topic 4: Differentiation
Exercise 4b
6.5 Topic 5: Integration
Exercise 5b
6.6 Topic 6: Numerical solutions of equations
Exercise 6b
7. ANNEXES
7.1 Evaluation form
7.2 Registration form

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 3

1. Foreword

As we all aware, The Ministry Education, Arts and Culture approved the implementation of
Mathematics for all in 2012 in all state and private schools registered with the ministry in Namibia.
This approval is clear indication that basic mathematical knowledge and skills are no longer
considered a privilege for a selected few, but the right of every citizen of the country. The
implementation of Mathematics for All challenges teachers to provide all learners with the
Mathematics they need for everyday life.

Working mathematically comprises of five components:

 Communicating
 Problem Solving
 Reasoning
 Understanding
 Fluency

Every ordinary citizen has to deal mathematically with resources such as time and money. Access to
and success in economic activities, for example as a small entrepreneur, an artisan or a sales lady,
demands basic skills and understanding of Mathematics. A mathematically literate nation can
compete in the increasingly global technological world of work and information. An official
unemployment rate of 51.8% coupled with an acute skills shortage in the professional and technical
fields, points to the great challenge of increasing numeracy levels of the Namibian society to ensure
progress towards achieving a knowledge-based society as envisioned by Vision 2030 and the new
Harambee Prosperity Plan.

The revised curriculum for NSSCAS Mathematics is to be implemented as from 2021, in grade 12,
replacing the phasing out NSSCH. Further, we are also aware that the practice of differentiating
between Core and Extended, at NSSCO level, in terms of assessment has been abolished. This
decision was taken by the National Examination, Assessment and Certification Board (NEACB) in
2017. In a nutshell, this decision was taken in order to allow learners to do enough Mathematics at
NSSCO for them to be able to cope with the demand of the mathematical content of NSSCAS level.

This training guide was prepared with an intention of orientating all NSSCAS Mathematics teachers
to the revised content. The activities provided in this training guide are thoroughly pegged at the
appropriate level of demand for the NSSCAS Mathematics in order to properly guide teachers for
them to be able to handle the content in the syllabus. The overall intention is to ensure that all
NSSCAS Mathematics teachers will be able to teach the whole syllabus comfortably and with
confidence.

It is further expected all NSSCAS Mathematics teachers will use the regional training as an
information sharing platform from which they can learn best practices from each other in order for
them to be able to handle the NSSCAS Mathematics content in their own classrooms. This is not a
trivial task and it will require revising, extending and consolidating knowledge, skills and
understanding of basic Mathematics.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 4

2. What is a workshop?

Workshops are occasions when people with a problem in common come together to pool experience
and find answers. The emphasis is on ‘work’. A ‘shop’ is a place for exchanging items for something
of similar worth. So a workshop depends on the exchange of ideas between all participants who,
collectively, may have far more experience in the subject than the facilitator.
To enable participants to work seriously they may need to be away from their normal setting.
Successful workshops have an end product that has been shaped by the participants during their time
together. In these ways workshops differ from seminars or conferences. In a seminar or conference
there are teachers and an audience; a few people do most of the talking. The others mostly listen and
learn.

3. Goals and Objectives

What are goals? Goals are broader statements that indicate what the trainer would like to achieve by
the end of the training programme. It expresses the intentions of the trainer and the
training exercise.

What are objectives? Objectives are statements, which indicate what the teachers should know and
be able to do at the end of the training. The goals and objectives of this training
are indicated below.

GOALS

The following are goals for this training:

 Deliver training to all NSSCAS Mathematics teachers in Namibia.

 Introduce the revised curriculum to all NSSCAS Mathematics teachers.
 Assist all NSSCAS Mathematics teachers to understand and be able to implement and teach
the revised curriculum in their own classrooms.

OBJECTIVES

By the end of the training the participants will be able to:

● Know and understand the revised content in the NSSCAS Mathematics syllabus,
● Know all the changes made to the NCCAS Mathematics syllabus,
● Teach the revised NSSCAS Mathematics content in their own classrooms,
● Know and use some teaching strategies appropriate for teaching the revised NSSCAS
Mathematics content,
● Acquire basic skills essential for marking NSSCAS examination,
● Set questions that are in line with the level of demand for NSSCAS syllabus.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 5

 Theme 1

Mathematics 1

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 6

 Topic 1: Equations, expressions, identities and inequalities

(a) In the expansion of 1  (a  x) 5 , where a is a non-zero constant, show that the
2x
 a 
2
coefficient of x is zero.

Solution: (a + x)5 = a5 + 5a4x + 10a3x2 + 10a2x3 +5ax4 + x5 Using Pascal Triangle

 2x   2x  5
1  (a  x)  1  (a + 5a x + 10a x + 10a x +5ax + x )
5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
(for the coefficient of x2)
 a   a 

 2x 
= 10a3x2 +    (5a4x ) For the products with coefficient x2
 a 
= 10a3x2 – 10a3x2
=0

(b) Express –x2 + 6x – 5 in the form a(x + b)2 + c, where a, b and c are constants.

Solution: (– 1)(x2 – 6x + 5)
= (– 1)[x2 – 6x +(– 3)2 + 5 – (– 3)2]

= (– 1)[(x – 3)2 + 5 – 9]
= – (x – 3)2 + 4

(c) The coefficients of x2 and x3 in the expansion of (3 – 2x)6 are a and b respectively. Find
a
the value of
b

Solution: (3 – 2x)6 use Pascal Δ

(x + y) = x + 6x5y + 15x4y2 + 20x3y3 + 15x2y4 + 6xy5 + y6
6 6

replace x = 3 and y = – 2x
→ 3 + 6(3 )(– 2x) + 15(34)(– 2x)2 + 20(33)(– 2x)3 + 15(32)(– 2x)4 + 6(3)(– 2x)5 + (– 2x)6
6 5

729 – 2 916x + 4 860x2 – 4 320x3 …

The same solutions can also be obtained
Coeff of x2 = 4 860 = a
by using the Binomial theorem
Coeff of x3 = – 4 320 = b
n
n
  r a
a 4860 9 n r
   br
b  4320 8 r 0  

(d) The coefficient of x3 in the expansion of (1 – px)5 is – 2 160. Find the value of the
constant p.

Solution: (x + y)5 = x5 + 5x4y + 10x3y2 + 10x2y3 + 5xy4 + y5

replace x = 1 and y = – px

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 7

→ 15 + 5(14)(– px) + 10(13)(– px)2 + 10(12)(– px)3 + 5(1)(– px)4 + (–px)5
1 – 5 px – 10 p2x2 – 10p3x3….
–10p3 = – 2 160
 10 p 3  2160
 → p  3 216
 10  10
p=6

(e) Express x2 – 4x + 7 in the form of (x + a)2 + b.

Solution: (x2 – 4x + 4) – 4 + 7
= (x – 2) (x – 2) + 3
= (x – 2)2 + 3

(f) Solve the following inequalities – 3x2 – 13x – 4 ≤ 0 and use the number line to illustrate
the solution.
(i) x2 – 3x – 10 < 0

Solution: (x – 5) (x + 2) < 0
x < 5 and x < – 2 –2 5
x is between –2 and 5

(ii) – 3x2 – 13x – 4 ≤ 0

Solution: (–3x – 1) (x + 4) ≤ 0
1
x ≤ – 4 and x ≥  –4 1
3 
3

Ax  B C 5x 2  x
 
(g) Given that
 
x 2  2 x  1 x 2  2 x  1
, obtain the numerical values of A, B and C.


 
Ax  B x 2  2 x  1

C


x 2  2 x  1
5x 2  x

 
x 2  2 x  1
Solution:
x2  2 1 x 1 1  
x 2  2 x  1 1
( Ax  B)( x  1) + C ( x 2  2)  5x 2  x
Ax 2  Ax  Bx  B + C x 2  2C  5x 2  x
( A  C ) x 2  ( A  B) x  B  2C  5x 2  x
AC = 5 A  B  1 B  2C  0
A+C=5
– (A + B = – 1) → C–B=6
A=3 B=–4 C=2

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 8

   
(h) Given the identity 2 x 4  3x3  5x 2  x  1  x 2  kx  1 mx2  nx  1 , find the values of k,
m and n.

 
Solution: 2 x 4  3x3  5x 2  x  1  x 2  kx  1 mx2  nx  1 
2 x  3x  5x  x  1  mx  nx  x  kmx  knx2  kx  mx 2  nx  1
4 3 2 4 3 2 3

2 x 4  3x3  5x 2  x  1  mx4  (km  n) x3  (1  kn) x 2  (n  k ) x  1

m = 2; km – n =3; – 1 – kn = 5; n – k = – 1

2k – n = 3; 1 + kn = – 5; n=k–1
2k – (k – 1) = 3 → k+1=3 →k=2

m=2 k=2 and n=1

Exercise 1a
(a) Solve the inequality x2 – 3x – 10 < 0 and use the number line to illustrate the solution.

(b) Find the numerical values of A, B and C, given that

3x2 + 3x + 7 ≡ A(x – 2)(x2 + 1) + B(x2 + 1) + Cx(x – 2)2.
7
(c) Find the coefficient of x3 in the expansion of  2  x  .
1
 2 
7
(d) In an expansion of  x 2   , the coefficient of x5 is – 280. Find the value of the
a
 x
constant a.

(e) The diagram shows a plan for a rectangular park ABCD, in which AB = 40 m and AD = 60 m.
Points X and Y lie on BC and CD respectively and AX, XY and YA are paths that surround a
triangular playground. The length of DY is x m and the length of XC is 2x m.
X 2x m
B C

40 m
Play ground
Y
xm
A D
60 m

(i) Show that the area, A m2, of the playground is given by A = x2 – 30x + 1200.
(ii) Given that x can vary, find the minimum area of the playground.

(f) Find the first 3 terms in the expansion of (2x − x2)6 in ascending powers of x.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 9

 (g) Hence find the coefficient of x8 in the expansion of (2 + x)(2x − x2)6.
7
 1 
(h) Find the coefficient of x6 in the expansion of  2 x 3  2  .
 x 
(i) The first three terms in the expansion of (1 − 2x) (1 + ax)6, in ascending powers of x,
2

are 1 − x + bx2. Find the values of the constants a and b.

(j) The coefficient of x3 in the expansion of (a + x)5 + (2 − x)6 is 90. Find the value of the
positive constant a.

x 2  3x  11
(k) Express as a sum of partial fractions.
( x  2)( x 2  3)

(l) Find the numerical values of A, B and C, given that

3x + 6 ≡ A(x2 + x + 1) + B(x – 1)(x + 2) + Cx2.

(m) A rectangle has sides x and (x – 2) cm. The area of the rectangle is 3 cm2.

(i) Show that (x – 1)2 – 4 = 0.

(ii) Hence, or otherwise, find the perimeter of the rectangle.

(n) Express x2 + 6x + 20 in the form (x – a)2 + b where a and b are integers.

(o) Show that the expression 3x2 + 18x – 1 can be expressed in the form a(x + b)2 – c ,
where a, b and c are integers and hence find the values of a, b and c.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 10

 Topic 2: Sequences and series

(a) Write the series 1 – x + x2 – x3 + … in the sigma notation.

x
Solution: r = =–x
1
Tn  ar n1 → 1( x) n1 → ( x) n1


 ( x)
n 1
n 1

(b) The first term of a progression is 4x and the second term is x2.

(i) For the case were the progression is arithmetic with a common difference of 12, find
the possible values of x and the corresponding values of the third term.

Solution: x2 – 4x = 12
x2 – 4x – 12 = 0 or (x + 2)(x – 6) = 0
x=–2 or x=6
3rd = (– 2)2 + 12 = 16 or 62 + 12 = 48

(ii) For the case where the progression is geometric with a sum to infinity of 8, find the
third term.
x2 1
Solution: the first term (a) = 4x: the ratio (r) =  x;
4x 4
a
sum to infinity is 8
1 r
4x 4
Substitute a and r: 8 → 4x = 8 – 2x → x
1 3
1 x
4
4x 16 1 4 1
Substitute x in  8 to find a and r : a  and r  
1 3 4 3 3
1 x
4
2
 4  16  4  16
1 term = 4x = 4   ;   
st
second term x2 =
 
3 3 3 9
16 1 16
3rd term =   (or 0.593)
9 3 27

(c) A geometric progression has first term 3a and common ratio r. A second geometric
progression has first term a and common ratio −2r. The two progressions have the
same sum to infinity. Find the value of r.

3a a
Solution:   cross multiply 3a + 6ar = a – ar
1  r 1  2r
2
= 3 + 6r = 1 – r dividing by a throughout therefore r= 
7

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 11

 (d) The first two terms of an arithmetic progression are 15 and 19 respectively. The first
two terms of a second arithmetic progression are 420 and 415 respectively. The two
progressions have the same sum of the first n terms. Find the value of n.

Solution: for 1st AP: a = 15 and d = 4 for 2nd AP: a = 420 and d = – 5

n2a  n  1d 
1
Sum of A is given by Sn =
2

n2  15  n  14  n2  420  n  1 5 Substituting a and d

1 1
2 2

n30  4n  1  n845  5n  1

1 1
So
2 2
n(4n + 26) = n(845 − 5n) → 4n2 + 26n = −5n2 + 845n
9n2 – 819n = 0 → 9n (n – 91) = 0
n  91 or n = 0 ( not the required solution)
therefore n = 91 is the solution

(e) An arithmetic progression has a first term of 32, a 5th term of 22 and last term of – 28.
Find the sum of all terms in the progression.

Solution: a = 32, a + 4d = 22, → 32 + 4d = 22  d = – 2.5

a + (n – 1)d = – 28 → 32 – 2.5n + 2.5 = – 28  n = 25
25
S25 = (64 – 2.5 × 24) = 50
2

(f) Each year a school allocates a sum of money for the library. The amount allocated
each year increases by 2.5% of the amount allocated the previous year. In 2005 the
school allocated N$2 000.00. Find the total amount allocated in the years 2005 to
2014 inclusive.

 2.5 
Solution: a = 2 000, 2nd term = 2000    2000   2050
 100 
2050 a(r n  1)
r= = 1.025 n = 2014 – 2005 + 1 = 10 Sn 
2000 r 1
 1.02510  1 
S10 = 2 000    22 406.76
 1.025  1 

(g) The first and second terms of a geometric progression are p and 2p respectively,
where p is a positive constant. The sum of the first n terms is greater than 1 000p.
Show that 2n > 1 001.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 12

 2p a(r n  1)
Solution: GP: p, 2p, … therefore a = p and r = 2 Sn 
p r 1
p(2 n  1)
Sn   1000 p  p(2n  1)  1000 p  2 n  1  1000
2 1
2n > 1 000 + 1 → 2n > 1 001

(h) In another progression, p and 2p are the first and second terms respectively of an
arithmetic progression. The nth term is 336 and the sum of the first n terms is 7 224.
Write down two equations in terms of n and p and hence find the values of n and p.

Solution: AP: p, 2p, … therefore a = p and d = 2p – p = p

Tn = p + (n −1)p = 336 → p + np – p = 336 → np = 336
Sn =
n
2 p  (n  1) p  7 224
2
Eliminate n or p to a linear equation in one variable in the Sn equation
Multiply both sides by 2:
n
2 p  (n  1) p  7 224 → n[2p + np – p] = 14 448
2
n[p + np] = 14 448 → n[p + 336] = 14 448 since np = 336
np + 336n = 14 448 → 336 + 336n = 14 448 → 336n = 14 448 – 336

336n = 14 112 therefore n = 42

Substitute n = 42 in np + 336n = 14 448 → 42p = 14 448 – 14 112
42p = 336 therefore p=8

Exercise 2a
1 1
(a) The first term of a geometric progression is 5 and the fourth is 2 . Find
3 4
(i) the common ratio,
(ii) the sum to infinity.
(b) In a geometric progression, all the terms are positive, the second term is 24 and the
1
fourth term is 13 . Find
2
(i) the first term,

(ii) the sum to infinity of the progression.

(c) A circle is divided into n sectors in such a way that the angles of the sectors are in
arithmetic progression. The smallest two angles are 3° and 5°. Find the value of n.

(d) The first term of an arithmetic progression is 61 and the second term is 57. The sum
of the first n terms is n. Find the value of the positive integer n.

(e) The first two terms of an arithmetic progression are 1 and cos2 x respectively. Show
that the sum of the first ten terms can be expressed in the form a − b sin2 x, where a
and b are constants to be found.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 13

 1
(f) The first two terms of a geometric progression are 1 and tan 2  respectively, where
3
1
0< < .
2
(i) Find the set of values of  for which the progression is convergent.
1
(ii) Find the exact value of the sum to infinity when    .
6
(g) The first term of an arithmetic progression is 12 and the sum of the first 9 terms is
135.
(i) Find the common difference of the progression.
(ii) The first term, the ninth term and the nth term of the arithmetic progression in (i)
above are the first term, the second term and the third term respectively of a
geometric progression.

Find the common ratio of the geometric progression and the value of n.

(h) In an arithmetic progression, the sum of the first n terms, denoted by Sn, is given by
Sn = n2 + 8n.

Find the first term and the common difference.

(i) In a geometric progression, the second term is 9 less than the first term. The sum of
the second and third terms is 30. Given that all the terms of the progression are
positive, find the first term.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 14

 Topic 3: Graphs and functions

(a) The function f : x  –x2 + 6x – 5 is defined for x ≥ m, where m is a constant.

(i) State the smallest value of m for which f is one-one.

Solution: At TP: f ꞌ(x) = – 2x + 6 → – 2x = – 6

 2x  6
 → x=3 Smallest (m) is 3
2 2

b
or x  
2a

6 We can also find the solution by

 3 completing the square
2(1)

(ii) For the case where m = 5, find an expression for f -1(x) and state the domain of f -1.

Solution: writing y = –x2 + 6x – 5 in the form y = a(x + b)2 + c,

y = –[(x – 3)2 + 5 – 9] → y = – (x – 3)2 + 4

→(x – 3)2 = 4 – y → (y – 3)2 = 4 – x

f -1(x) = 3 ± 4  x
Domain x ≤ 4

(b) Functions f and g are defined for x > 3 by

1
f :x 2 and g : x  2x  3
x 9

(i) Find and simplify an expression for gg(x)

Solution: gg(x) = 2(2x – 3) – 3

= 4x – 6 – 3
= 4x – 9
(ii) Find an expression for f –1(x) and state the domain of f –1

1 1
Solution: y   x  x( y 2  9)  1
x 9
2
y 9
2

1
y2  9 
x
1
f -1 ( x)  9
x
Domain x > 0

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 15

 1
(iii) Solve the equation fg(x) = .
7
g(x) = f 1  
1 1 1
Solution:  or
(2 x  3)  9 7
2
7
(2x – 3)2 = 16 g(x) = 4
or 4x2 – 12x – 7 = 0 2x – 3 = 4
7 1 7
x= or x =  x=
2 2 2

2
(c) The function f is defined by f : x  for x  , x ≠ 3 and the function g is defined by
3  2x 2
g : x  4 x  a for x  , where a is a constant.

(i) Find an expression for f -1(x).

2
Solution: f : x  and g : x  4x  a
3  2x
2 2 2
y → x(3 – 2y) = 2 → 3  2 y 
x
3  2x 3  2y x
2  2y 2 3 3 1
 2y   3 →   → y 
x 2 x 2 2 x
2
3 1
f -1(x) = 
2 x

(ii) Find the value of a for which gf(–1) = 3.

2 2
Solution: gf(–1) = 3 but f(–1) = =
3  2(1) 5
2 8
gf(–1) = 3 → 4( ) + a = 3 → +a=3
5 5
8  5a 3
 → 8 + 5a = 15 → 5a = 7
5 1
7
a=
5

(iii) Find the possible values of a given that the equation f -1(x) = g-1(x) has two equal
roots.

xa 3 1
Solution: g-1(x) = = and f -1(x) =  → g-1(x) = f -1(x)
4 2 x

xa 3 1 3x  2 x  a
=  →  → 4(3x – 2) = 2x(x – a)
4 2 x 2x 4
12x – 8 = 2x2 – 2ax → 6x – 4 = x2 – ax → x2 – x(a – 6) + 4 = 0
solving – (a – 6)2 = 16 or a2 + 12a + 20 = 0 → a = – 2 or – 10

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 16

 (d) The function f is defined by f(x) = x2 – 4x + 7 for x < k, where k is a constant.

(i) State the largest value of k for which f is a decreasing function.

b  (4) 4
Solution: a = 1, b = – 4, c = 7 at minimum point x  =  2
2a 2(1) 2
the largest k value is 2

NOTE: Differentiation can also be applied

–1
(ii) If the value of k in (d) above is given to be 1, find an expression for f (x) and
state the domain of f –1.

Solution: y = (x – 2)2 + 3  x – 2 = () y  3

 f –1(x) = 2  x  3 for x > 4

2
(iii)Another function g is defined by g(x) = for x > 1. Find an expression for gf(x)
x 1
and state the range of gf.

2 2
Solution: gf ( x)  
x 2  4x  7 1
( x 2  2)  2

since f(x) > 4  gf(x) <  

2
3
range gf(x) is 0 < gf(x)  2 
3

Exercise 3a
1
(a) It is given that f(x) = 3
 x 3 , for x > 0. Show that f is a decreasing function.
x
1 1 1 1
(b) The functions f and g are defined for    x   by f(x) = x  and g(x) = cosx.
2 2 2 6
1 1
Solve the following equations for    x   .
2 2
(i) gf(x) = 1, giving your answer in terms of .
(ii) fg(x) = 1, giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places.
(c) The function f is such that f(x) =  x  3   1, for x ≥ – 3. Find
 2 
–1 2
(i) f (x) in the form of ax + bx + c, where a, b and c are constants,
(ii) the domain of f –1.

(d) The function f is defined by f(x) = 4x2 − 24x + 11, for x ∈ . Express f(x) in the form
a(x − b)2 + c
(i) hence state the coordinates of the vertex of the graph of y = f(x).
(ii) sketch the graph of y = f(x).

(e) The function g is defined by g(x) = 4x2 − 24x + 11, for x ≤ 1. State the range of g. Find
an expression for g−1(x) and state the domain of g−1.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 17

 (f) The function f : x  x2 − 4x + k is defined for the domain x ≥ p, where k and p are
constants.
(i) Express f(x) in the form (x + a)2 + b + k, where a and b are constants.
(ii) State the range of f in terms of k.
(iii)State the smallest value of p for which f is one-one.
(iv) For the value of p found in part (iii), find an expression for f −1(x) and state the
domain of f −1, giving your answers in terms of k.

10
(g) The curve y =  2 intersects the x-axis at A. The tangent to the curve at A
2x  1
intersects the y-axis at C.

(i) Show that the equation of AC is 5y + 4x = 8.

(ii) Find the distance AC.

(h) The function f is such that f(x) = 8 − (x − 2)2, for x ∈

(i) Find the coordinates and the nature of the stationary point on the curve y = f(x).

The function g is such that g(x) = 8 − (x − 2)2, for k ≤ x ≤ 4, where k is a constant.

(ii) State the smallest value of k for which g has an inverse.

For this value of k,

(iii)find an expression for g−1(x),

(iv) sketch, on the same diagram, the graphs of y = g(x) and y = g−1(x).

(i) Functions f and g are defined by

f : x  2x + 5 for x ∈ ,

8
g:x  for x ∈ , x ≠ 3.
x3

(i) Obtain expressions, in terms of x, for f −1(x) and g−1(x), stating the value of x for
which g−1(x) is not defined.

(ii) Sketch the graphs of y = f(x) and y = f −1(x) on the same diagram, making clear the
relationship between the two graphs.

(iii)Given that the equation fg(x) = 5 − kx, where k is a constant, has no solutions, find
the set of possible values of k.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 18

 Topic 4: Coordinate geometry

(a) A curve has equation y = x2 – x + 3 and a line has equation y = 3x + a, where a is a

constant.
(i) Show that the x – coordinates of the point of intersection of the line and the curve are
given by the equation x2 – 4x + (3 – a) = 0

Solution: x2 – x + 3 = 3x + a → x2 – x – 3x + (3 – a) = 0
x2 – 4x + (3 – a) = 0

(ii) For the case where the line intersects the curve at two points, it is given that the x-
coordinate of one of the points of intersection is – 1. Find the x-coordinate of the other
point of intersection.

Solution: when x = – 1
x2 – 4x + (3 – a) = 0 → (– 1)2 – 4(–1) + 3 – a = 0
8–a=0 → –a=–8 → a=8

therefore when a = 8: x2 – 4x + (3 – 8) = 0
x2 – 4x – 5 = 0 → (x + 1)(x – 5) → x = – 1 or x = 5

(iii)For the case where the line is a tangent to the curve at a point P, find the value of a
and the coordinates of P.

Solution: Equation to the tangent to the curve

d 2
(x – x + 3) → 2x – 1
dx
2x – 1 = 3 → x=2
substitute x = 2 into y = x2 – x + 3
y = 22 – 2 + 3 → y=5
Coordinates of P (2, 5)
substituting x = 2 and y = 5 into y = 3x + a or into the curve y = x2 – x + 3
5 = 3(2) + a → a = –1

(b) The points A (1, 1) and B(5, 9) lie on the curve 6y = 5x2 − 18x + 19.
(i) Show that the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB is 2y = 13 − x.
1
Solution: Gradient of AB = 2 and gradient of perpendicular bisector = 
2
Coordinates of mid-point of AB = (3, 5)
Equation of a perpendicular bisector is y − 5 = −½(x − 3) → 2y = 13 − x

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 19

 (ii) The perpendicular bisector of AB meets the curve at C and D. Find, by calculation,
 p
the distance CD, giving your answer in the form   , where p and q are
q
integers.

13  x 5 x 2  18 x  19
Solution: at the point of intersection 
2 6
2
Cross multiply 6(13 – x) = 2(5x −18x + 19)
Removing brackets 78 - 6x = 10x2 – 36x + 38 → x2 − 3x – 4 = 0
x = 4 or −1
y = 4½ or 7
125
CD2 = 52 + 2½2 → CD =
4
1
(c) The diagram shows the curve with equation y  4x 2 .

y
1
y 4x 2

x
O

(i) The straight line with equation y = x + 3 intersects the curve at points A and B.
Find the length of AB.
2
1
 1 1
Solution: 4x 2  x3 →  x 2   4 x 2  3 ( 0) OR 16x = x2 + 6x + 9
 
 
1
x 2  1 or 3 x2 – 10x + 9 = 0
x = 1 or 9 y = 4 or 12

AB2 = (9 –1)2 + (12 – 4)2

AB = 128 or 8 2 or 11.3

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 20

 (ii) The tangent to the curve at a point T is parallel to AB. Find the coordinates of T.

1 1
dy  
Solution:  2x 2 → 2x 2
1
dx
1
 1 1 1
x 2  → 1
 → x = 22
2 2
2
x
(4, 8)

(iii)Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the normal to the curve at T with
the line AB.

Solution: equation of normal is y – 8 = – 1(x – 4)

Eliminate y (or x) → – x + 12 = x + 3 or y – 3 = 12 – y
(4½, 7½)

Exercise 4a
(a) The diagram shows part of the curve y = 11 – x2 and part of the straight line y = 5 – x meeting
at the point A(p, q), where p and q are positive constants.

y = 11 – x2

A(p, q)

x
O
y=5–x

(i) Find the values of p and q.

11  x 2 for 0  x  p,
(ii) The function f is defined for the domain x ≥ 0 by f(x) = 

 5 x for x  p.
–1
Express f (x) in a similar way.

(b) A straight line has equation y = – 2x + k, where k is a constant, and a curve equation
2
y .
x3

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 21

 (i) Show that the x– coordinates of any points of intersection of the line and the
curve are given by the equation 2x2 – (6 + k)x + (2x + 3k) = 0.
(ii) Find the two values of k for which the line is a tangent to the curve.
(iii)Find the coordinates of A and B and the equation of the line AB.
x
(c) The line y   k , where k is a constant, is a tangent to the curve 4y = x2 at point P. Find
k
(i) the value of k,
(ii) the coordinates of P.

(d) The diagram shows a triangle ABC in which A has coordinates (1, 3), B has coordinates
(5, 11) and angle ABC is 90°. The point X (4, 4) lies on AC. Find

y
B (5, 1)

. X (4, 4)
A (1, 3)

x
O

(i) the equation of BC,

(ii) the coordinates of C.
1
(e) The diagram shows the curve y  (6 x  2) and the point A(1, 2) which lies on the curve.
3

The tangent to the curve at A cuts the y-axis at B and the normal to the curve at A cuts the
x-axis at C.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 22

 (i) Find the equation of the tangent AB and the equation of the normal AC.
(ii) Find the distance BC.
(iii)Find the coordinates of the point of intersection, E, of OA and BC, and determine
whether E is the mid-point of OA.
(f) The diagram shows the curve y = 7 x and the line y = 6x + k, where k is a constant. The
curve and the line intersect at the points A and B.

(i) For the case where k = 2, find the x-coordinates of A and B.

(ii) Find the value of k for which y = 6x + k is a tangent to the curve y = 7 x .

(g) The coordinates of A are (−3, 2) and the coordinates of C are (5, 6). The mid-point of AC
is M and the perpendicular bisector of AC cuts the x-axis at B.
(i) Find the equation of MB and the coordinates of B.
(ii) Show that AB is perpendicular to BC.
(iii)Given that ABCD is a square, find the coordinates of D and the length of AD.

(h) The equation of a line is 2y + x = k, where k is a constant, and the equation of a curve is
xy = 6.
(i) In the case where k = 8, the line intersects the curve at the points A and B. Find the
equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line AB.
(ii) Find the set of values of k for which the line 2y + x = k intersects the curve xy = 6
at two distinct points.
(i) The point A has coordinates (−1, −5) and the point B has coordinates (7, 1). The
perpendicular bisector of AB meets the x-axis at C and the y-axis at D. Calculate the
length of CD.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 23

 Topic 5: Circular measure

(a) The diagram shows a circle with centre A and radius r. Diameters CAD and BAE are
perpendicular to each other. A larger circle has centre B and passes through C and D.

(i) Show that the radius of the larger circle is r 2 .

Solution: BC2 = r2 + r2 = 2r2

 BC = r 2

(ii) Find the area of the shaded region in terms of r.

1 1
Solution: Area sector BCFD =  (r 2 ) 2  r 2
4 2
1
Area of  BCAD = (2r)r = r 2
2
1
Area of segment CFDA = r 2 - r 2
2
1 2
Area of semi-circle CADE = r
2
1
Shaded area = r 2 - area segment CFDA
2
= r 2 -  1 r 2  r 2 
1
2 2 
2
= r

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 24

 (b)

The diagram shows an isosceles triangle ABC in which AC = 16 cm and AB = BC = 10 cm.

The circular arcs BE and BD have centres at A and C respectively, where D and E lie on AC.

(i) Show that angle BAC = 0.6435 radians correct to 4 decimal places

Solution: Bisect the triangle from B to C

8
Using the right angle cos A 
10
8
A = cos 1   → A = 0. 6435 radians
 10 

(ii) Find the area of the shaded region.

1 1
Solution: Area ΔABC =  16  6 or  10  16 sin 0.6435  48
2 2
1
Area 1 sector =  10 2  0.6435 Shaded area = area of two sectors – area of ΔABC Or
2
ΔBDE = 12, ΔBDC = 30 therefore sector = 32.18 Area of two segments + ΔBDE = 16.4

(c) On the diagram, OAXB is a sector of a circle with centre O and radius 10 cm. the
length of the chord AB is 12 cm. The line OX passes through M, the mid-point of AB,
and OX is perpendicular to AB. The shaded region is bounded by the chord AB and by
the arc of a circle with centre X and radius XA.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 25

 (i) Show that angle AXB is 2.498 radians, correct to 3 decimal places.

Solution: M is the midpoint of AB

OM = 100  36 = 8 → XM = 2
tan AXM = 6 . AXB = 2tan-1 3 = 2.498
2

or sin AOM = 6 , AOM = 0.6435 → AXB =  - 0.6435

10
(ii) Find the perimeter of the shaded region.

Solution: AX  (6 2  2 2 )  40
Arc AYB = rθ = 40  2.498
Perimeter = 12 + arc = 27.8

(iii) Find the area of the shaded region.

 
Solution: area of sector AXBY  1 2  40  2.498
2

Area of triangle AXB  1 2 12  2 , Subtract these → 38.0 cm2

(d) In the diagram, CXD is a semicircle of radius 7 cm with centre A and diameter CD.
The straight line YABX is perpendicular to CD, and the arc CYD is part of the circle
with centre B and radius 8 cm. Find the total area of the region enclosed by the two
arcs.
C

7 8

Y A B X

7   17 
Solution: Angle CBA = sin 1    1.0654 or CBD = cos 1    2.13
8  32 
2
Sector BCYD = ½ × 8 × 2.13 (rad)
CBY = ½ × 82 × 1.0654 (rad)
ΔBCD = 7  82  7 2 or ½ × 82 × sin(2 × 1.0654)
Semicircle CXD = ½ × 72 = 76.9(7)
Total area = 68.19 – 27.11 + 76.97 = 118 (to 3sf)

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 26

 Exercise 5a

(a) On the diagram, D lies on the side AB of triangle ABC and CD is an arc of a circle
with centre A and radius 2 cm. the line BC is of length 2 3 cm and is perpendicular to
AC. Find the area of the shaded region BDC, giving your answer in terms of  and 3 .

(b) The diagram shows a sector of a circle with centre O and radius 20 cm. A circle with
centre C and radius x cm lies within the sector and touches it at P, Q and R. Angle
POR = 1.2 radians.

(i) Show that x = 7.218, correct to 3 decimal places.

(ii) Find the total area of the three parts of the sector lying outside the circle with
centre C.
(iii)Find the perimeter of the region OPSR bounded by the arc PSR and the lines OP
and OR.

(c) The diagram shows a sector OAB of a circle with centre O and radius r. Angle AOB is
θ radians. The point C on OA is such that BC is perpendicular to OA. The point D is
on BC and the circular arc AD has centre C.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 27

 (i) Find AC in terms of r and θ.
1
(ii) Find the perimeter of the shaded region ABD when    and r = 4, giving your
3
answer as an exact value.

(d) In the diagram, ABC is an equilateral triangle of side 2 cm. The mid-point of BC is Q.
An arc of a circle with centre A touches BC at Q, and meets AB at P and AC at R. Find
the total area of the shaded regions, giving your answer in terms of  and 3 .

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 28

 (e) In the diagram, AB is an arc of a circle with centre O and radius r. The line XB is a
tangent to the circle at B and A is the mid-point of OX.

1
(i) Show that angle AOB =  radians.
3
Express each of the following in terms of r,  and 3:

(ii) the perimeter of the shaded region,

(iii)the area of the shaded region.

(f) The diagram shows a metal plate made by removing a segment from a circle with
centre O and radius 8 cm. The line AB is a chord of the circle and angle AOB = 2.4
radians.

Find
(i) the length of AB,
(ii) the perimeter of the plate,
(iii)the area of the plate.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 29

 Topic 6: Trigonometry 1
1
(a) Solve the equation sin 1 (4 x 4  x 2 )   .
6
1
Solution: 4x4 + x2 =
2
8x4 + 2x2 – 1 = 0 Let k = x2
2
Solve as quadratic in k
1 1
k= or k=–
4 2
1
x=±
2

4 cos 
(b) (i) Show that the equation  15  0 can be expressed as 4sin2θ – 15sinθ – 4 = 0
tan 

Solution: 4cos2θ + 15 sinθ = 0

4(1 – sin2) + 15sin = 0
4sin2θ – 15sinθ – 4 = 0

4 cos 
(ii) Hence solve the equation  15  0 for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°.
tan 

Solution: (4sinθ + 1)(sinθ – 4) = 0

1
sinθ = 
4

θ = 194.5 or 345.5
(c) The diagram shows part of the graph of y = a + b sin x. Find the values of the constants a
and b.

1
x
O
y =a + b sin x
-2

Solution: a = −2, b = 3

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 30

(d) (i) Show that the equation (sin θ + 2 cos θ)(1 + sin θ − cos θ) = sin θ(1 + cos θ) may be
expressed as 3 cos2 θ − 2 cos θ − 1 = 0.

Solution: s + s2 − sc + 2c + 2sc − 2c2 = s + sc → s2 − 2c2 + 2c = 0

1− cos2θ − 2cos2θ + 2cosθ = 0
3cos2θ − 2cosθ −1 = 0

(ii) Hence solve the equation (sin θ + 2 cos θ)(1 + sin θ − cos θ) = sin θ(1 + cos θ)
for −180° ≤ 1 ≤ 180°.

Solution: (3cosθ + 1)(cosθ −1) = 0

1
cosθ = 1 or 
3

θ = 0° or 109.5° or −109.5°

1  cos  sin 2
(e) Prove the identity   .
sin 1  cos  sin

1  cos  sin 2
Solution:  
sin 1  cos  sin

(1  c) 2  s 2 1  2c  c 2  s 2

s(1  c) s(1  c)

2(1  c) 2(1  c) 2
 
s(1  c) s(1  c) sin 
1  cos  sin 3
(f) Hence solve the equation   for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°.
sin 1  cos  cos 

2 3
Solution:  → 2 cos   3 sin 
sin  cos 

2
tan  
3

θ = 33.7° or 213.7°

(g) The equation of a curve is y = 2 cos x.

(i) Sketch the graph of y = 2 cos x for - ≤ x ≤, stating the coordinates of the point
of intersection with the y – axis.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 31

 y

Solution:
2

  x
-π
 0  π
2 2

-2

1
(ii) Points P and Q lie on the curve and have x – coordinates of  and  respectively.
3
Find the length of PQ correct to 1 decimal place.

 
Solution: P , 1 Q( ,  2)
3 
 
PQ2 =     2  (1  (2)) 2
3 
2
 2 
PQ 2    3
2
 3 
PQ  3.7

(iii) The length of P and Q meets the x-axis at H (h,0) and the y-axis at K (0,k). Show
5
that h   and find the value of k.
9
9  
Solution: Eqn of PQ y  1   x 
2  3
5 NOTE: work out the gradient first
If y = 0 → h 
9 and substitute into the equation of
5 the straight line
If x = 0 →k 
2

(h) Solve the equation 3 sin22θ + 8 cos2θ = 0 for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 180°.

Solution: 3(1 – cos2 2θ) + 8cos2θ = 0

3 cos22θ – 8cos2θ – 3 = 0
(3cos 2θ)( cos 2θ – 3) = 0
1
cos2θ = 
3

2θ = 109. 5° or 250. 5°
θ = 54.7° or 125.3°
NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 32
(i) The diagram shows part of the graph of y = a + tan bx, where x is measured in radians and
a and b are constants. The curve intersects the x – axis at (  1  , 0) and the y – axis at (0,
6
3 ). Find the values of a and b. y

y  a  tan bx

x
1 O
 
6

Solution: 3 =a + tan0
a= 3
 b 
0 = tan    3 b=2
 6 

Exercise 6a
(a) (i) Solve the equation 7 cosx + 5 = 2 sin2x, for 0°≤ x ≤ 360°.
(ii) Show that the equation 2 cos x = 3 tan x can be written as a quadratic equation in
sin x.
(iii) Solve the equation 2 cos 2y = 3 tan 2y for 0°≤ y ≤ 180°.

(b) Solve the equation 2 cos2θ = 3 sin θ, for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°.

(c) The smallest positive solution of the equation 2 cos2(nθ) = 3 sin(nθ), where n is a
positive integer, is 10°. State the value of n and hence find the largest solution of this
equation in the interval 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°.

(d) Solve the equation sin 2x = 2 cos 2x, for 0° ≤ x ≤ 180°.

(e) Prove the identity tan2 θ − sin2 θ ≡ tan2 θ sin2 θ.

(f) Use the result in (g) above to explain why tan θ > sin θ for 0° < θ < 90°.

(g) Solve the equation sin 2x + 3 cos 2x = 0 for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°.

(h) How many solutions has the equation sin 2x + 3 cos 2x = 0 for 0° ≤ x ≤ 1080°

1 1
(i) Prove the identity tan x +  .
tan x sin x cos x

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 33

 2
(j) Solve the equation  1  3 tan x , for 0° ≤ x ≤ 180°.
sin x cos x
Topic 7: Vectors in three dimensions

(a) The diagram shows a cuboid OABCPQRS with a horizontal base OABC in which AB =
6cm and OA = a cm, where a is a constant. The height OP of the cuboid is 10 cm. The
point T on BR is such that BT = 8 cm, and M is the mid-point of AT. Unit vectors i, j and
k are parallel to OA, OC and OP respectively.

S R

T
P Q

8 cm

10 cm . M
C B

6 cm
k j

O i a cm A

(i) For the case where a = 2, find the unit vector in the direction of PM .

Solution: PM = 2i – 10k + ½(6j + 8k)

PM = 2i + 3j – 6k
 4  9  36
1
Unit vector  ( 2i + 3j – 6k)
7
2
(ii) For the case where angle ATP = cos-1   , find the value of a.
7

Solution: AT = 6j + 8k, PT = ai + 6j – 2k (or TA and TP)

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 34

 (6 j  8k ).(ai  6 j  2k ) Alternative method
(cos ATP) 
36  64 a 2  36  4 (Cosine rule) Vectors (AT, PT etc.)
36  16 a 2  36  4  36  64  (100  a 2 )
 cos ATP 
36  64 a 2  36  4 2 (a 2  40) 100
20 And then as solved on the left side

10 a  40 2

2 2
  a3
a  40
2 7

(b) Relative to an origin O, the position vectors of two points P and Q are p and q
respectively. The point R is such that PQR is a straight line with Q the mid-point of PR.
Find the position vector of R in terms of p and q, simplifying your answer.

Solution:
P q–p Q q–p R
PR  2PQ  2(q  p) or QR  PQ  q  p
OR  p  2q  2p OR  OQ  QR q
p
 2q  p  q q p
 2q  p O
(c) The vector 6i + aj + bk has magnitude 21 and is perpendicular to 3i R+ 2j + 2k. Find the
possible values of a and b, showing all necessary working.

Solution: 62 + a2 + b2 = 212
18 + 2a + 2b = 0
a2 + (– a – 9)2 = 405
(2)(a2 + 9a – 162)(= 0)
a = 9 or – 18
b = –18 or 9

(d) Relative to an origin O, the position vectors of points A and B are given by

 3  2
   
OA    6  and OB    6  and angle AOB = 90°
 p  7
   
(i) Find the value of p.

Solution: Angle AOB = 90° → 6 + 36 – 7p = 0

–7p = – 42
p=6

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 35

 2
(ii) The point C is such that OC  OA. Find the unit vector in the direction of BC .
3
 3  2
   
Solution: OC  2   6     4 
3
 p   4
 

  2  3  0
  2   
BC   6     6    2  ; magnitude = 125
 7  3  6  11
     
0
1  
Unit vector  2
125  
11

q  8 
   
(e) Two vectors, u and v, are such that u   2 and v   q 1  , where q is a constant.
6 q2  7
   
(i) Find the values of q for which u is perpendicular to v.

Solution: u.v = 8q + 2q – 2 + 6q2 – 42

6q2 + 10q – 44 = 0
11
q = 2 or 
3
(ii) Find the angle between u and v when q = 0.

q  8
   
Solution: u   2 v   1 u.v = –2 – 42
6  7
   
u  v  2 2  6 2  82  12  7 2
44 44 4
cos   
40  114 4 285 11
  130.7 or 2.2805 rads
  229.3 or 4.0020 rads

Exercise 7a
 p
 
(a) The position vectors of points A and B relative to an origin O are given by OA   1 
1
 
4
 
and OB   2  , where p is a constant.
 p
 
(i) In case where OAB is a straight line, state the value of p and find the unit vector in
the direction of OA .
(ii) In case OA is perpendicular to AB, find the possible values of p.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 36

 (iii)In case where p = 3, the point C is such that OABC is parallelogram. Find the
position vector of C.
(b) The position vectors of the points A and B, relative to the origin O, are given by
1  k
   
OA   0  and OB    k  , where k is a constant.
 2  2k 
   
(i) In case where k = 2, calculate the angle AOB.
(ii) Find the values of k for which AB is a unit vector.

(c) The position vectors of points A and B relative to an origin O are a and b respectively.
The position vectors of points C and D relative to O are 3a and 2b respectively. It is
given that
 2  4
   
a  1 and b  0
 2 6
   

(i) Find the unit vector in the direction of CD

(ii) The point E is the mid-point of CD. Find angle EOD.

 p2   2 
   
(d) Two vectors u and v are such that u =   2  and v =  p  1  , where p is a
 6  2 p  1
   
constant.
(i) Find the values of p for which u is perpendicular to v.
(ii) For the case where p = 1, find the angle between the directions of u and v.

(e) Relative to an origin O, the position vectors of the points A, B and C are given by

 2  4  1
     
OA   -1  OB   2  and OC   3  .
 4  -2   p
     
Find
(i) the unit vector in the direction of AB ,
(ii) the value of the constant p for which angle BOC = 90°.

(f) Find the angle between the vectors 3i − 4k and 2i + 3j − 6k.

(g) The vector OA has a magnitude of 15 units and is in the same direction as the vector
3i − 4k. The vector OB has a magnitude of 14 units and is in the same direction as
the vector 2i + 3j − 6k.

(i) Express OA and OB in terms of i, j and k.

(ii) Find the unit vector in the direction of AB .

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 37

 Topic 8: Differentiation 1

8 dy d2 y
(a) A curve has equation y   2 x . Find and .
x dx dx 2
dy 8
Solution: =  2 +2
dx x

d 2 y 16
= 3
dx 2 x

(b) Find the coordinates of the stationary points for the curve in (a) above and state, with a
reason, the nature of each stationary point

8
Solution:  2
 2  0  2x 2  8  0
x
x=±2 y=±8 → Coordinates (2, 8) and (– 2, – 8)
2
d y
> 0 when x = 2 hence minimum
dx 2
d2 y
> 0 when x = – 2 hence maximum
dx 2

1
2
(c) The diagram shows part of the curve y = (1 + 4x) and a point P (6, 5) lying on the
curve. The line PQ intersects the x – axis at Q (8, 0).

Show that PQ is a normal to the curve.

Solution: dy   1 (1  4 x)  2   4
1

dx  2 
dy 2
At x = 6, 
dx 5

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 38

 2 5
Gradient of normal at P = ; Gradient of PQ =  ; hence PQ is a normal or
5 2
m1m2 = – 1

3 1
(d) A curve has equation y  2 x 2  3x  4 x 2  4 . Find the equation of the tangent to the
curve at the point (4, 0).

1 1
dy  dy
Solution:  3x 2  3  2 x 2 At x = 4,  6  3 1  2
dx dx
y0
2 then cross multiply
x4
Equation of tangent is y = 2(x – 4)

(e) A function f is defined by f : x  x3 – x2 – 8x + 5 for x < a. It is given that f is an

increasing function. Find the largest possible value of the constant a.

Solution: f ꞌ(x) = 3x2 – 2x – 8

3x2 – 2x – 8 = 0
4 4
x = 2 or  f ꞌꞌ (x) < 0  x < 
3 3
4
the largest value of a is 
3

(f) The horizontal base of a solid prism is an equilateral triangle of size x cm. The sides
of the prism are vertical. The height of the prism is h cm and the volume of the prism
is 2000 cm3.

(i) Express h in terms of x and show that the total surface area of the prism, A cm2, is
3 2 24 000 1
given by A  x  x .
2 3
1 2 1 3
Solution: Area of an equi Δ = x sin60 = x2 ×
2 2 2
1 3 8000
Volume    x 2 h  2 000  h 
 
2 2 3 x2
1 3
A  3xh  (2)     x 2 
 
2 2
3 2 24 000 1
Substituting h in A → A  x  x
2 3

(ii) Given that x can vary, find the value of x for which A has a stationary value.

dA 3 24 000 2
Solution:  2x  x = 0 when x3 = 8 000 → x = 20
dx 2 3

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 39

 (iii)Determine, showing all necessary workings, the nature of this stationary value.

d2 A 3 48 000 3
Solution:  2 x  0  minimum
dx 2 2 3

4
(g) The diagram shows part of the curve y  .
5  3x

(i) Find the equation of the normal to the curve at the point where x = 1 in the
form y = mx + c, where m and c are constants.

dy 4 1
Solution:   (3) Gradient of tangent = 3, gradient of normal 
dx (5  3x) 2 3
1 1 7
→ equation: y  2   ( x  1) → y  x
3 3 3

The shaded region is bounded by the curve, the coordinate axes and the line x = 1.
(ii) Find showing all necessary working, the volume obtained when this shaded
region is rotated through 360° about the x – axis.

1
Solution: Vol =   y 2dx
0

16   16   16 16  8

1
 dx →   3 =  
0 5  3x 2  (5  3x   6 15  5

(h) A curve has equation y = (2x – 1)-1 + 2x.

dy d2 y
(i) Find and .
dx dx 2

dy
Solution: = –2(2x – 1)-2 + 2
dx

d2 y
2
= 8(2x – 1)-3
dx

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 40

 (ii) Find the x-coordinates of the stationary points and, showing all necessary
working, determine the nature of each stationary point.

dy
Solution: equating to 0 → x = 0 or 1
dx
d2 y
When x = 0, = –8 (or < 0). Hence maximum point
dx 2
d2 y
When x = 0, = 8 (or > 0). Hence minimum point
dx 2

Exercise 8a
3
dy
(a) A curve is such that  2(3x  4) 2  6 x  8 .
dx
d2 y
(i) Find .
dx 2
(ii) Verify that the curve has a stationary point when x = – 1 and determine its nature.
(iii) It is now given that the stationary point on the curve has coordinates (–1, 5). Find
the equation of the curve.
dy 4
(b) A curve is defined for x > 0 and is such that  x  2 . The point P (4, 8) lies on
dx x
the curve.

(i) Find the equation of the curve.

(ii) Show that the gradient of the curve has a minimum value when x = 2 and state this
minimum value.

(c) An oil pipeline under the sea is leaking oil and a circular patch of oil has formed on
the surface of the sea. At midday the radius of the patch of oil is 50m and is
increasing at a rate of 3 metres per hour. Find the rate at which the area of the oil is
increasing at midday.
1
(d) A curve has equation y  2 x  . Verify that the curve has a stationary point at
( x  1) 2
x = 2 and determine its nature.

(e) A watermelon is assumed to be spherical in shape while it is growing. Its mass, M kg,
and radius, r cm, are related by the formula M = kr3, where k is a constant. It is also
assumed that the radius is increasing at a constant rate of 0.1 centimetres per day. On
a particular day the radius is 10 cm and the mass is 3.2 kg. Find the value of k and the
rate at which the mass is increasing on this day.

(f) It is given that a curve has equation y = f(x), where f(x) = x3 − 2x2 + x.
(i) Find the set of values of x for which the gradient of the curve is less than 5.
(ii) Find the values of f(x) at the two stationary points on the curve and determine the
nature of each stationary point.
d2 y
(g) A curve is such that = −4x. The curve has a maximum point at (2, 12).
dx 2

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 41

 (i) Find the equation of the curve.

A point P moves along the curve in such a way that the x-coordinate is increasing at
0.05 units per second.

(ii) Find the rate at which the y-coordinate is changing when x = 3, stating whether the
y-coordinate is increasing or decreasing.

2
(h) The equation of a curve is y = 4 x  .
x
dy
(i) Obtain an expression for .
dx
(ii) A point is moving along the curve in such a way that the x-coordinate is
increasing at a constant rate of 0.12 units per second. Find the rate of change of
the y-coordinate when x = 4.

(i) The diagram shows part of the curve y = 1 − 2x – (1 − 2x)3 intersecting the x-axis at
1 
the origin O and A  , 0  . The line AB intersects the y-axis at B and has equation y
2 
= 1 − 2x.

Show that AB is the tangent to the curve at A.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 42

 Topic 9: Integration 1

(a) The function f is such that f ꞌ(x) = 3x2 – 7 and f(3) = 5. Find f(x).

3x 3
Solution:  (3x 2  7)dx to get  7 x  c → f(x) = x3 – 7x(+c)
3
When x = 3, f(3) = 5 → 5 = 27 – 21 + c
c=–1 and therefore f(x) = x3 – 7x – 1

1
2
(b) The diagram shows part of the curve y = (1 + 4x) and a point P (6, 5) lying on the
curve. The line PQ intersects the x – axis at Q (8, 0).

Find, showing all necessary working, the exact volume of the revolution obtained when the
shaded region is rotated through 360° about the x – axis.

NOTE: You may find it useful to apply the fact that the volume, V, of a cone of base radius r
1
and height h, is given by V = r 2 h.
3
6
Solution: Vol for curve = ()  1  4 x 
0


= () x  2x 2 
6
0

= () 6  72  060
= 78()
8
 5  
3

   x  20  
( )    
1 2
Vol for line =  ( )  5 2  2 or
3  5 
 3  2 
  6

50
= ( )
3

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 43

 50 2 284
Total Volume = 78() + ( ) = 94  or 
3 3 3

(c) Machines in a factory make cardboard cones of base radius r cm and vertical height h
1
cm. The volume, V cm3, of such a cone is given by V = r 2 h . The machines
3
produce cones for which h + r = 18.
1
(i) Show that V = 6r2 − r 3 .
3
1
Solution: V = r 2 (18  r )
3
1
 6r 2  r 3
3

(ii) Given that r can vary, find the non-zero value of r for which V has a stationary
value and show that the stationary value is a maximum.

dV
Solution:  12r  r 2  0
dr
r (12  r )  0  r  12
Substitute r  12 into 12  24r  12  MAX

(iii)Find the maximum volume of a cone that can be made by these machines.

Solution: Substitute r  12, h  6  MAXV  288 or 905

1
(d) The diagram shows part of the curve y  ( x 4  1) defined for x ≥ 0.
2

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 44

 (i) Find, showing all the necessary working, the area of the shaded region.

    5 
Solution: Area = 1 x 4  1 dx  1  x  x
2 2 5 

1 
= 1 2   1  0
5 
2
=
5

(ii) Find, showing all necessary working, the volume obtained when the shaded region
is rotated through 360° about the x – axis.

Solution: Vol =   y 2 dx  1 4   x8  2 x 4  1dx

1
 9 5 
1 ( )  x  2 x  x
4
 9 5  0

1 ( )  1  2  1  0
4  9 5 

8
= or 0.559
45

(iii)Find, showing all necessary working, the volume obtained when the shaded region
is rotated through 360° about the y – axis.

1
Solution: Vol =   x 2 dy    2 y  1 2 dy
0
 2 y  13 2  1 
( )   [2] ( )   0


3
2
 1
 3 
2


= or 1.05
3

dy
(e) A curve for which  7  x 2  6 x passes through the point (3, –10).
dx
(i) Find the equation of the curve.

dy
Solution:  7  x 2  6x
dx
x3 6x 2
y  7x   c Uses (3, –10) → c = 5
3 2
x3 6x 2
y  7x   5
3 2

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 45

 (ii) Express 7  x 2  6 x in the form a – (x + b)2, where a and b are constants.

Solution: 7 – x2 – 6x = 16 – (x + 3)2

(iii)Find the set of values of x for which the gradient of the curve is positive.

Solution: 16 – (x + 3)2 > 0 → (x + 3)2 < 16

2
Solve for (x + 3) < 16 → x2 + 6x + 9 < 16
= x2 + 6x – 7 < 0
= (x + 7)(x – 1) < 0
x = 1 or x = – 7 → –7<x<1

(f) A curve with equation y = f(x) passes through the points (0, 2) and (3, –1). It is given
that f ꞌ(x) = kx2 – 2x, where k is a constant. Find the value of k.

Solution: y = ⅓ kx3 – x2 + c substitute (0, 2) → c=2

Substituting (3, –1) → –1 = 9k + c
k=⅔

(g) The diagram shows part of the curve with equation y  ( x 3  x 2 ) . The shaded region is
bounded by the curve, the x – axis and the line x = 3.

(i) Find, showing all necessary working, the volume obtained when the shaded region is
rotated through 360 about the x – axis.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 46

 Solution:  
V  ( ) x 3  x 2 (dx)
3
 x 4 x3   81 
( )    → ( )   9 (0)
 4 3 
0
 4 
117
=
4

(ii) P is the point on the curve with x – coordinate 3. Find the y – coordinate of the point
where the normal to the curve at P crosses the y – axis.

Solution: At x = 3, y=6
   
1
dy 1 3 
 x  x 2 2  3x 2  2 x
dx 2
1 1 11
At x = 3, m =   33 
2 6 4
4
Equation of normal is y  6   ( x  3)
11
1
When x = 0, y = 7
11

Exercise 9a

(a) The diagram shows the curve with equation y = x(x – 2)2. The minimum point on the
curve has coordinates (a, 0) and the x – coordinate of the maximum point is b, where
a and b are constants.

(i) State the value of a.

(ii) Find the value of b.
(iii)Find the area of the shaded region.
dy
(iv) The gradient, , of the curve has a minimum value m. Find the value of m.
dx

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 47

 dy 8
(b) A curve is such that   3  1 and the point (2, 4) lies on the curve. Find the
dx x
equation of the curve.
9
(c) The diagram shows part of the curve y  , crossing the y-axis at the point
2x  3
B (0, 3). The point A on the curve has coordinates (3, 1) and the tangent to the curve at
A crosses the y-axis at C.

(i) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at A.

(ii) Determine, showing all necessary working, whether C is nearer B or to O.
(iii)Find, showing all necessary working, the exact volume obtained when the shaded
region is rotated through 360° about the x – axis.

(d) The diagram shows the curve y2 = 2x − 1 and the straight line 3y = 2x − 1. The curve
1
and straight line intersect at x = and x = a, where a is a constant.
2

(i) Show that a = 5.

(ii) Find, showing all necessary working, the area of the shaded region.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 48

 2
(e) The diagram shows the line y = 1 and part of the curve y = .
x  1

2 4
(i) Show that the equation y = can be written in the form x = 2  1 .
x  1 y
 4 
(ii) Find   2 1 dy. Hence find the area of the shaded region.
y 
(iii)The shaded region is rotated through 360° about the y-axis. Find the exact value
of the volume of revolution obtained.

8
(f) The diagram shows part of the curve x =  2 , crossing the y-axis at the point A.
y2
The point B(6, 1) lies on the curve. The shaded region is bounded by the curve, the y-
axis and the line y = 1. Find the exact volume obtained when this shaded region is
rotated through 360° about the y-axis.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 49

 6
(g) The diagram shows the region enclosed by the curve y = , the x-axis and the
2x  3
lines x = 2 and x = 3.

Find, in terms of, the volume obtained when this region is rotated through 360°
about the x-axis.

(h) The diagram shows part of the curve y = −x2 + 8x − 10 which passes through the
points A and B. The curve has a maximum point at A and the gradient of the line BA
is 2.

(i) Find the coordinates of A and B.

(ii) Find  y dx and hence evaluate the area of the shaded region.

(i) The diagram shows part of the curve y = 1 − 2x – (1 − 2x)3 intersecting the x-axis at
1 
the origin O and A  , 0  . The line AB intersects the y-axis at B and has equation
2 
y = 1 − 2x.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 50

 1
(i) Show that the area of the shaded region can be expressed as  2 (1  2 x) 3 dx .
0
(ii) Hence, showing all necessary working, find the area of the shaded region.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 51

 Theme 2

Mathematics 2

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 52

 Topic 1:Algebra

(a) Solve the inequality 5x  2  4 x  3 . Alternatively

Solution: 5x + 2 = 4x + 3 → x = 1 (5x + 2)2 > (4x + 3)2

5
4x + 3 = −5x −2 → 9x = −5 → x =  25x2 + 20x + 4 > 16x2 +2x + 9
9
5 9x2 − 4x − 5 > 0
Conclusion: 5x  2  4 x  3 For x > 1 or x < 
9
(9x + 5)(x − 1) > 0

5
x<  or x > 1
(b) Solve the inequality 3x  5  2 x . 9
Alternatively
Solution:
Calculate the 2 points of intersection: (3x − 5)2 < (2x)2
2x = −3x + 5 → x = 1
2x = 3x – 5 → x = 5
9x2 − 30x + 25 < 4x2
So 3x  5  2 x for 1 < x < 5
5x2 − 30x + 25 < 0 → x2 − 6x + 5 < 0

(x − 1)(x − 5) < 0 →1<x<5

(c) The polynomial p(x) is defined by p(x) = 4x3 + 4x2 – 29x – 15.

(i) Use the factor theorem to show that (x + 3) is a factor of p(x).

Solution:
p(−3) = 4  (−27) + 4  9 + 87 – 15 = 0 indeed so (x + 3) is a factor of p(x).

(ii) Factorise p(x) completely.

Solution:
4x2 – 8x − 5
x + 3 4 x 3 + 4 x 2 - 29 x - 15
− 4x3 +12x2
−8x2 – 29x
− −8x2 – 24x
−5x −15
− −5x −15
0
So p(x) = (x + 3)( 4x2 – 8x – 5) = (x + 3)(2x +1)(2x – 5)

(iii)Hence, given that 23u + 2 + 4u + 1 = 29 × 2u + 15, find the value of 2u and, using
logarithms, find the value of u correct to 3 significant figures.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 53

 Solution:
Re write 23u + 2 + 4u + 1 = 29 × 2u + 15 as 4(2u)3 + 4(2u)2 – 29  2u – 15 = 0
Let 2u = x → 4x3 + 4x 2 – 29x – 15 = 0 → (x + 3)(2x +1)(2x – 5) = 0
5
Only the last factor gives a positive value → x
2
u
so 2 = 2.5 so u = log 2.5 ÷ log 2 = 1.32

(d) Given that x satisfies the equation 2 x  3  2 x  1 , find the value of 4 x  3  6 x .

Solution:
2x  3  2x 1
square both sides: 4x2 + 12x + 9 = 4x2 – 4x + 1 or 16x = −8 so x = −½
Substitute x = −½ in 4 x  3  6 x you get: |−5| − |−3| = 2

(e) (i) Find the quotient when 4x3 + 8x2 + 11x + 9 is divided by (2x + 1), and show that the
remainder is 5.
Solution:
2x2 + 3x + 4
2x +1 4 x 3 + 8x 2 + 11x + 9
− 4x3 + 2x2
6x2 + 11x
− 6x2 + 3x
8x + 9
− 8x + 4
5
So the quotient is 2x2 + 3x + 4and the remainder is 5.

(ii) Show that the equation 4x3 + 8x2 +11x + 9 = 0 has exactly one real root.
Solution:
The equation 2x2 + 3x + 4 = 0 has discriminant b2 – 4ac = 9 – 4  2  4 = − 23 < 0 so this eq. has
no real solutions. So the only factor giving a real root is 2x +1.

(f) Use the factor theorem to show that (2x + 3) is a factor of 8x3 + 4x2 – 10x + 3.
Solution:
3
2x + 3 = 0 for x = −1.5 = 
2
Substitute this value in the polynomial: −27 + 9 + 15 + 3 = 0 indeed.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 54

Exercise 1b
(a) Solve the equation x 3  14  13 , showing all your working.

(b) The polynomial p(x) is defined by p(x) = ax3 – 3x2 – 5x + a + 4, where a is a constant.
(i) Given that (x – 2) is a factor of p(x), find the value of a.
(ii) When a has this value, factorise p(x) completely.
(iii)When a has this value, find the remainder when p(x) is divided by (x + 1).
(c) (i) Find the quotient when 4x3 + 17x2 + 9x is divided by x2 + 5x + 6, and show that the
remainder is 18.
(ii) Hence solve the equation 4x3 + 17x2 + 9x – 18 = 0.
(d) (i) Sketch, on the same diagram, the graphs of y  x  2k and y  2 x  3k , where k is a

positive constant. Give, in terms of k, the coordinates of the points where each graph
meets the axes.
(ii) Find, in terms of k, the coordinates of each of the two points where the graphs
intersect.
(iii) Find, in terms of k, the largest value of t satisfying the inequality 2t  2k  2t 1  3k .

(e) Solve the equation 9 x  2  3x  2 .

(f) Use factor theorem to show that (x + 2) is a factor of x4 + 2x3 + 2x2 –12x – 32.
(g) (i) Solve the inequality 3x  5  x  3

(ii) Hence find the greatest integer n satisfying the inequality 30.1n1  5  30.1n  3 .

(h) The polynomial p(x) is defined by p(x) = 5x3 + ax2 + bx – 16, where a and b are constants.
It is given that (x – 2) is a factor of p(x) and that the remainder is 27 when p(x) is divided
by (x + 1).
(i) Find the values of a and b.
(ii) Hence factorise p(x) completly.

(j) Solve the inequality 2 x  1  2 x  5 .

(k) The polynomial x4 – 4x3 + 3x2 + 4x – 4 is denoted by p(x).

(i) Find the quotient when p(x) is divided by x2 – 3x + 2.
(ii) Hence solve the equation p(x) = 0.
(l) Solve the inequality x  3  2 x  1 .

(m) (i) Find the quotient when the polynomial 8x3 – 4x2 – 18x + 13 is divided by 4x2 + 4x – 3,
and show that the remainder is 4.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 55

 (ii) Hence, or otherwise, factorise the polynomial 8x3 – 4x2 – 18x + 9.
(n) Solve the inequality x  2  x  5 .

(o) The polynomial 2x3 – 4x2 + ax + b, where a and b are constants, is denoted by p(x). It is
given that when p(x) is divided by (x + 1) the remainder is 4, and that when p(x) is
divided by (x – 3) the remainder is 12.
(i) Find the values of a and b.
(ii) When a and b have these values, find the quotient and remainder when p(x) is divided
by (x2 – 2).

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 56

 Topic 2: Logarithmic and exponential functions

(a) The graph of ln y against x is a straight line passing through the points (1, 2.835) and
(6, 6.585), as shown on the diagram.

The variables x and y satisfy the equation y = Aepx + p, where A and p are constants.
Find the values of A and p.

Solution:
Take ln of both sides of y = Aepx + p you get: ln y = (px + p) + ln A
Substitute the two points: 2.835 = 2p + ln A...... and 6.585 = 7p + lnA.....
y2  y1 6.585  2.835
The gradient of the line is = = 0.75
x2  x1 6 1
So p = 0.75 and use  to calculate A: 2.835 = 1.5 + ln A → ln A = 1.335 → A = 3.80

NOTE: Equations 1 and 2 can also be solved simultaneously to obtain the values of A and p.

(b) Given that 9x + 3x = 240, find the value of 3x and hence, using logarithms, find the
value of x correct to 4 significant figures.

Solution:
Let 3x be p.
(3x)2 + 3x – 240 = 0 changes into p2 + p – 240 = 0 or (p + 16)(p – 15) = 0
Only the first factor generates a solution: 3x = 15
so x = log 15 ÷ log 3 = 2.465

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 57

 Exercise 2b
(a) The variable x and y satisfy the equation y = A(bx), where A and b are constants. The
graph of ln y against x is a straight line passing through the points (0, 2.14) and (5,
4.49), as shown in the diagram.

ln y

.(5, 4.49)
.(0, 2.14)
x
O

Find the values of A and b, correct to 1 decimal place

(b) Given that 9 x  2  3x  2 , use logarithms to solve the equation

3 y 2  2  3 y 1  2 , giving your answer correct to 3 significant figures.

(c) Show that ln(x3 – 4x) – ln(x2 – 2x) ≡ ln(x + 2).

(d) The variable x and y satisfy the equation y = A(b–x), where A and b are constants. The
graph of ln y against x is a straight line passing through the points (1, 2.9) and (3.5,
1.4), as shown in the diagram.

ln y

. (1, 2.9)
. (3.5, 1.4)

x
O

Find the values of A and b, correct to 2 decimal places.

(e) (i) Given that 52x + 5x = 12, find the value of 5x.
(ii) Hence, using logarithm, solve the equation 52x + 5x = 12, giving the value of x
correct to 3 significant figures.
(f) Use logarithms to solve the equation 5x = 32x – 1, giving your answer correct to 3
significant figures.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 58

 Topic 3: Trigonometry 2

(a) (i) Show that cosec2x + cot2x ≡ cotx.

Solution:
Rewrite using sin and cos:
1 cos 2 x 1 cos 2 x  sin 2 x
LHS = + = +
sin 2 x sin 2 x 2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x

sin 2 x  cos 2 x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x 2 cos 2 x

= =
2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x
cos x
=  cot x
sin 2 x
1
(ii) Hence find the exact value of cot  .
12
Solution:
 1 cos 30 1 0.5 3
Using the identity we get cot = +   =2+ 3
12 sin 30 sin 30 0.5 0.5

(iii) Find  sin 2 x(cos ec 4 x  cot 4 x)dx .

Solution:
 1 cos 4 x 
 sin 2x(cosec 4x + cot 4x)dx = sin 2x   dx
 sin 4 x sin 4 x 

 1 cos 2 2 x  sin 2 2 x 
= sin 2x    dx
 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x 

 sin 2 2 x  cos 2 2 x  cos 2 2 x  sin 2 2 x 

=    dx
 2 cos 2 x 
2 cos 2 2 x 1
 2 cos 2 x dx = cos 2x dx =
2
sin 2x + c

(b) Solve the equation sec2θ + tan2θ = 5 tanθ + 4 for 0° < θ < 180°. Show all necessary
working.

Solution:
sec2θ + tan2θ = 5 tanθ + 4 change to sin θ and cos θ.
Use the identity tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ the equation changes into 2tan2 θ + 1 – 5 tan θ −4
=0
This gives the quadratic eq in terms of tan θ: 2tan2 θ – 5 tan θ − 3 = 0
Factorize: (2tan θ + 1) (tan θ – 3) = 0
The first factor gives the solution tan θ = − ½ or θ = 153.4º
The second factor gives θ =71.6º

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 59

 6 cos   5
(c) (i) Show that the equation 2 cos 2  can be expressed as
2 cos   1
8 cos 3   4 cos 2   10 cos   3  0 .

Solution:
6 cos   5 6 cos   5
2 cos 2  → 2(cos   sin  ) 
2 2

2 cos   1 2 cos   1
6 cos   5 6 cos   5
2(cos 2   (1  cos 2  ))  → 2(cos   1  cos  ) 
2 2

2 cos   1 2 cos   1
6 cos   5 2(2 cos 2   1) 6 cos   5
2(cos 2   1  cos 2  )  → 
2 cos   1 1 2 cos   1
2(2 cos 2   1)(2 cos 2   1)  6 cos   5
2(4 cos 3   2 cos 2   2 cos  1)  6 cos   5
8 cos 3   4 cos 2   4 cos  2  6 cos   5
8 cos 3   4 cos 2   10 cos 3  0

Use cross multiplication: 2(2 cos θ + 1)(2cos2 θ – 1) = 6 cos θ – 5 work out the
brackets:
8 cos3 θ + 4 cos2 θ – 10 cos θ + 3 = 0

6 cos   5
(ii) Solve the equation 2 cos 2  for 0° < θ < 360°.
2 cos   1

Solution:
From (c) we get cos θ = −1.5 so no solutions from there. Maybe there are more factors.

4x2 − 4x + 1
2x + 3 8x 3 + 4 x 2 - 10 x + 3
− 8x3 + 12x2
−8x2 − 10x
− −8x2 − 12x
2x + 3
− 2x + 3
0
So we get 8x3 + 4x2 − 10x + 3 = (2x + 3)(2x – 1)2
So we have as well cos θ = ½ so θ =60º or θ = 300º

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 60

Exercise 3b
(a) Given that 35 + sec2θ = 12 tan θ, find the value of tan θ.
(b) Use your answer in (a), showing the use of an appropriate formula in each case, to find
the exact value of
(i) tan (θ - 45°)
(ii) tan 2θ
(c) Solve the equation 2sin(θ + 30°) + 5cosθ = 2sinθ for 0° < θ < 90°.
(d) Solve the equation sec2θ = 3 cosec θ, for 0° < θ < 180°.
(e) (i) Show that 2 cosec 2θ cot θ ≡ cosec2θ.
(ii) Hence show that cosec2 15° tan 15° = 4.
1 1
(iii) Solve the equation 2 cos ec cot   cos ec   12 for – 360° <  < 360°. Show all
2 2
necessary working.

(f) Given that tan A = t and tan(A + B) = 4, find tan B in terms of t.

(g) Solve the equation 2 tan(45° − x) = 3 tan x, giving all solutions in the interval 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°.
(h) (i) Express 9 sin θ – 12 cos θ in the form R sin(θ – α), where R > 0 and 0° < α < 90°. Give
the value of α correct to 2 decimal places.
(ii) Solve the equation 9 sin θ – 12 cos θ = 4 for 0° < θ < 90°.
(iii) State the largest value of k for which the equation 9 sin θ – 12 cos θ = k has any
solutions.
1 1
(i) Show that tan2x + cos2x ≡ sec2x + cos 2x – .
2 2
(j) Solve the equation 2cos 2θ = 4cos θ – 3 for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 180°.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 61

 Topic 4: Differentiation 2

(a) A curve has equation y = 4x sin ½x. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the
point for which x =.

dy 1 1 1  1 1
Solution:  4 sin x   4 x cos x  → 4 sin x  2 x cos x
dx 2 2 2  2 2
y ' (π) = 4
1
y = 4π sin π = 4π → the coordinates are (π, 4π)
2

hence the equation y = 4x

(b) The diagram shows part of the curve defined by the parametric equations
x = t2 + 4t and y = t3 – 3t2.

The curve has the minimum point at M and crosses the x – axis at the point P.
(i) Find the gradient of the curve at P.

dy
dy dt 3t 2  6t
Solution:  
dx dx 2t  4
dt

At P the y-coordinate = 0 so t3 – 3t2 = 0 or t2(t – 3) = 0 so t = 3 so

dy 9
  0.9
dx 10

(ii) Find the coordinates of the point M.

Solution:
dy
 0 at M so t = 2 or t = 0 NS substitute this and you get M(12, −4)
dx

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 62

 (iii) The value of the gradient of the curve at the point with parameter t is denoted by
m. Show that 3t2 – (2m + 6)t – 4m = 0.
And hence find the set of possible values of m for points on the curve.

Solution:
3t 2  6t
 m was found in (b) (ii); multiply both sides by 2t + 4 :
2t  4

3t3 – 6t = 2mt + 4m → 3t3 – 6t − 2mt − 4m = 0 or 3t2 – (2m + 6)t – 4m = 0

This is a quadratic equation in terms of t it will have only real solutions when the
discriminant ≥ 0 so (2m + 6)2 – 4  3  (−4m) ≥ 0 or
4m2 + 24m + 36 + 48m ≥ 0 or
4m2 + 72m + 36 ≥ 0 divide by 4:
m2 + 18m + 9 ≥ 0

 b  b 2  4ac  18  324  36
First solve m + 18m + 9 = 0 or m 
2

2a 2
= −9 ±16.97056274
Conclusion: possible values of m are:
m ≥ − 13.06 or m ≤ 7. 97

1
(c) The parametric equations of a curve are x = 2t – sin 2t and y = 5t + cos 2t for 0  t  
2
At the point P on the curve, the gradient of the curve is 2.

(i) Show that the value of the parameter at P satisfies the equation 2 sin 2t – 4 cos 2t = 1.

Solution:
dy
dy dy 5  2 sin 2t
= 5 – 2 sin 2t and = 2 – 2 cos 2t so dt  For P it is given the
dt dt dx 2  2 cos 2t
dt
value is 2.
5  2 sin 2t
So  2 or 5 – 2 sin 2t = 4 – 4 cos 2t rewrite: 4 cos 2t – 2 sin 2t = −1
2  2 cos 2t
multiply with (− 1) and you get: 2 sin 2t – 4 cos 2t = 1.

(ii) By first expressing 2sin 2t – 4cos 2t in the form R sin(2t   ) , where R > 0 and
1
0     . Find the coordinates of P, giving each coordinate correct to 3 significant
2
figures.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 63

 Solution:
The harmonic addition theorem says there is a R and α with a sin x + b cos x = R cos
(x + α)
b a
With a2 + b2 = R2 and cos α = and sin α = − .
R R
Recall that sin(A – B) = sinAcosB – sinBcosA
R(sin 2t – α) = R(sin 2t cosα – sinα cos 2t)
2sin 2t – 4cos 2t = Rsin 2t cosα – Rsinα cos 2t
Equating coefficients: Rcosα = 2 and Rsinα = 4
2 4
cosα = and sinα = → α =1.1071 rad
20 20
solving for t: 20 sin (2t – 1.1071) = 1 → t = 0. 666
x = 2(0. 666) – sin(2× 0. 666) = 0. 361
y = 5(0. 666) + cos(2× 0. 666) = 3. 57

(d) The diagram shows the curve with equation y = 5 sin 2x – 3 tan 2x for the values of x
1
such that 0  x   . Find the x – coordinate of the stationary point M, giving your
4
answer correct to 3 significant figures.

Solution:
dy dy
 0 here  10 cos 2 x  6 sec 2 2 x  0
dt dt

6
Rewrite: 10 cos 2 x  0
cos 2 2 x
6
10 cos 2 x   0 use a substitution p = cos 2x the equation can be rewritten as:
cos 2 2 x
6
10 p  2
 0 multiply both sides with p2 and we get:
p
10 p 3  6  0 so that p3 = 0.6. This leads to cos 2x = 3
0.6

x=
cos 
1 3
0.6  = 0.284
2

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 64

 (e) Find the gradient of the curve 4x + 3ye2x + y2 = 10 at the point (0, 2).

Solution:
dy d
(4 x  3ev 2 x  v 2 )  10 using implicit differentiation we get:
dx dx
 dy  dy d 2
4  3 e 2 x  2 ye 2 x   y  0 or
 dx  dx dy
dy dy
4  3  3e 2 x  6 ye 2 x  2 y  0 substitute (0, 2) for x and y we get:
dx dx
dy dy dy dy 2
4  3  1  12  4  0 so 7  16 therefore  2
dx dx dx dx 7

Exercise 4b
1
x
(a) The diagram shows the curve y  4e 2  6 x  3 and its minimum point M.
y

1
x
y  4e 2  6x  3

.
M
x
O

Show that the x – coordinates of M can be written in the form ln a, where the value of
a is to be stated.
1
(b) A curve has parametric equations x  , y  (t  2) .
(2t  1) 2
The point P on the curve has parameter p and it is given that the gradient of the curve
at P is – 1.
1
Show that p   p  2 6  .
1
2
(c) A curve has equation 3x2 – y2 – 4ln(2y + 3) = 26. Find the equation of the tangent to
the curve at the point (3, –1).
(d) A curve has equation y = x3e0.2x where x ≥ 0. At point P on the curve, the gradient of
the curve is 15.
75e 0.2 x
(i) Show that the x – coordinates of P satisfies the equation x  .
15  x
(ii) Use the equation in part (a) to show by calculation that the x – coordinate of P lies
between 1.7 and 1.8.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 65

 (e) The diagram shows part of the curve with equation y = 4sin2x + 8sin2x + 3, where x is
measured in radians. The curve crosses the x – axis at the point A and the shaded
region is bounded by the curve and the line x = 0 and y = 0.

(i) Find the exact x – coordinate of A.

(ii) Find the exact gradient of the curve at A.

(f) A curve has parametric equations x = t + ln(t + 1) and y = 3te2t.

(i) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the origin.
(ii) Find the coordinates of the stationary point, giving each coordinate correct to 2
decimal places.

(g) The diagram shows the curve with equation y = sin2x + 3cos2x for 0 ≤ x ≤. At point
P and Q on the curve, the gradient of the curve is 3.
y

.
Q

x
O

.P

dy
(i) Find an expression for .
dx
dy
(ii) By first expressing in the form R cos(2x + α), where R > 0and 0 < α < ½,
dx
find the x – coordinates of P and Q, giving your answers correct to 4 significant
figures.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 66

 (h) Find the equation of the normal to the curve x2lny + 2x+ 5y = 11 at the point (3, 1).
8  x3
(i) The diagram shows the curve with equation y  . The maximum point is
2  5x
denoted by M.
y

x
O
M.

dy
(i) Find an expression for and determine the gradient of the curve at the point
dx
where crosses the x – axis.
(ii) Show that the x – coordinate of the point M satisfies the equation
x  (0.6 x  4 x 1 ) .

sin 2 x
(j) The curve with equation y  has one stationary point in the interval the
e2 x
1
0  x   . Find the exact x – coordinate of this point.
2
(k) The equation of the curve is 3x2 – 4xy + 2y2 – 6 = 0.
dy 3x  2 y
(i) Show that  .
dx 2 x  2 y
(ii) Find the coordinates of each of the points on the curve where the tangent is
parallel to the x – axis.

(l) The parametric equations of a curve are x = ln(t + 1) and y = e2t + 2t.
dy
(i) Find an expression for in terms of t.
dx
(ii) Find the equation of the normal to the curve at the point for which t = 0. Give your
answer in the form ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and c are integers.

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 sin 2 x 1
(m) The diagra shows the curve y  for 0  x   . The x – coordinate of the
x2 2
maximum point is denoted by α.

.M
x
O α ½

dy
(i) Find and show that α satisfies the equation tan 2x = 2x + 4.
dx

(ii) Show by calculation that α lies between 0.6 and 0.7.

2
(n) The parametric equations of a curve are x = ln(1 – 2t) and y = , for t < 0.
t
dy 1  2t
(i) Show that  2 .
dx t
(ii) Find the exact coordinates of the only point on the curve at which the gradient is
3.

1 dy
(o) (i) By differentiating , show that if y = secθ then  tan  sec  .
cos  d
d2 y
(ii) Hence show that  a sec3   b sec  , giving the values of a and b.
d 2

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 68

 Topic 5: Integration 2
8
(a) Given that 0
ln( x  2)dx .
(i) Use the trapezium rule with four intervals to find an approximation giving your
answer correct to 3 significant figures.

Solution:
With the trapezium rule you try to approximate the area under the graph:
80
0 ln( x  2)dx  2 y0  2 y1  y2  ... yn1   yn  with h  4  2
8 1

We use a table:
x Y Trap rule
x0 = 0 ln 2 ln 2 = 0.6931
x1 = 2 ln 4 2ln 4 = 2.773
x2 = 4 ln 6 2ln 6 = 3.584
x3 = 6 ln 8 2ln 8 = 4.159
x2 = 8 ln 10 ln 10= 2.302
Sum Trap rule is: 13.5
8
So according to the tap rule 0
ln( x  2)dx  ½  2[13,5] = 13.5.

8
 3 ln( x  4 x  4)dx .
2
(ii) Hence find an approximation to
0

8 8
Solution: 0
3 ln( x  2) 2 dx = 6 3 ln( x  2)dx = 6 × 13.5 = 81.1
0

[81 is acceptable as well but 81.1 is more accurate.]

2a
(b) It is given that  a
4e 2 x dx  25 , where a is a positive constant.
1
(i) Show that a  ln(12.5  e 4a ) .
2
Solution:
2a
2a  1 
4 e
2a

2 x
4e 2 x
dx  25 or dx  4 e 2 x   25 or
a a
 2  a

 1  1 
4 e 4 a    e 2 a   25
 2  2 
1 2 a 1 4 a
e  e  6.25
2 2

2e 2a  6.25  2e 4a multiply by 2:

e2a = 12.5 + e– 4a take ln from both sides:

1
2a = ln(1.25 + e – 4a) so a  ln(12.5  e 4a ) .
2

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 69

 (ii) Use the equation in part (i) to show by calculation that 1.0 < a < 1.5.

Solution:
Let us form a function: f(a) = a – 0.5 ln(12.5 + e−4a).
f(1) = 1 − ½ ln(12.5 + e−4) = −0.26
f(1.5) = 1.5 − ½ ln(12.5 + e−6) = 0.24
So a is found somewhere between 1 and 1.5.

(iii)Use an iterative formula based on the equation in part (i) to find the value of a
correct to 4 significant figures. Show the results for each iteration to 6 significant
figures.

1
Solution: a ln(12.5  e  4a )
2
Let us take a1 = 1.2
Then a2 = 1.263193
a3 = 1.26312;
a4 = 1.26312 So a = 1.263

2 4 2 
(c) Show that
1  
 x 2x  1 
dx  ln 48

Solution:   
4 2 2  41 4 1
 dx  2 dx  2 dx
1
 x 2x  1  1 x 1 2x  1
8 1
2[ln x] +  dp = 2{ln 4 – ln 1} + [ln (p + 1)]
2 p 1

= ln 16 + ln 9 – ln 3 = ln 48.

(d) Find  sin 2 x(cot x  2 cos ecx )dx .

Solution:

 cos x 2 
First we work on sin 2x(cot x + 2 cosec x)  2sin x cos x     2 cos x + 4 cos x.
2

 sin x sin x 

So  sin 2 x(cot x  2 cos ecx )dx =  (2 cos 2 x  4 cos x)dx ....

[from the double angle formula we know cos 2x = 2cos2 x – 1 so cos2 x = ½ cos 2x + ½]

 =  (cos 2 x  1  4 cos x)dx

½ sin 2x + x + 4 sin x + C

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 70

 6

12
(e) Show that dx  ln 256 .
1 3x  2

Solution:

dp
Let us define a new variable p = 3x + 2 → = 3 so dp = 3 dx
dx

4 ln p 5
63 20 1 dp
4  4
20
dx dp = = 4{ ln 20 – ln 5} = 4 ln 4
3x  2
1 5 p dx
= ln 256.

1

(f) Find the exact value of  0
6 (8 sin 2 x  tan 2 2 x)dx , showing all necessary working.

Solution:

1 1 1
  

0
6 (8 sin 2 x  tan 2 2 x)dx = 8 6 (sin 2 x dx   6 tan 2 2 x dx
0 0
1 1
  1 cos 2 x  
= 8 6   dx 
 6 (sec2 2 x - 1)dx
0 2 2  0

 
1 sin 2 x  6  tan 2 x 6
= 8 x    x
2 4  0  2 0

 3 3  1
   ln p 5
20 dp
= 8  
12 8  2 6 2 dx
 3 3  1
= 8       1.5
12 8  2 6 2

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 71

Exercise 5b
1
x
(a) The diagram shows the curve y  4e 2
 6 x  3 and its minimum point M.
y

1
x
y  4e  6 x  3
2

M
.
x
O
Find the exact value of the area of the region enclosed by the curve and the lines
x = 0, x = 2 and y = 0.

5 3
(b) Show that (2 sin x + cos x)2 can be written in the form  2 sin 2 x  cos 2 x .
2 2
1

(c) Hence use your answer in (b) to find that exact value of  (sin x  cos x) 2 dx .
4
0
2 3a 7
(d) It is given that 8 dx  ln . Find the value of the positive constant a.
a 2x  5 2
(e) The diagram shows part of the curve with equation y = 4sin2x + 8sin2x + 3, where x is
measured in radians. The curve crosses the x – axis at the point A and the shaded
region is bounded by the curve and the line x = 0 and y = 0.

Find the exact area of the shaded region.

7 6
(f) Show that 
1 2x  1
dx  ln 125 .

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 72

   1 
(g) The diagram shows the curve with equation y  1  3 cos 2  x   for 0 ≤ x ≤. The
  2 
region R is bounded by the curve and the line x = .

R
x
O 

(i) Use the trapezium rule with two intervals to find an approximation to the area of R,
giving your answer correct to 3 significant figures.
(ii) The region R is rotated completely about the x – axis. Without using a calculator,
find the exact volume of the solid produced.

 tan
2
(h) (i) Find the 3x dx .
e3 x  4 1
0 e x dx . Show all necessary working.
(ii) Find the exact value of
1
(i) The diagram shows the part of the curve y  (2  sin x for 0  x   .
2
y

x
O ½

1

Use the trapezium rule with 2 intervals to estimate the value of 
0
2 (2  sin x) dx ,
giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places.

1
 x
(j) Find  4e 2
dx .

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 73

 3 6
(k) Show that 1 3x - 1
dx  ln 16 .
1 1
(l) Show that tan2x + cos2x ≡ sec2x + cos 2x – and hence find the exact value of
2 2
1

0
4 (tan 2 x  cos 2 x) dx .
1
(m)The region enclosed by the curve y = tan x + cos x and the lines x = 0, x =  and
4
y = 0 is shown in the diagram. y

x
O 1

4

(n) Find the exact volume of the solid produced when this region is rotated completely
about the x – axis.
1
(o) The diagram shows the curve y = cos x for 0  x   . A rectangle OABC is drawn,
2
where B is the point on the curve with x – coordinate θ, and A and C are on the axes,
as shown. The shaded region R is bounded by the curve and by the lines x = θ and
y = 0.

(i) Find the area of R in terms of θ.

1  sin 
(ii) The area of the rectangle OABC is equal to the area of R. show that   .
cos 

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 74

 1 1
(p) Use the trapezium rule with two intervals to estimate the value of 
0 6  2e x
dx ,
giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places.

(e x  2) 2
(q) Find  e2 x
dx .

1

(r) Find the exact value of 
0
4 (1  tan - 3sec tan ) d .

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 75

 Topic 6: Numerical solutions of equations

e2 x
(a) The equation of a curve is y  and the point P on the curve has y – coordinate
4x  1
1
10. Show that the x – coordinate of P satisfies the equation x  ln( 40 x  10).
2
Solution:

e2x
So 10  multiply both sides with (4x + 1) → 40x + 10 = e2x
4x  1
Take ln from both sides: ln e2x = ln(40x + 10)
1
Then it becomes 2x = ln(40x + 10) so x  ln( 40 x  10).
2

1
(b) Use the iterative formula xn1  ln( 40 xn  10) with x1 = 2.3 to find the x – coordinate of
2
P correct to 4 significant figures.

Solution: x1 = 2.3
x2 = 2.31249
x3 = 2.31493
x4 = 2.31541
x5 = 2.31550
x6 = 2.31551
x7 = 2.31552 So the x coordinate is x = 2.316

(c) Find the gradient of the curve at P, giving your answer correct to 3 significant figures.

Solution:

Although under theme 1 in the syllabus it says product and quotient rule are not required;
this question needs the quotient rule.
e2 x
y
4x  1
d  f ( x)  f  ( x)g( x)  f ( x) g( x)

dx  g( x) 
The quotient rule says: applying this rule we get:
g( x)2
dy 2e 2 x (4 x  1)  e 2 x  4
 the numerator can be simplified
dx 16 x 2  8 x  1

dy e 2 x (8 x  2)
So 
dx 16 x 2  8 x  1

dy
Substitute x = 2.316; = 16.1
dx
NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 76
(d) The curve with equation y = 5e2x –8x2 – 20 crosses the x – axis at only one
point. This point has coordinates (p, 0).

1
(i) Show that p satisfies the equation x  ln(1.6 x 2  4) .
2

Solution:

0 = 5e2x–8x2– 20 make the e power subject of the equation:

e2x = 0.2(8x2 + 20) = 1.6x2 + 4 take ln from both sides:
2x = ln(1.6x2 + 4 ) so
1
x  ln(1.6 x 2  4) .
2

(ii) Show by calculation that 0.75 <p< 0.85.

Solution:

Form the function f(x) = x − ½ ln(1.6x2 + 4)

f(0.75) = −0.0446
f(0.85) = 0.0299
So the zero is somewhere in between 0.75 and 0.85.

(iii)Use an iterative formula based on the equation in part (i) to find the value of p correct
to 5 significant figures. Give the result of each iteration to 7 significant figures.

Solution:
Let x0 = 0.8 then x1 = 0.5 ln(1.6 x1 + 4) = 0.5 ln(1.6  0.8 + 4) = 0.8319630
x2 = 0.5 ln(1.6 x2 + 4) = 0.8367826
x3 = 0.5 ln(1.6 x3 + 4) = 0.8375053
x4 = 0.5 ln(1.6 x4 + 4) = 0.8376136
x5 = 0.5 ln(1.6 x5 + 4) = 0.8376298
x6 = 0.5 ln(1.6 x6 + 4) = 0.8376323
x7 = 0.5 ln(1.6 x7 + 4) = 0.8376326
So we conclude p = 0.83763

(iv) Find the gradient of the curve at the point (p, 0).

Solution:
dy e 2 x (8 x  2)
Substitute x = 0.83763 in  = 1.326.
dx 16 x 2  8 x  1

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 77

Exercise 6b
1
(a) A curve has parametric equations x  , y  (t  2) .
(2t  1) 2
The point P on the curve has parameter p and it is given that the gradient of the curve at P
is – 1.
1
Use an iterative process based on the equation p   p  2 6  to find the value of p correct
1
2
to 3 decimal places. Use a starting value of 0.7 and show the result of each iteration to 5
decimal places.
(b) A curve has equation y = x3e0.2x where x ≥ 0. At point P on the curve, the gradient of the
curve is 15.
Use an iterative formula, based on the equation y = x3e0.2x, to find the x – coordinate of P
correct to 4 significant figures. Give the result of each iteration to 6 significant figures.

(c) The curve with equation y = x4 + 2x3 + 2x2 –12x – 32 crosses the x – axis at points with
coordinates (α, 0) and (β, 0).
y

x
α O β

(i) Show that β satisfies an equation of the form x  3 ( p  qx) , and state the values of p
and q.

(ii) Use an iterative formula, based on the equation x  3 ( p  qx) to find the value of β
correct to 4 significant figures. Give the result of each iteration to 6 significant figures.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 78

 8  x3
(d) The diagram shows the curve with equation y  . The maximum point is
2  5x
denoted by M.
y

x
O M.

Use an iterative formula, based on the equation x  (0.6 x  4 x 1 ) , to find the x –

coordinate of M correct to 3 significant figures. Give the result of each iteration to
5 significant figures.
1
(e) The diagram shows the part of the curve y  (2  sin x for 0  x   .
2
y

x
O ½

The line y = x intersects the curve y  (2  sin x) at the point P. Use the iterative
formula xn1  (2  sin xn ) to determine the x – coordinate of P correct to 2 decimal
places. Give the result of each iteration to 4 decimal places.

sin 2 x 1
(f) The diagra shows the curve y  for 0  x   . The x – coordinate of the
x2 2
maximum point is denoted by α. y

.M
x
O α ½
NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 79
 1
Use the iterative formula xn1  tan 1 (2 xn  4) to find the value of α correct to 3
2
decimal places. Give the result of each iteration to 5 decimal places.
1
(g) The diagram shows the curve y = cos x for 0  x   . A rectangle OABC is drawn,
2
where B is the point on the curve with x – coordinate θ, and A and C are on the axes,
as shown. The shaded region R is bounded by the curve and by the lines x = θ and
y = 0.

1  sin  n
Use the iterative formula  n1  , with initial value 1  0.5 , to determine the
cos  n
value of θ correct to 2 decimal places. Give the result of each iteration to 4 decimal
places.

NSSCAS Mathematics Teachers’ Training Guide, NIED 2020 80

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