UNIT I TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS

PART A
Structure of electric power system - Parameters of single and three phase
transmission lines with single and double circuits -Resistance, inductance,
and capacitance of solid, stranded, and bundled conductors - Typical
configuration, conductor types - Symmetrical and unsymmetrical spacing and
transposition – application of self and mutual GMD; skin and proximity effects
- Effects of earth on the capacitance of the transmission line - interference
with neighbouring communication circuits.

1. What are the components of a power system? (May’14)

Components of an Electric Power System:
 Generators - A device used to convert one form of energy into electrical
energy.
 Transformer - Transfer power from one circuit to another without
change of frequency.
 Transmission lines - Transfer power from one location to another.
 Control equipment - Used for protection purpose.

2. What are the primary constants of transmission line? What are the
parameters?
 Resistance,
 Inductance,
 Capacitance and
 Conductance

3. Define resistance of transmission line.

 The opposition of transmission line conductor to the flow of current.
 Resistance of transmission of line is the loop resistance per unit length
of wire.

4. Define inductance of transmission line. Give it unit.

 Inductance is defined as the flux linkage per unit current.
 Loop inductance is the sum of the inductance of the both the wires for
unit line length.
 Its unit is Henry per meter.

5. Give an expression for the flux linkage due to a single current carrying
capacitor.
 Flux linkage due to a single current carrying capacitor is
𝐷
𝜇𝑜𝐼 1 𝑑𝑥
𝜆= [ +∫ ] 𝑤𝑏 − 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠/𝑚
2𝜋 4 𝑟 𝑥
Where,
𝜇𝑜 = Absolute permeability of free space
I = Current passing through the conductor
R = Radius of the current carrying conductor
D = Spacing between the conductor
X = Distance between an external point to conductor.

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6. Give an expression for the loop inductance of a single phase, two wire
system.
𝐷
𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 4 × 10−7 𝑙𝑛 [ 1 ] 𝐻/𝑚
𝑟
Where,
D = Distance between two conductor
r = radius of the conductor

7. What is meant by GMR of a conductor? What is self and mutual GMD

of conductors?(Nov’12)
SELF GMD
 The product 𝑟𝑒 −1/4is known as GMR of a conductor (or) self GMD of
conductor.
r' = GMR = 0.7788r
MUTUAL GMD
 Mutual- GMD- equivalent -geometrical spacing
 The mutual GMD between two conductors [Assuming that spacing
between conductors is large compared to diameter of each
conductor]is equal the distance between their centers.
Dm = spacing between conductor = D
 For a single circuit, 3Φline the mutual GMD is equal to the equivalent
spacing
i. e = (𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3 )1/3
𝐷𝑚 = (𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3 )1/3
 The principle of geometrical mean distance can be most protectable
employed to 3φ double circuit lines.

8. Why the concept of self GMD is not applicable for capacitive

calculations? [NOV/DEC 2023],APR-MAY 2025
Self GMD of a conductor depends upon the size and shape of conductor
and is independent of the spacing between the conductors so it is not
applicable for capacitance calculation.
9. What do you understand by “symmetrical spacing”?
 In a three phase overhead line when the line conductors are
equidistance from each other, then the conductor’s spacing is said to
the be symmetrical.

10. Give an expression for the inductance per phase of three phase
overhead line in which conductor are symmetrical method.
 Let A, B, C be the three conductors carrying currents IA, IB, IC and are
places symmetrically at a distance of D.
 Then the inductance per phase of three phases overhead line is
𝐷
𝐿 = 2 × 10−7 𝑙𝑛 [ ] 𝐻/𝑚
𝑟
𝐷
𝐿 = 0.2 𝑙𝑛[ ] 𝑚𝐻 / 𝑘𝑚
𝑟
where, r = radius of the conductor.

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11. What do you understand by unsymmetrical spacing?
 In a three phase overhead line when the line conductors are not
equidistant from each other, then the conductor’s spacing is said to be
unsymmetrical.
12. How are inductance and capacitance of a transmission line affected
by the unsymmetrical spacing between the conductors?
 If the conductors of a 3 phase transmission line are not equidistant
from each other flux linkages inductance and capacitances of various
phases are not different.
 This cause unequal voltage drops in the three phases and transfer of
power between phases due to material inductance even if the currents
in the conductors are balanced.
 Thus spacing between the conductor’s play in a major role in overhead
transmission line.
13. Why are transmission lines transposed?
What is meant by transposition of line conductor? (May’11)
What is the importance of transposing of transmission line?(Dec’12)
What is transposition? Why are transmission line transposed?
 To avoid the unbalancing effect due to unsymmetrical spacing, the
position of the line conductors are interchanged at regular intervals
along the line.
 So, that each conductor occupies the original position of every other
conductor over an equal distance.
 This exchanging of position of conductors is called transposition.

14. Write an expression for the inductance of each conductor for a

3phase overhead transmission line in which the conductors are
unsymmetrically spaced but transposed.
3
−7
√𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝐿 = 2 × 10 𝑙𝑛 [ ] 𝐻/𝑚
𝑟1
where,
d1 d2 d3 = the distance between the conductor’s
r = radius of the conductor’s

15. Give the expression for inductance of 3 phase double circuit line
with symmetrical spacing.
 The inductance of 3phase double circuit line with symmetrical spacing
for each phase is given by
3
−7 √3 𝐷
𝐿𝐴 = 2 × 10 ln
√2𝐷𝑟 1
16. What are the self GMD for duplex, triplex and quardraplex
arrangement?
2
DS = √𝑟 1 𝑑 for duplex arrangement
3
DS = √𝑟 1 𝑑 2 for triplex arrangement
1.09
DS = √𝑟 1 𝑑3 for quadraplex arrangement
where,𝑟 1 = 0.77888𝑟

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17. What is double circuit line and what are the necessities for a double
circuit?
 In an overhead system there may be more than one circuit running in
parallel on the same towers.
 A transmission line has two circuits connected in parallel called a
double circuit line.
 Each circuit will have three conductor’s lying along its length.
 The necessity for a double circuit line in overhead transmission system
is to reduce the inductance per phase.
 Improves transmission capability.

18. What are factor’s governing the inductance of a transmission

line?
 The factor’s governing the inductance of a transmission line are the
radius (r) and the spacing between the conductors (d).

19. What is a parallel conductor? What are the advantages of using of

using bundled conductor?(Nov’10, Nov’14)
 A bundle conductor is a conductor made up of two or more sub-
conductor’s and is used as one phase conductor.
Advantage are,
i. Reduced reactance
ii. Reduced corona loss
iii. Reduced surge impedance
iv. Reduced voltage current
v. Reduced radius interference
vi. Reduced inductance
20. Write the properties of conductor material.
● High electrical conductivity
● High tensile strength in order to withstand mechanical stress.
● Low cost so that it can be used for long distance.
● Low specific gravity.

21. What are the methods adopted to reduce corona loss? [Apr’18]
 By increasing the conductor size
 By increasing the distance between conductors.
 Using bundled conductors
 Using corona rings.

22. What is a composite conductor?

 A conductor which operates at high voltages and composed of two or
more elements or sands, electrically in parallel is called as a composite
conductor.

23. What is standard conductor?

 Standard conductor are composed of two or more elements stands

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 electrically in parallel with alternate layer’s spiraled in opposite
duration to prevent unwinding.
 Conductors having a central wire around which there are successive
layers of 6, 18, 36 wires are called standard conductor.
24. State different types of overhead conductors. [Apr’17]
 AAC : All Aluminium Conductor
 AAAC : All Aluminium Alloy Conductor
 ACSR : Aluminium Conductor, Steel Reinforced
 ACAR : Aluminium Conductor, Alloy Reinforced
25. What is self GMD of a conductor consisting of seven identical
stands, each having a radius r?
 The self GMD of a conductor consisting of seven identical stands, each
having a radius r is given by 2.176 r.
26. Define electrical potential.
 Electrical potential at any point is an electric field defined as the work
done in moving a unit +𝑣𝑒 charges from infinity to that point.
27. Difference between GMD and GMR.(APR/MAY-2024)
GMD GMR
GMD is defined as the geometrical mean GMR is defined as the limit of
of the distances from one and of the geometric mean of distances
conductor to the other end. between all the pairs of elements in
that area as the number of elements
increase without limits.
GMD is also called as mutual GMD. GMR is also called as self GMD.
Dm = (Dab × Dbc × Dca)1/3 Ds = (DS1 × DS2 × DS3 )1/3
28. Write an expression for electric potential at a charged single
conductor.
 Electrical potential at a charged single conductor ‘A’ is
D
qa dx
VA = ∫
2πε0 x
r
where, qa = Charge per unit length
ε0 = permittivity of free space
r = radius of the conductor
x = distance
29. Difference between standard and bundled conductors.(NOV-DEC 2025)
Standard conductor Bundled conductor
Standard conductors are A bundled conductor is a conductor made
composed of 2 or more elements of up of two or more sub-conductors and is
stands electrically in parallel with used as one phase conductor.
alternate layer spirally in opposite Bundled conductors are separated from
direction to prevent unwinding. each other by 30cm or more and
conductors of each phase are connected
by connecting wires at particular length.
It is used for voltages less than It is used for voltages above 230 KV.
230 KV.

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30. Given an expression for the capacitance of each conductor (phase
to neutral) of a single phase overhead line. (Nov’12)
Capacitance of each conductor
2πε0 𝐹
𝐶= 𝐷
ln 𝑚 𝑟
0.0556
= 𝐷
𝜇 𝐹/𝑚
ln [ 𝑟]
where,
ε0 = permittivity of free space
D = Distance between two conductor
r = radius of the conductor

31. Write an expression for capacitance per phase of 3phase overhead

line. If the conductor are unsymmetrically placed to but transposed.
 Let A, B, C be the three conductors placed at the distances of D1, D2,
D3 are transposed.
 Then the capacitance with respect to neutral is,
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝐴𝑁 = 𝐹/𝑚
𝑙𝑛3 𝐷1 𝐷2 𝐷3
√
𝑟
2πε0
= 𝐺𝑀𝐷
ln ( )
𝑟
Similarly, CAN = CBN = CCN

32. Write an expression for the inductance of a double circuit three

phase line.
𝐷𝑀
Inductance/phase/m = 2 × 10−7 ln
𝐷𝑆
Where, DM = Mutual GMD
𝐷𝑀 = 3√𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴
𝐷𝑠 = 3√DS1 DS2 DS3
33. What is ACSR conductor?(Mar’07)
 ACSR conductor is an aluminum conductor with a steel care reinforced.
 It consists of central core of galvanized steel strand surrounded by a
number of aluminum strands.

34. What is meant by skin effect? (NOV/DEC 2023,2025) State

skin effect in transmission lines. APR-MAY 2025
 The tendency of alternating current to concentrate near the surface of
the conductor.
 This phenomenon is called skin effect.
 It is not applicable to DC current.
Factors:
 Nature of material
 resistivity

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  Frequency
 Conductor size
Temperature:
 Conductor resistance increases as temperature increases.
 Let R1, R2 be the resistance of t1, t2 - T be the temperature content
that depends on the conductor material.
 Considering an example, for Aluminum T = 228
R 1 α T + t1 and R 2 α T + t2
𝑅2 𝑇 + 𝑡2
=
𝑅1 𝑇 + 𝑡1
𝑇 + 𝑡2
𝑅2 = 𝑅1 [ ]
𝑇 + 𝑡1
35. What is the effect of skin effect on the resistance of transmission
line?
Mention skin effect on the resistance of the line. (Apr’17)
 Due to skin effect, the effective area of cross section of the conductor
through which current flows is reduced.
 So, the resistance line is inversed when carrying an alternating current.

36. What are the causes of skin effect?

 A solid conductor may consist of large number of bands, each carrying
a small portion of the total current.
 The inductance of the individual bands will vary according to their
position.
 Thus, the brands near the center are surrounded by a greater magnetic
flux and hence have a larger inductance than that near the surface.

37. Define proximity effect of a conductor.(Apr/May2024,Nov/Dec

2024)
 The alternating magnetic flux in a conductor caused by the current
flowing in a neighboring conductor gives rise to circulating currents in
which case non-uniformity of current and an apparent increase in the
resistance of a conductor.

38. What are GMR and GMD of a transmission line?(Jun’12)

 GMR is defined as the limit of geometric mean of distances between all
the pairs of elements in that area as the number of elements increase
without limits.
Ds = (DS1 × DS2 × DS3 )1/3

 GMD is defined as the geometrical mean of the distances from one and
of the conductor to the other end.
Dm = (Dab × Dbc × Dca)1/3

39. Define Ampere’s law.

 The line integral of magnetic flux intensity (H) around a closed path is
equal to the current enclosed in that path.

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 ∮ 𝐻 𝑑𝐿 = 𝐼
 Flux density B = µH
Where µ= µo µr
Permeability of free spaceµo = 4π × 10 − 7 H/M
Relative permeability µr= 1 for air medium
 If N is number of Turns
∮ 𝐻 𝑑𝐿 = 𝑁𝐼

40. Methods of reducing corona effect.

 by increasing conductor size
 by increasing conductor spacing

41. A single phase line has two parallel conductors 2m apart. Diameter
of each conductor is 1.2 cm .Calculate the loop inductance per km of
the line?(Jun’07)
Solution:
1.2
𝑟′ =
2
= 0.6 𝑐𝑚
𝑟 ′ = 0.7788 × 0.6 = 0.46728 𝑐𝑚
𝐿 = 4 × 10−7 ln(125/0.46728 )
= 22.31 × 10−7 𝐻/𝑚 𝑜𝑟 22.3565 × 10−4 𝐻/𝑘𝑚
42. What are the advantages of using bundled conductors? (Nov/Dec 2024)
 Bundled conductors are used to reduce the effect of corona. As in place
of a single conductor.
 Two conductors are used in parallel the voltage gradient build up is less
and thus the ionization of the surrounding air is decreased.
 Therefore the effect of corona is reduced.
 To maintain the spacing between sub conductors
43. What are factors which affects corona? (Jun’12)
 Atmosphere
 Conductor size
 Spacing between conductors.
 Line voltage.
 System Frequency
44. What is meant by bundled conductors? (Jun’12)
 A bundled conductor is a conductor made up of two or more sub-
conductors and is used as one phase conductor.
 Bundled conductors are separated from each other by 30cm or more
and conductors of each phase are connected by connecting wires at
particular length.
 It is used for voltages above 230 KV.

8
45. A three phase line has its conductor at the corners of an equilateral
triangle with side 3m. The diameter of each conductor is 1.63m .Find
the inductance per km of the line? (May’13)
Solution:
1.63
𝑟=
2
= 0.815 𝑚
′
𝑟 = 0.7788 × 0.815
= 0.6347𝑚
300
𝐿 = 0.4605 log [ ]
0.635
= 1.2315𝑚𝐻/𝐾𝑚

46. What is meant by Critical distributive voltage? (Nov’11, Nov’13,

Nov’14)
 It is the minimum phase neutral voltage at which corona occurs.
 Potential Gradient at concentrated surface is
𝑉
𝑔= 𝑑
𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑟
 Brake down strengths of air at 76 cm pressure and temperature of
250C =30KV/cm:
𝑉𝑒
21.2KV/cm or 𝑔0 = 𝑑
𝑟 log 𝑟
𝑔0 = 30𝐾𝑉 𝑜𝑟 21.2 𝐾𝑉
Therefore, critical disruptive voltage is
𝑑
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑔0 𝑟. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒
𝑟
Strength of air density factor = 1 under standard conditions.
Therefore, critical disruptive voltage is
𝑑
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑔0 𝛿𝑟 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒
𝑟
Multiply irregularity factor 𝑚0
𝑑
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑚0 𝑔0 𝛿𝑟 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ( ) 𝑘𝑣/𝑝ℎ
𝑟
mo = 1 for polished conductor
= 0.98 to 0.92 for dirty conductor
= 0.87 to 0.8 for Steel Conductor

9
 PART B and C

1. Draw and explain the structure of modern power system with typical
voltage levels.
What is the highest voltage level available if India? (May’17, Nov’17)
Draw and explain the structure of modern power system with typical
voltage levels. [Apr’18]
 The flow of electrical power from the generating station to the
consumer is called Electrical Power System.
 An electrical power system consists of
a. Generating station
b. Transmission network
c. Distribution network
 The generation of electric energy is the conversion of any form of
energy into electrical energy.
 This energy is generated in hydrothermal and nuclear power stations
and sometimes electrical energy is generated from non-renewable
energy resources like wind, waves, fossil fuels etc.
 The transmission system supply bulk power and the distribution
system transfer electric power to ultimate consumer.
Components of an Electric Power System:
 Generators - A device used to convert one form of energy into
electrical energy.
 Transformer- Transfer power from one circuit to another without
change of frequency.
 Transmission lines - Transfer power from one location to another.
 Control equipment - Used for protection purpose.

Fig 1.1 Line diagram of a typical transmission distribution scheme

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Generating station:
 In figure 1.1, a 11kV generating station is shown where electric power
is normally produced by 3-phase alternators operating in parallel. The
usual generation voltage is 11kV.
 For economy in the transmission of electric power, the generation
voltage (i.e., 11kV) is stepped up to 132kV (or more) at the generating
station with the help of 3-phase transformers.
 The generating voltages are usually, 6.6kV, 10.5kV, 11kV, 13.8kV,
15.75kV etc.

Transmission System:
 It interconnects two or more generating stations.
 Tolerance of transmission line voltage is ±5% to ±10% due to variation
of loads.
 It can be divided into primary and secondary transmission system.
 The highest AC transmission in India is 765kV.

Primary Transmission:
 The electric power at 132kV is transmitted by 3-phase, 3-wire
overhead system to the outskirts of the city.
 This forms the primary transmission.

Secondary Transmission:
 The secondary transmission forms the link between the receiving
end substation and the secondary substation.
 The primary transmission line terminates at the receiving station
which usually lies at the outskirts of the city.
 At the receiving end substation, the voltage is stepped down to a
value of 66kV (or) 33kV (or) 22kV using step down transformer.
 From this station, electric power is transmitted at 33kV by 3-phase,
3-wire overhead system to various sub-stations located at the
strategic points in the city.
 This forms the secondary transmission.

Distribution system:
 The components of electric power system connecting all the consumers
in an area to the bulk power sources or transmission lines are called
distribution system.
 A distribution station distributes the power to domestic commercial
and relatively small consumers.
 It can be divided into primary and secondary system.
Primary Distribution:
 At the primary substation the voltage in stepped down to 11kV or
6.6kV using step down transformer.
 It forms the link between secondary substation and distribution
substation and power is fed into the primary distribution system.
 It uses 3-phase 3-wire system.
Secondary Distribution:
 At the distribution substation the voltage is stepped down to 400V
11
 (for 3phase) or 230V (for single phase) using step down
transformers.
 It uses 3phase 4wire system single phase loads connected between
one phase wire and one neutral wire.

Regional grid:
 The interconnected transmission system of a state or a region is called
the grid of state or region.
 State grids are interconnected with the help of the lines and form the
regional grid.

2. Explain the following Transmission Line Parameters.

Transmission line has four parameters
(i) Line Resistance
(ii) Line inductance
(iii) Line Capacitance
The line parameters are uniformly distributed along the entire length of the
line as shown in below Fig 1.2.
Resistance
 It is opposition of transmission line conductor to flow of current. It
occur a power loss in the conductor.
Power loss PL = I2 R
Line Resistance
Power loss in conductor PL = I2 R
𝑝
𝑅 = 2Ω
𝐼
Where, R - effective resistance of a conductor
I - current flow through a conductor

DC resistance of solid round conductor at specified

𝜌𝑙
𝑅𝐷 = Ω
𝑎
where, ρ - resistivity of conductor
l - length of conductor
a - cross sectional area of conductor

Fig 1.2 Distribution of line parameters

Inductance
 It is defined as the flux linkages per unit current. The transmission
line capacity mainly depends on inductance (L).
Ψ
𝐿 =
𝐼
Where Ψ - flux linkage
I – current

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Line inductance
 Due to change in alternating current, the magnetic flux changes.
 Due to change in AC current, magnetic flux linking the circuit
changes when the magnetic flux changes an EMF induces in the
conductor.
𝑑𝜁
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝑀𝐹 𝑒 =
𝑑𝑡
Multiply and divide by dI
𝑑𝜁 𝑑𝐼 𝑑𝐼
𝑒 = 𝛼 =𝐿
𝑑𝐼 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

where, λ - Number of flux linkages in (Webber-turns)

𝑑𝜁
L - Flux linkages per unit current 𝐿 = 𝑑𝐼
If the linkages are linear L=λ/I. Hendry

Current is sinusoidal
Ψ
𝐿= 𝐻
𝐼
.
RMS value of flux Ψ energy stored in the inductor
1
𝐿 = 𝐿𝐼 2 𝐻
2
Line Capacitance
 It causes a charging current to flow in the transmission
lines(Neglected short transmission line as shown in Fig 1.3)

Fig 1.3 Distributed capacitor and lumped capacitor

 Capacitance is defined as charge per unit potential difference

Q
𝐶= 𝐹𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑉

3. Derive the Flux linkages within conductor producing the flux.

 Field intensity at a distance from center of conductor be Hx is
constant for all points as shown in Fig 1.4.
 If, Ix is the current enclosed up to distance x
∮ 𝐻𝑥 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐼𝑥
2𝜋 𝑥 𝐻𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥
 Finding Ix, current assumed to be uniformly distributed
𝜋𝑥 2 𝑥2
𝐼𝑥 = ( 2 ) 𝐼 = ( 2 ) 𝐼
𝜋𝑟 𝑟

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 𝐼𝑥 𝐴𝑇
𝐻𝑥 =
2𝜋𝑟 2 𝑚

Fig 1.4 Current density in the conductor

 Current density is game throughout conductor

𝐼𝑥 𝐼
=
𝜋𝑥 2 𝜋𝑟 2
𝜋𝑥 2
𝐼𝑥 = 2
𝜋𝑟
𝑥2
𝐼𝑥 = 2 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (1)
𝑟
2𝜋𝑥

∮ 𝐻𝑥 . 𝑑𝑙 = ∫ 𝐼𝑥 . 𝐻𝑥 . 𝑙 = 𝐼𝑥
0
𝐻𝑥 . 2𝜋𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥
𝐼𝑥
𝐻𝑥 = … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . (2)
2𝜋𝑥
Sub (1) in (2)
Ix x 2
Hx = ( )
2πx r 2
xI
=
2πr 2
Hx ∝ x

 Magnetic flux Intensity due to current distribution outside of the

conductor
 Magnetic field intensity (Hx) and Distance (𝑥 > r)
By ampere’s law
∮ 𝐻𝑥 . 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐼
The length of closed path = 2𝜋𝑥
2𝜋𝑥

∫ 𝐻𝑥 . 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐼
0
[𝐻𝑥 . 𝑙]2𝜋𝑥 = 𝐼
𝐻𝑥 . 2𝜋𝑥 = 𝐼
𝐼
𝐻𝑥 =
2𝜋𝑥
1
𝐻𝑥 ∝
𝑥

14
4. Derive the Inductance due to internal flux linkages.[Nov’17]
 The Variation of magnetic field intensity (H) as shown in fig 1.5.
 Assuming uniform current density throughout conductor neglecting
skin Effects.
𝐼 𝐼𝑥
=
𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋𝑟 2
x 2
Ix = I ( )
r
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

Fig 1.5 magnetic field intensity in the conductor

𝐼𝑥
Magnetic Field Density𝐻𝑥 =
2𝜋𝑥
𝑥 2
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝐼𝑥 = ( ) 𝐼
𝑟
𝐼 𝑥 2
= ( )
2𝜋𝑥 𝑟
𝐼𝑥
𝐻𝑥 =
2𝜋𝑟 2

Magnetic flux density = Bx µHx

µ = µ0 µ𝑟
µ𝑟 = 1
µ𝑜 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝐻/𝑚
𝐼𝑥
Bx = µo
2𝜋𝑟 2
 The differential flux dφ for a small region of thickness dx and one “m”
length of conductor.
dφ𝑥 = 𝐵𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .1
µ𝑜𝐼𝑥
=
2𝜋𝑟 2

 The flux dφ𝑥 links only the function of conductor from the center of
radius 𝑥1
 Assuming uniform current density
𝛑𝒙𝟐
Any fraction (𝛑𝐫 𝟐 )of total current is linked by the flux dλ
𝑥2
dλ𝑥 = 2 × 𝑑∅𝑥
r

15
 𝑥2 µo I𝑥
𝑑λ𝑥 = 2 × 𝑑𝑥
r 2πr 2
3
µo I𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
2πr 4

 Total internal flux linkages

𝑟
𝜆𝑖𝑛𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝜆𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑟
µ𝑜 𝐼 3
=∫ 4
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 2𝜋𝑟
µ𝑜 𝐼 𝑟 3
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋𝑟 4 0
𝑟
µ𝑜 𝐼 𝑥 4
= [ ]
2𝜋𝑟 4 4
µ𝑜 𝐼 𝑟 4
= [ − 0]
2𝜋𝑟 4 4
µ𝑜 𝐼
𝜆𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
8𝜋
4𝜋 × 10−7
=
8𝜋
𝐻
= 0.5 × 10−7
𝑀
 Inductance due to internal flux linkage is independent of

5. (i) Derive the inductance due to external flux linkages. [Nov’17]

 External flux linkage due to flux lines outside the conductor shown in
fig 1.6.
 Consider, magnetic field intensity Hx external to the conductor at
radius x>r.

Fig 1.6 External flux Linkages

 Flux density at radius x,
𝐵𝑥 = 𝜇 𝐻
µ𝑜 𝐼𝑥
=
2𝜋𝑥
Circle at radius x, current Ix= I
µo I
𝐵𝑥 =
2π𝑥
The current I is linked by the flux outside the conductor
dλ𝑥 = d∅𝑥

For Im length of conductor with diff flux

16
 dλ𝑥 = 𝐵𝑥 𝑑𝑥 . 𝑙
µo I
dλ𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
2π𝑥
Integrating on both sides,
µ𝑜 𝐼
∫ 𝑑 𝜆𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋𝑥
𝐷 𝐷
µ𝑜 𝐼
𝑑 𝜆𝑋 = ∫ 𝑑 𝜆𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋𝑥
𝑟1 𝑟1
𝐷
µ𝑜 𝐼 𝑑𝑥
= ∫
2𝜋 𝑥
𝑟1
µ𝑜 𝐼 𝐷 𝑤𝑏
𝑑 𝜆𝑋 = 𝑙𝑛 [ ]
2𝜋 𝑟1 𝑚
4𝜋 × 10−7 𝐷 𝑤𝑏
= 𝐼/𝑀 ( 1 )
2𝜋 𝑟 𝑚
𝐷
= 2𝜋 × 10−7 𝐼 𝑙𝑛 [ 1 ]
𝑟

Inductance between two points external to the conductor is

λ𝑒𝑥𝑡
𝐿𝑒𝑥𝑡 =
𝐼
2 × 10−7 𝐷
= ln [ 1 ]
𝐼 𝑟
𝐷
𝐿𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 2 × 10−7 𝑙𝑛 [ 1 ] 𝐻/𝑚
𝑟

5 (ii) Derive an expression for the flux linkages of one conductor in a

group of n-conductors carrying currents whose sum is zero. Hence derive
an expression for inductance of composite conductors of a single phase
line consisting of m-stands in one conductors and n-strands in the other
conductor.
Flux linkages in parallel current carrying conductors
Consider a group of parallel conductors A, B, C, D, E,.......,N carrying currents
𝐼𝐴 , 𝐼𝐵 , 𝐼𝐶 , 𝐼𝐷 , 𝐼𝐸 , … . . 𝐼𝑁 respectively as shown in figure. Let us consider the flux
linkages with any conductor say A. the flux linkages with conductor A will
include flux linkages due to its own current and flux linkages due to mutual
inductance effects of currents 𝐼𝐵 , 𝐼𝐶 , 𝐼𝐷 , 𝐼𝐸 , … . . 𝐼𝑁 respectively.
Flux linkages with conductor A due to its own current as shown in fig 1.7(a).

Fig 1.7(a) parallel conductors

17
 ∞
𝜇0 𝐼𝐴 1 𝑑𝑥
= [ +∫ ]
2𝜋 4 𝑟 𝑥
Flux linkages with conductor A due to current 𝐼𝐵 flowing in conductor B
situated at distance 𝑑1
𝜇0 𝐼𝐵 ∞ 𝑑𝑥
= ∫
2𝜋 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑥
(Since only external flux due to 𝐼𝐵 links with conductor A from 𝐷𝐴𝐵 to ∞)
Similarly, flux linkages with conductor A due to current 𝐼𝐶 flowing in
conductor C situated at a distance 𝐷𝐴𝐶
𝜇0 𝐼𝐶 ∞ 𝑑𝑥
= ∫
2𝜋 𝐷𝐴𝐶 𝑥
Flux linkages with conductor A due to current 𝐼𝑁 flowing in conductor N
situated at a distance 𝐷𝐴𝑁
𝜇0 𝐼𝑁 ∞ 𝑑𝑥
= ∫
2𝜋 𝐷𝐴𝑁 𝑥
Total flux linkages with conductor A,
𝜇0 𝐼 𝐴 1 ∞ 𝑑𝑥 𝜇0 𝐼𝐵 ∞ 𝑑𝑥 𝜇0 𝐼𝐶 ∞ 𝑑𝑥 𝜇0 𝐼𝑁 ∞ 𝑑𝑥
𝜆𝐴(𝑡) = 2𝜋 [4 + ∫𝑟 𝑥 ] + 2𝜋 ∫𝐷 𝑥 + 2𝜋 ∫𝐷 𝑥 + ⋯ + 2𝜋 ∫𝐷 𝑥 Wb-T/m
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝑁

6. Derive an expression for loop inductance of a single phase

Transmission system from the fundamentals. (APR/MAY 2025)
 Consider a single phase overhead line consisting of two parallel
conductors A and B spaced d meters apart as shown in figure 1.7(b).
 Conductors A and B carry same amount of current (IA = IB), but in the
opposite direction because one forms the return circuit of the other.
𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼𝐵 = 0

Type your text

Fig: 1.7(b) Two parallel Conductor

 In order to find the inductance of conductor A (or conductor B), we

shall have to consider the flux linkages with it.
 There will be flux linkages with conductor A due to its own current IA
and also due to the mutual inductance effect of current IB in the
conductor B.
 Flux linkages with conductor A due to its own current
∞
𝜇0 𝐼𝐴 1 𝑑𝑥
= [ + ∫ ] … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (1)
2𝜋 4 𝑟 𝑥
Flux linkages conductor A due to current IB.
𝜇0 𝐼𝐵 ∞ 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (2)
2𝜋 𝑑 𝑥

Total flux linkages with conductor A

18
 ∞
𝜇0 𝐼𝐴 1 𝑑𝑥 𝜇0 𝐼𝐵 ∞ 𝑑𝑥
Ψ𝐴 = [ + ∫ ]+ ∫
2𝜋 4 𝑟 𝑥 2𝜋 𝑑 𝑥
∞ ∞
𝜇0 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Ψ𝐴 = [[ + ∫ ] 𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼𝐵 ∫ ]
2𝜋 4 𝑟 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥
𝜇0 1
Ψ𝐴 = [[ + 𝑙𝑛 ∞ − 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 ] 𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼𝐵 [𝑙𝑛 ∞ − 𝑙𝑛 𝑑 ]]
2𝜋 4
𝜇0 𝐼𝐴
Ψ𝐴 = [[ + 𝑙𝑛 ∞ [𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼𝐵 ]] − 𝐼𝐴 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 − 𝐼𝐵 𝑙𝑛 𝑑 ]
2𝜋 4
𝜇0 𝐼𝐴
Ψ𝐴 = [ − 𝐼𝐴 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 − 𝐼𝐵 𝑙𝑛 𝑑 ] ∵ [𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼𝐵 ] = 0
2𝜋 4

− 𝐼𝐵 = 𝐼𝐴
− 𝐼𝐵 𝑙𝑛 𝑑 = 𝐼𝐴 𝑙𝑛 𝑑
𝜇0 𝐼𝐴
Ψ𝐴 = [ − 𝐼𝐴 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 + 𝐼𝐴 𝑙𝑛 𝑑 ]
2𝜋 4
𝜇0 𝐼𝐴 𝑑
Ψ𝐴 = [ + 𝐼𝐴 𝑙𝑛 ]
2𝜋 4 𝑟
𝜇0 𝐼𝐴 1 𝑑
Ψ𝐴 = [ + 𝑙𝑛 ] 𝑤𝑏 − 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠/𝑚
2𝜋 4 𝑟
𝜇0 1 𝑑
Ψ𝐴 = [ + 𝑙𝑛 ] 𝐻/𝑚 ∵ 𝐻 = Ψ𝐼𝐴
2𝜋 4 𝑟
4𝜋 × 10−7 1 𝑑
Ψ𝐴 = [ + 𝑙𝑛 ] 𝐻/𝑚 ∵ 𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7
2𝜋 4 𝑟
1 𝑑
L𝐴 = 10−7 [ + 2 𝑙𝑛 ] 𝐻/𝑚
2 𝑟
 The above equation is the inductance per conductor and is equal to
half the loop inductance.
𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2L𝐴
𝑑
𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 10−7 [1 + 4 𝑙𝑛 ] 𝐻/𝑚
𝑟
 The above equation is the inductance of the two – wire line and called
as loop inductance.

 The expression for the inductance of a conductor can be put in a

concise form.
1 𝑑
L𝐴 = 10−7 [ + 2 𝑙𝑛 ] 𝐻/𝑚
2 𝑟
1 𝑑
L𝐴 = 2 × 10−7 [ + 𝑙𝑛 ]
4 𝑟
1 𝑑
L𝐴 = 2 × 10−7 [𝑙𝑛 𝑒 ⁄4 + 𝑙𝑛 ]
𝑟
𝑑
∴ L𝐴 = 2 × 10−7 [𝑙𝑛 −1 ]
𝑟𝑒 ⁄4
−1⁄
If 𝑟𝑒 4 = 𝑟′
𝑑
L𝐴 = 2 × 10−7 [𝑙𝑛 ′ ] 𝐻/𝑚
𝑟
where 𝑟 ′ - Geometric Mean Radius (GMR) of the wire.

19
  The radius 𝑟 ′ of a fictitious conductor assumed to have no internal
flux but with the same inductance as the actual conductor of radius
r.
−1
𝑟 ′ = 𝑟𝑒 ⁄4 = 0.7788 𝑟 (𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)
𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2L𝐴
𝑑
𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2 × [2 × 10−7 [𝑙𝑛 ′ ]] 𝐻/𝑚
𝑟

7. Derive an expression for the inductance per phase for a three phase
overhead transmission line when conductors are symmetrically
placed. (Nov/Dec 2024 , 2025 )

 The figure 1.8 shows the three conductors A, B and C of a 3 – phase

line carrying currents IA, IB and IC respectively.

Fig 1.8 symmetrically spacing

 Let d1, d2 and d3 be the spacing between the conductors. Let us
further assume that the loads are balanced
[𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼𝐵 + 𝐼𝐶 ] = 0
 Consider the flux linkages with conductor A. There will be flux
linkages with conductor A due to its own current and also due to the
mutual inductance effects of IB and IC.

Flux linkages with conductor A due to its own current

∞
𝜇0 𝐼𝐴 1 𝑑𝑥
= [ + ∫ ]
2𝜋 4 𝑟 𝑥
Flux linkages with conductor A due to IB
𝜇0 𝐼𝐵 ∞ 𝑑𝑥
= [∫ ]
2𝜋 𝑑3 𝑥
Flux linkages with conductor A due to IC
𝜇0 𝐼𝐶 ∞ 𝑑𝑥
= [∫ ]
2𝜋 𝑑2 𝑥
Total flux linkages with conductor A is
∞
𝜇0 𝐼𝐴 1 𝑑𝑥 𝜇0 𝐼𝐵 ∞ 𝑑𝑥 𝜇0 𝐼𝐶 ∞ 𝑑𝑥
Ψ𝐴 = [ + ∫ ]+ ∫ + [∫ ]
2𝜋 4 𝑟 𝑥 2𝜋 𝑑3 𝑥 2𝜋 𝑑2 𝑥
∞ ∞ ∞
𝜇0 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Ψ𝐴 = [[ + ∫ ] 𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼𝐵 ∫ + 𝐼𝐶 ∫ ]
2𝜋 4 𝑟 𝑥 𝑑3 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑥

20
 𝜇0 1
Ψ𝐴 = [[ + 𝑙𝑛 ∞ − 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 ] 𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼𝐵 [𝑙𝑛 ∞ − 𝑙𝑛 𝑑3 ] + 𝐼𝐶 [𝑙𝑛 ∞ − 𝑙𝑛 𝑑2 ]]
2𝜋 4
𝜇0 1
Ψ𝐴 = [[ − 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 ] 𝐼𝐴 − 𝐼𝐵 𝑙𝑛 𝑑3 − 𝐼𝐶 𝑙𝑛 𝑑2 + 𝑙𝑛 ∞ [𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼𝐵 + 𝐼𝐶 ]]
2𝜋 4
𝜇0 1
Ψ𝐴 = [[ − 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 ] 𝐼𝐴 − 𝐼𝐵 𝑙𝑛 𝑑3 − 𝐼𝐶 𝑙𝑛 𝑑2 ] ∵ [𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼𝐵 + 𝐼𝐶 ] = 0
2𝜋 4

Symmetrical Spacing:
 If the three conductors A, B and C are placed symmetrically at the
corners of an equilateral triangle of side d, then
d1 = d2 = d3 = d
 Under such conditions, the flux linkages with conductor A become:
𝜇0 1
Ψ𝐴 = [[ − 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 ] 𝐼𝐴 − 𝐼𝐵 𝑙𝑛 𝑑 − 𝐼𝐶 𝑙𝑛 𝑑 ]
2𝜋 4
𝜇0 1
Ψ𝐴 = [[ − 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 ] 𝐼𝐴 − [𝐼𝐵 + 𝐼𝐶 ] 𝑙𝑛 𝑑 ]
2𝜋 4
𝜇0 1
Ψ𝐴 = [[ − 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 ] 𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼𝐴 𝑙𝑛 𝑑 ] ∵ [𝐼𝐵 + 𝐼𝐶 = −𝐼𝐴 ]
2𝜋 4
𝜇0 𝐼𝐴 1 𝑑
Ψ𝐴 = [ + 𝑙𝑛 ] 𝑤𝑒𝑏 − 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠/𝑚
2𝜋 4 𝑟
Ψ
 Inductance of Conductor A, L𝐴 = I 𝐴 𝐻/𝑚
𝐴
𝜇0 1 𝑑
= [ + 𝑙𝑛 ] 𝐻/𝑚 ∵ 𝐻 = Ψ𝐼𝐴
2𝜋 4 𝑟
4𝜋 × 10−7 1 𝑑
Ψ𝐴 = [ + 𝑙𝑛 ] 𝐻/𝑚 ∵ 𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7
2𝜋 4 𝑟
1 𝑑
L𝐴 = 10−7 [ + 2 𝑙𝑛 ] 𝐻/𝑚
2 𝑟
Similarly the expressions for inductance are same for conductors B and C

8. Derive an expression for the inductance per phase for a 3Ø overhead

transmission line when conductors are unsymmetrically placed but
the line is completely transposed.(Apr/May 2024)
Unsymmetrical spacing:
In the conductors of a 3Ø line are not at the corners of an equilateral
triangle. Then the flux linkages and inductance of each phase are not the
same. A different inductance in each phase results in an unbalanced circuit.

If the line is sufficiently long and the unbalance in the inductance (and
capacitance) is quite large, the lines are transposed. In a transposed line, the
phase conductors have their positions interchanged at special transposition
towers so that the conductor of each phase occupies positions 1, 2 and 3 for
about one third of its length as illustrated in Fig1.9

21
 Fig: 1.9 Transposition of conductors
Transposition makes it possible for each phase conductor to have the
same average inductance. Modern transmission lines are not transposed at
regular intervals although an interchange in the positions of the conductors
is made at the switching stations to balance the inductance.
The average inductance of a conductor of a transposed line is found by
calculating the flux linkages for each position occupied by the conductor and
then finding the average flux linkages.

The flux linkages of conductor 𝑎, in position 1, conductor in position 2,

conductor c in position 3. (as shown in Fig.1.9).
With conductor 𝒂 in position 1,
1 1 1
λ𝑎1 = 2 × 10−7 [𝐼𝑎 ln ( ′ ) + 𝐼𝑏 ln ( ) + 𝐼𝑐 ln ( )] 𝑊𝑏 − 𝑇/𝑚
𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷31
With conductor 𝒂 in position 2,
1 1 1
λ𝑎2 = 2 × 10−7 [𝐼𝑎 ln ( ′ ) + 𝐼𝑏 ln ( ) + 𝐼𝑐 ln ( )] 𝑊𝑏 − 𝑇/𝑚
𝑟 𝐷23 𝐷12
With conductor 𝒂 in position 3,
1 1 1
λ𝑎3 = 2 × 10−7 [𝐼𝑎 ln ( ′ ) + 𝐼𝑏 ln ( ) + 𝐼𝑐 ln ( )] 𝑊𝑏 − 𝑇/𝑚
𝑟 𝐷31 𝐷23
The average flux linkages of conductor 𝑎 are
λ𝑎1 + λ𝑎2 + λ𝑎3
λ𝑎 =
3
2 × 10−7 1 1 1
λ𝑎 = [3 𝐼𝑎 ln ( ′ ) +𝐼𝑏 ln ( ) + 𝐼𝑐 ln ( )] 𝑊𝑏 − 𝑇/𝑚
3 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝐷31 𝐷12 𝐷23
Since 𝐼𝑎 = −(𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐 )
2 × 10−7 1 1
λ𝑎 = [3 𝐼𝑎 ln ( ′ ) (l/r ′ ) − 𝐼𝑎 ln ( )]
3 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
3
√𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝑇
λ𝑎 = 2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑎 ln ( ) 𝑊𝑏 − 𝑜𝑟𝐻/𝑚
r′ 𝑚
The inductance of phase 𝑎 is
3
λ𝑎 √𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
𝐿𝑎 = ( ) = 2 × 10−7 ln ( ) H/m
𝐼𝑎 r′

22
 Deq = 3√𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
Deq
𝐿 = 2 × 10−7 ln ( ′ ) H/m
r
Deq
𝐿𝑎 = 0.4605 log ( ′ ) 𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚
𝑟
The quantity 3√𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 is called the equivalent spacing and is denoted by
Deq . It is the geometric mean of the 3 distances of the line.

9. Explain briefly transposition of power lines.

Explain the concept of self GMD and Mutual GMD for evaluating
inductance of transmission line.
 The transposition of conductor is must the exchange of position of
conductor at rectangular intervals along the line so each conductor
occupies the original position of every other conductor an equal
distance as shown in fig 1.20.

Fig 1.20 Transposition of conductors

 The system operates under balance conditions voltage drops of

difference magnitude due to unequal inductance of 3phase.
 Due to unsymmetrical spacing, the magnetic field-external to the
conductor is not zero.
 Due to the magnetic field induced voltage in adjacent electrical circuits,
i.e., Telephone lines causes telephone.
 To reduce this effect to a minimum the conductor are transposed.
 Under balanced condition, magnetic field linking an adjacent telephone
line is shifted 120 in phase with each rotation of conductor positions in
transmission cycle.
 Under balanced condition current flow in each overhead ground wires,
voltages will be induced in communication lines and interference takes.

Composite conductors:
 For transmission lines operating at high voltage normally standard
conductors are used and are known as composite conductors.
 They compose two (or) more elements (or) standards electrically in
parallel.
 The conductors used for transmission line are,
1. Standard copper conductor
2. ACSR
3. Copper Conductor
 By using different proportion of steel and aluminum stands different

23
 tensile and current carrying capacity of conductor can be obtained.
Self-GMD and mutual GMD
 The use of self-geometrical mean distance (self-GMD) and mutual
geometrical mean distance (mutual-GMD) simplifies the inductance
calculation, particularly relating to multi conductor arrangements.

Self GMD (Ds)

 Also called geometrical mean radius (GMR)
1 D
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒/𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 /𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒 m = 4 × 10−7 [ + ln ]
4 R
 For two conductor
1
= 2 × 4 × 10−7 ×
4
 The above equation is the Inductance due to flux with in solid
conductor
 For many purposes, it is desirable to eliminate this term by
introducing of a concept called self GMD or GMR.
 For hollow conductor internal flux linkage would be almost zero is
eliminated.
1 D
= 2 × 10−7 [ + ln ]
4 R
The solid round conductor of radius r, the self GMD (or) GMR =
0.7788r using self GMD.
 Self GMD of conductor depends on the size and space of conductor
and independent of spacing between the conductors.

Mutual GMD (Dm)

 Mutual- GMD- equivalent -geometrical spacing
 The mutual GMD between two conductors [Assuming that spacing
between conductors is large compared to diameter of each
conductor]is equal the distance between their centers.
Dm= spacing between conductor = D
 For a single circuit, 3phaseline the mutual GMD is equal to the
equivalent spacing
𝐷𝑚 = (𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3 )1/3
 The principle of geometrical mean distance can be most protectable
employed to 3 phase double circuit lines.

Consider the conductor arrangement of double circuit line:

24
  The radius of each conductor is r, Self GMD of conductor =0.7788r
 Self GMD combination of aa’ is
DS1 = (Daa × Daa′ × Da′ a′ × Da′ a )𝟏/𝟒
 Self GMD combination of bb’ is
DS2 = (Dbb × Dbb′ × Db′ b′ × Db′ b )1/4
 Self GMD combination of cc’ is
DS3 = (Dcc × Dcc′ × Dc′ c′ × Dc′ c )𝟏/𝟒

Equivalent self GMD of one phase:

DS = (DS1 × DS2 × DS3 )𝟏/𝟑
 The value of Ds (equivalent self GMD) is same for cell phases as each
conductor has the same radius.
 Mutual GMD between phase A & B
DAB = (Dab × Dab′ × Dba × Dba′ )1/4
 Mutual GMD between phase B & C
DBC = (DbC × DbC′ × DCb × DCb′ )1/4
 Mutual GMD between phase C & A
DCA = (Dac × Dac′ × Da′ c × Da′ c′ )1/4

Equivalent mutual GMD:

Dm = (DAB × DBC × DCA )𝟏/𝟑
 Mutual GMD depends only spacing between the conductors but in
depend of size, shape of conductor but independent of size, shape of
conductors.
 Inductance formula in term of GMD
1. Single phase line
𝐷𝑚
Inductance |com|m = 2 × 10−7 ln ( )
𝐷𝑆
Ds = 0.7788r
Dm = spacing between conductor = D

2. Single circuit 3φ line

𝐷𝑚
Inductance |ph|m = 2 × 10−7 ln ( )
𝐷𝑆
Ds = 0.7788r
D𝑚 = (D1 × D2 × D3 )𝟏/𝟑

3. Double circuit 3 phase line

𝐷𝑚
Inductance |ph|m = 2 × 10−7 ln ( )
𝐷𝑆
(D 𝟏/𝟑
DS = S1 × DS2 × DS3 )
Dm = (DAB × DBC × DCA )𝟏/𝟑

25
10. A three – phase, 50 Hz, 132 kV overhead transmission line has
conductors placed in a horizontal plane 4m apart. Conductor
diameter is 2 cm. If the line length is 100 km, calculate the
charging current per phase assuming complete transposition.
[Apr’18]
Solution:
f = 50 Hz, V = 132 kV,
D12 = D23 = 4 m
D31 = 4 x 2 = 8 m
𝐷 0.02
𝑟= = = 0.01 𝑚
2 2
Capacitance from conductor to neutral is
2𝜋𝜀0
= 1
(𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31) ⁄3
𝑙𝑛 [ ]
𝑟

2𝜋 × 8.854 × 10−12
= 1
(4 ×4 ×8) ⁄3
𝑙𝑛 [ ]
0.01
−12
55.63 × 10
= = 8.94 × 10−12 𝐹/𝑚
6.222
Line to Neutral capacitance for 100 km length is,
𝐶 = 8.94 × 10−12 × 100 × 1000
= 8.94 × 10−6 𝐹
Charging current per phase
𝐼𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶𝑉𝑝ℎ
132 × 103
𝑉𝑝ℎ = = 76.21 × 103
√3
𝐼𝐶 = 2𝜋 × 50 × 8.94 × 10−6 × 76.21 × 103
𝐼𝐶 = 21.4 𝐴

11. Determine the inductance of a 3 phase line operating at 50 Hz and

the conductors are arranged as shown below. The conductor
diameter is 0.7 cm. [Apr’17]
Solution:
Conductor diameter d = 0.7× 10-2m
𝑑 0.7 × 10−2
𝑟= =
2 2
𝑟 = 3.5 × 10−3

Self GMD of conductor

Self GMD = 0.7788r
= (0.7788 × 3.5 × 10−3)
= 2.725 × 10−3 𝑚
3
Mutual GMD = √1.5 × 1.5 × 1.5
= 1.5m
𝐷𝑚
Inductance / km = 2 × 10−7 ln
𝐷𝑆

26
 1.5
= 2 × 10−7 ln ( )
2.725 × 10−3
=1.262×10-6 H/m
= 1.262 mH/Km
12. Determine the inductance of a 3 phase line operating at 50 Hz and
conductors arranged as follows the conductor diameter is 0.8cm
Solution:
Conductor diameter d = 0.8 × 10-2m
𝑑 0.8 × 10−2
𝑟= =
2 2
𝑟 = 4 × 10−3 = 0.004

Self GMD of conductor

Self GMD = 0.7788r
= 0.7788(0.004)
= 0.003115 m
3
Mutual GMD = √1.6 × 1.6 × 3.2
= 2.015m
𝐷𝑚
Inductance / km = 2 × 10−7 ln
𝐷𝑆
2.015
= 2 × 10−7 ln ( )
0.00315
= 1.294 × 10−6 H/m
= 1.294 mH/km
13. Two conductors of a single phase line each of 1cm diameter,
arranged in a vertical plane with one conductor mentioned above the
other a second identical line is mentioned at the same height as the
first and spaced horizontally 0.25m apart from it, two upper and two
lower conductor are connected in parallel. Determine the inductance
/km of resulting double circuit line.
D = 1cm
𝐷
𝑟 = = 0.5cm
2
GMR of conductor
Daa = Da’a’ = 0.7788 r
= 0.77888(0.5)
= 0.389 cm

Self GMD of aa’ combination

= 𝟒√Daa × Daa′ × Da′ a′ × Da′ a
4
= √(0.389 × 100) × (0.389 × 100))
= 6.23cm
Mutual GMD between a and b
𝐷ab’ = 𝐷a′ b
= √252 + 1002 = 103
𝐷𝑚 = 4√Dab × Dab′ × Da′ b × Da′ b′

27
 = √103 × 100 × 103 × 100
=101.5cm
Inductance per conductor/m
𝐷𝑚
= 2 × 10−7 ln ( )
𝐷𝑆
101.5
= 2 × 10−7 ln ( )
6.23
= 0.56×10-6H

Loop inductance/km of line

= 2 × 0.56 × 10−6 (1000)
= 1.12mH

14. The 3 conductor of a 3φ line are arranged at the corners of a triangle

of sides 2 m, 2.5m 4.5m. Calculates the inductance of line when the
conductors are regularly transposed the diameter of each conductor
is 1.24cm.
D=1.24cm
𝐷
𝑟 = = 0.62cm
2

Equivalent equilateral spacing’s

𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 3√𝐷12 × 𝐷23 × 𝐷31
3
= √2 × 2.5 × 4.5
= 2.82 m
=282 cm

1 𝐷𝑒𝑞
𝐿 = 10−7 ( + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔 )
2 𝑟
1 282
= 10−7 ( + 2log e ( ))
2 0.62
282
= 10−7 (0.5 + 2log e (0.62))
L = 12.74 × 10−7 H
Inductor \ph\km = 12.74 × 10−7 × 1000 = 1.274 × 10−3 𝐻 = 1.274 mH
15. A220 KV, 50Hz, 200Km long transposed 3Ø line has its conductors
on the corners of a triangle with sides 6 m, 6m & 10m. The
conductor radius is 1.81 cm. Find the Capacitance per phase per
Km of the line. [Nov’16]
Solution:
Conductor radius, r =1.81cm
Spacing of conductors 𝑑 = 3√𝐷1 × 𝐷2 × 𝐷3
3
= √6 × 6 × 10
𝑑 = 7.113 𝑚 = 711.3 𝑐𝑚

28
 2𝜋𝜀0
Capacitance of each line conductor, C = 𝑑
log e 𝑟

2𝜋 × 8.854 × 10−12
C = 711.3
log e 1.81

C = 0.00931μF/ km
16. A single phase transmission line has two parallel conductor 3m
apart the radius of each conductor being 1cm. Calculate loop
inductance \km length of transmission line if material of conductor
is 1. Copper 2. Steel with relative permeability of 100.
Conductor spacing D = 300cm
Radius of conductor r = 1cm.
𝑑 𝐻
Loop inductance = 10−7 [1 + 4 ln ( )]
𝑟 𝑚
 If relative permeability of material is µr than loop inductance
𝑑 𝐻
= 10−7 [µ𝒓 + 4 ln ( )]
𝑟 𝑚
i. Copper conductor
𝑑
Loop conductor/m = 10−7 [1 + 4 ln ( )]
𝑟
−7
300
= 10 [1 + 4 ln ( )]
1
−7
= 23.8 × 10 H
𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒/𝐾𝑀 = 23.8 × 10−7 × 1000
= 2.38 × 10−3
= 2.38 𝑚𝐻

ii. With steel conductor µr = 100

300
Loop conductor/m = 10−7 [1 + 4 ln ()]
1
=122.8× 10 −7

Loop inductance/km =122.8 ×10-7× 1000

= 12.28mH

17. Find the inductance per phase per km of double circuit 3φ line
shown in figure below. The conductors are transposed and are radius
0.75cm each the phase sequence is ABC.

29
GMR of conductor =0.7788r
= 0.75× 0.7788
= 0.584 cm
Distance a to b = √(3𝟐 + (0.75)𝟐 )
= 3.1m
Distance a to b’ = √3𝟐 + (4.75)𝟐 )
= 5.62m
Distance a to a’ = √(6𝟐 + 4𝟐 )
= 7.07m

Equivalent self G.M.D of one phase

DS = (DS1 × DS2 × DS3 )𝟏/𝟑

DS1 = (Daa × Daa′ × Da′ a′ × Da′ a )1/4

= [(0.584 × 10−2 ) (7.07) (0.584 × 10−2 ) (7.07)]1/4
DS1 = 0.203 m= DS3

DS2 = (D𝑏𝑏 × D𝑏𝑏′ × D𝑏′ b′ × D𝑏′ b )1/4

= [(0.584 × 10−2 ) (5.5) (0.584 × 10−2 ) (5.5)]1/4
D S2 = 0.18m

DS = (0.203 × 0.18 × 0.203)𝟏/𝟑

DS = 0.195 m

Equivalent mutual GMD

Dm = (DAB × DBC × DCA )𝟏/𝟑
DAB = (Dab × Dab′ × Dba × Dba′ )1/4
= (3.1 × 5.62 × 3.1 × 5.62)1/4
= 4.17 m = DAC

DCA = (Dac × Dac′ × Da′ c × Da′ c′ )1/4

= (6 × 4 × 6 × 4)1/4
= 4.9m

DBC = (Dab × Dac × DCa )1/3

= (4.17 × 4.17 × 4.9)1/3
= 4.4m
𝐷𝑚
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒/𝑝ℎ/𝑚 = 10−7 × 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒
𝐷𝑆
4.4
= 10−7 × 2 log e 𝐻
0.195
= 6.23X10-7H
= 0.623X10-3
=0.623×10-3mH

𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒/𝑝ℎ/𝑘𝑚 = 0.623 × 10−3

=0.623 mH

30
18. Determine the inductance per Km of a double circuit given below.
The transmission line is transposed within each circuit and each
circuit remains on its own side. The diameter of each diameter is 15
mm.

Solution:
Diameter of the conductor d = 15 mm
15
Radius of the conductor 𝑟 =
2
𝑟 = 7.5 𝑚𝑚 = 0.75 𝑐𝑚
GMR of conductor = 0.7788𝑟
= 0.7788 × 0.75
= 0.584 cm

Distance a to b = √(4𝟐 + (1.25)𝟐 )

= 4.190 m
Distance a to b’ = √4𝟐 + (8.75)𝟐 )
= 9.62 m
Distance a to a’ = √(8𝟐 + 7.5𝟐 )
=10.96 m
Equivalent self GMD of one phase is
DS = (DS1 × DS2 × DS3 )𝟏/𝟑

DS1 = (Daa × Daa′ × Da′ a′ × Da′ a )1/4

= [(0.584 × 10−2 ) (10.96) (0.584 × 10−2 ) (10.96)]1/4
DS1 = 0.164 m= DS3

DS2 = (D𝑏𝑏 × D𝑏𝑏′ × D𝑏′ b′ × D𝑏′ b )1/4

= [(0.584 × 10−2 ) (10) (0.584 × 10−2 ) (10)]1/4
D S2= 0.241 m

DS = (0.164 × 0.241 × 0.164)𝟏/𝟑

DS = 0.186 m

Equivalent mutual GMD

Dm = (DAB × DBC × DCA )𝟏/𝟑

31
 DAB = (Dab × Dab′ × Dba × Dba′ )1/4
= (4.19 × 9.62 × 9.62 × 4.19)1/4
= 6.348 m = DBC

DCA = (Dac × Dac′ × Da′ c × Da′ c′ )1/4

= (8 × 7.5 × 7.5 × 8)1/4
= 7.745m

Dm = (Dab × Dac × DCa )1/3

1
= (6.348 × 7.745 × 6.348)3
= 6.783m
𝐷𝑚
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒/𝑝ℎ/𝑚 = 10−7 × 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒
𝐷𝑆
6.783
= 10−7 × 2 log e 𝐻
0.186
= 7.195X10-7 H
= 0.719 mH
19. A three – phase transmission line has a horizontal configuration
with spacing of 6m between adjacent conductors and 12m between
outer conductors. The radius of each conductor is 1.81 cm. find the
inductance per phase per km of the line.
Solution:
𝑟 ′ = 0.7788 × 1.81
= 1.4096 𝑐𝑚.
3
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = √(6 × 6 × 12)
= 7.5595 𝑚
100
𝐿 = 0.4605 log (7.5595 × )
1.4096
mH
= 1.2569
km

20. Determine the inductance of a single phase transmission line

consisting of three conductors of 2.5 mm radii in the ‘go’ conductor
and two conductors of 5 mm radii in the return conductor. The
configuration of the line is shown in figure below.

32
 𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐴 = 3√𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑎 × 𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑏 × 𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑐
3
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑎 = 𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑐 = √0.7788 × 0.0025 × 6 × 12 = 0.51947 𝑚
3
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑏 = √0.7788 × 0.0025 × 6 × 6 = 0.4123 𝑚
3
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐴 = √0.51947 × 0.4123 × 0.51947 = 0.4809 𝑚
4
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑏 = √(0.7788 × 5 × 6)(0.7788 × 5 × 6) = 0.1528 𝑚
6
𝐺𝑀𝐷𝐴 = 𝐺𝑀𝐷𝐵 = √9 × 10.81 × 9 × 10.81 × 10.81 × 15 = 10.74 𝑚
10.74
𝐿𝐴 = 2 × 10−7 ln = 0.62 𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚
0.4809
10.74
𝐿𝐵 = 2 × 10−7 ln = 0.8 𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚
0.1528
𝐿 = 𝐿𝐴 + 𝐿𝐵 = 1.42 𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚

21. Derive the expression for capacitance of a single phase two wire OHT
line.
Consider a single phase OHT transmission line consisting of two parallel
conductors A and B spaced ‘d’ meters apart in air.
 Suppose that radius of each conductor is ‘r’ meters.
 Let that respective change be +Q and –Q coulombs/m length.

The total potential difference between conductor A and neutral

‘infinite’ plane
∝ ∝
𝑄 𝑄
𝑉𝐴 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ − 𝑑𝑥
𝑟 2𝜋𝑥𝜀0 𝛼 2𝜋𝑥𝜀0
∝ ∝
𝑄 1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋𝑥𝜀0 𝑟 𝑥 𝛼 𝑥
𝑄 ∝ ∝
= ln − ln
2𝜋𝑥𝜀0 r d
𝑄 𝑑
= ln ( ) 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
2𝜋𝑥𝜀0 𝑟

Parallel potential difference between conductor B and neutral “infinite”

plane is
∝ ∝
𝑄 𝑄
𝑉𝐵 = ∫ − 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ − 𝑑𝑥
𝑟 2𝜋𝑥𝜀0 𝛼 2𝜋𝑥𝜀0

 Above potential with respect to same neutral plane.

 Unlike charges attract each other the potential difference between
conductors is
𝑄 𝑑
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 2𝑉𝐴 = ln ( ) 𝑉
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

𝑄
Capacitance C =
𝑉𝐴𝐵

33
 𝑄
= 𝑄 𝑑
ln
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
𝜋𝜀0
= 𝑑 𝐹/𝑚
ln 𝑟
Capacitance of symmetrical spacing (OHT) line.
∝ ∝ ∝
𝑄𝐴 𝑄𝐵 𝑄𝐶
𝑉𝐴 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ − 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑟 2𝜋𝑥𝜀0 𝛼 2𝜋𝑥𝜀0 𝛼 2𝜋𝑥𝜀0

∝ ∝ ∝
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑄𝐴 + ∫ 𝑄𝐵 + ∫ 𝑄𝐶
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝑥 𝛼 𝑥 𝛼 𝑥
1 1 1
= [𝑄 . ln + (𝑄𝐵 + 𝑄𝐶 )ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐴 r d
 Assuming balanced supply we have QA+ QB+ QC= 0,
QB+ QC = −𝑄𝐴

1 1 1
VA = [QA . ln − QA . ln ]
2πε0 r d
𝑄𝐴 d
= ln volts
2𝜋𝜀0 r

Capacitance of conductor A with respect to neutral

𝑄𝐴
CA =
VA
𝑄𝐴
= 𝑄𝐴 𝑑 𝐹/𝑚
ln
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
2𝜋𝜀0
CA = 𝑑 𝐹/𝑚
ln 𝑟

22. Derive an expression for capacitance of a three phase transmission

line with unsymmetrical spacing. (APR/MAY 2024) (APR/MAY 2025)
A three phase transposed line having unsymmetrical spacing as shown in
fig1.21.
 Let us assume balanced conditions QA+ QB + QC= 0

Fig: 1.21 unsymmetrical spacing of conductors

 Considering all the three sections of transpose line for phase A.

Potential of 1stposition
1 1 1 1
𝑉1 = (QA log e + QB log e + QC log e )
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 d3 d2
Potential of 2ndposition

34
 1 1 1 1
𝑉2 = (QA log e + QB log e + QC log e )
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 d1 d3
Potential of 3rdposition
1 1 1 1
𝑉3 = (QA log e + QB 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 + QC log e )
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 d2 d1
Average voltage on conductor A
1
𝑉𝐴 = (V1 + V2 + V3)
3
1 1 1
= [QA log e 3 + (QB + QC )log e ]
3 × 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 d1 d2 d3
QA+ QB+ QC=0
QB+ QC = −𝑄𝐴

1 1 1
𝑉𝐴 = [QA log e 3 − QA 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ]
6𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 d1 d2 d3

QA d1 d2 d3
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒
6𝜋𝜀0 𝑟3
1 QA d1 d2 d3
= × 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒
3 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟3
QA d1 d2 d3 1/3
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ( )
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟3
QA (d1 d2 d3 )1/3
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

Capacitance from conductor to neutral

𝑄𝐴
𝐶𝐴 =
𝑉𝐴
𝑄𝐴
= 𝑄 (d1 d2 d3 )1/3
𝐴
log e
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐹
= 3
√d d d 𝑚
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 1𝑟 2 3

23. A single phase transmission line has two parallel conductor, 3 m

apart radius of each conductor being 1 cm, calculates the capacitance
of the line per km. Given that 𝜺𝟎 = 8.854 x 10-12F/m. (Jun’12, Jun’13)
Solution:
Conductor radius, r = 1cm
Spacing of conductor, d = 3m
= 300 cm

𝜋𝜀0
Capacitance of line = 𝑑
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑟
𝜋 × 8.854 × 10−12
= 300
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 1

35
 = 0.4875 × 10−11 𝐹/𝑚
= 0.4875 × 10−8 𝐹/𝑚
= 0.4875 × 10−2 𝜇𝐹 / 𝑚

24. A 3 phase OHT transmission line has its conductors arranged at the
current of equilateral triangle of 2m side. Calculate the capacitor of
each line conductor per km. Diameter of each conductor is 1.25,
Co=8.854X10-12.(May’11)
Solution:
1.25
𝑟=
2
= 0.625 cm
d = 2m
=200cm

2𝜋𝜀0 𝐹
Capacitance of each line conductor = 𝑑
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑚
𝑟
2𝜋 × 8.854 × 10−12
= 200
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 0.625
𝐹
= 0.0096 × 10−9
𝑚
=0.0096µF/km

25. A 3 phase, 50 Hz, 66Kv OHT line conductors are placed in a

horizontal plane as shown in figure. The conductor diameter is
1.25cm of the line length is 100km. Calculate i. capacitance phase,
ii. Charging current per phase, assuming complete transposition of
the line.(Nov/Dec 2024)

Solution:
Conductor arrangement of a 3φline, the equivalent equilateral spacing
is
3
𝐷 = √d1 d2 d3
𝟑
= √2 × 2.5 × 4.5
= 2.82m
1.25
Conductor radius, 𝑟=
2
= 0.625m
Conductor Spacing, D = 2.82
=282 cm
i. Line to neutral capacitance

36
 2𝜋𝜀0 𝐹
= 𝑑
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑚 𝑟
2𝜋 × 8.854 × 10−12 𝐹
= 282
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑚
0.625
F
= 0.0091 × 10−9
m
=0.0091µF/km

Therefore, line to neutral capacitance for 100km

C = 0.0091 × 100
= 0.91µF/km
ii. Changing current\ phase:
𝑉𝑃ℎ
𝐼𝐶 =
𝑋𝐶
66000
=
√3
1
2𝜋𝑓𝑐
66000
= × 2𝜋𝑓𝑐
√3
66000
= × 2𝜋 × 50 × 0.91 × 10−6
√3
𝐼𝐶 = 10.9 𝐴

26. Derive an expression for capacitance of a single phase line from the
fundamentals. NOV-DEC 2025
 Electric potential or potential at any point in an electric field is defined
as the work done in moving a unit positive charge from infinity to that
point.
 The concept of electric potential is very important for the determination
of capacitance as the capacitance is defined as the charge per unit
potential
𝑄
𝐶=
𝑉
Potential at a charged single conductor:
 Consider a long straight cylindrical conductor 'A' of radius `r' meters
and having a charge of 'Q' coulombs per meter of its length as shown in
Fig 1.22.

Fig: 1.22 charged single conductor

 The electric field intensity at ' P’ at a distance ‘x' from the centre of
conductor.

37
 𝑄
𝐸= 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠/𝑚
2𝜋𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 𝑥
Taking air as medium 𝜀𝑟 = 1
𝑄
𝐸= 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠/𝑚
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑥
 The potential difference between conductor A and infinity distant
neutral plane will be equal to work done in bringing a unit positive
charge against E from infinity to conductor surface and is given as
𝛼
𝑄
𝑉𝐴 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑟 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑥
𝛼
𝑄 𝑑𝑥
= ∫
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝑥
Potential difference between two points due to a charge:
 The potential difference between any two points is nothing but the work
done in joules per coulomb required to move a coulomb of charge
between the two points.
 Consider a long straight wire carrying positive charge 'Q’ shown in
figure1.23.

Fig: 1.23 long straight wire carrying positive charge

 Consider two points P1 and P2 located at a distance of D1 and D2 from
the centre of wire.
 We can find the potential difference V12 between the two points by
integrating.
𝑄
𝐸= 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠/𝑚
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑥
𝐷2
𝑉12 = ∫ 𝐸 𝑑𝑥
𝐷1
𝐷2
𝑄
𝑉12 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐷1 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑥
𝐷2
𝑄 𝑑𝑥
= ∫
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷1 𝑥
𝑄 𝐷2
𝑉12 = ln [ ] 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷1

38
27. Derive an expression for capacitance of a Capacitance or of a single
phase (Two wire) Line. [May’08, Dec '09, May '13]
 Consider a single phase overhead transmission line consisting of two
parallel conductors A and B spaced `D' meters apart as shown in Figure
1.24.
 Suppose that radius of each conductor is `r' meters. Let their respective
charge be + Q and - Q coulombs per meter length.

Fig: 1.24 Single Phase OHT Line

 The following assumptions are made to derive the capacitance

formula.
 Charge is uniformly distributed over the surface of conductor so that
flux radial.
 Effect of earth is neglected.
 The total potential difference between conductor A and neutral infinite
plane is
VA = (VA due to own charge QA = Q) + (VA due to charge QB = - Q)
𝛼 𝛼
𝑄 −𝑄
𝑉𝐴 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑟 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑥 𝐷 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑥
𝛼 𝛼
𝑄 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= [∫ − ∫ ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝑥 𝐷 𝑥
𝑄 𝛼 𝛼
= [ln ( ) − 𝑙𝑛 ( )]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷
𝑄 𝐷
𝑉𝐴 = ln ( ) 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

 Similarly potential difference between conductor B and neutral infinite

plane is
VB = (VB due to own charge QB = - Q) + (VB due to charge QA = Q)
𝛼 𝛼
−𝑄 𝑄
𝑉𝐵 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑟 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑥 𝐷 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑥
𝛼 𝛼
−𝑄 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= [∫ − ∫ ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝑥 𝐷 𝑥
−𝑄 𝛼 𝛼
= [ln ( ) − 𝑙𝑛 ( )]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷
−𝑄 𝐷
𝑉𝐵 = ln ( ) 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

39
  Both these potentials are with respect to the same neutral phase.
 Since the unlike charge attract each other, the Potential difference
between the conductor
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 = 2𝑉𝐴 (∵ 𝑉𝐵 = −𝑉𝐴 )
2𝑄 𝐷
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = ln ( )
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
𝑄 𝐷
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = ln ( )
𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
𝑄
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐶𝐴𝐵 =
𝑉𝐴𝐵
𝑄
= 𝑄 𝐷
ln ( )
𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷
ln ( 𝑟 )
Capacitance to neutral:
 The above equation gives the capacitance between the conductors
of a two wire line as shown in Fig 1.25.
 Often it is desired to know the capacitance between one of the
conductors and a neutral point between them.
 Since potential at midpoint between the conductors is zero, the
potential difference between each conductor and the
ground/neutral is half the potential difference between the
conductors.
 Thus the capacitance to ground or capacitance to neutral for the
two wire line is twice the line to line capacitance.

Fig: 1.25 capacitance to ground

 Capacitance to neutral,
𝐶𝑁 = 𝐶𝐴𝑁 = 𝐶𝐵𝑁 = 2𝐶𝐴𝐵
𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑁 = 𝐷
𝐹/𝑚
ln ( 𝑟 )
 One main difference between the equations for capacitance and
inductance is that the radius in the equation for capacitance is the
actual outside radius of the conductor and not the GMR of the
conductor as in inductance calculation.
28. Derive an expression for capacitance 3 phase overhead line with
Symmetrical Spacing. (NOV/DEC 2023)
In a 3 phase transmission line, the capacitance of each conductor is
considered instead of capacitance from conductor to conductor.

40
 Figure 1.26 shows the three conductors A, B and C of the 3 phase
overhead transmission lines having charges QA,QB, and QC per meter
length respectively.
 Let the conductors be equidistant (D meters) from each other.

Fig: 1.26 Symmetrical Spacing

 Overall potential difference between conductor A and infinite neutral
plane is given by
VA = (VA due to its own charge QA) + (VA due to charge QB) + (VA due to
charge QC)
𝛼 𝛼 𝛼
𝑄𝐴 𝑄𝐵 𝑄𝐶
𝑉𝐴 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑟 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑥 𝐷 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑥 𝐷 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑥
1
𝑉𝐴 = [𝑄 [ln 𝑥]𝛼𝑟 + 𝑄𝐵 [ln 𝑥]𝛼𝐷 + 𝑄𝐶 [ln 𝑥]𝛼𝐷 ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐴
1
= [𝑄 ln 𝛼 − 𝑄𝐴 ln 𝑟 + 𝑄𝐵 ln 𝛼 − 𝑄𝐵 ln 𝐷 + 𝑄𝐶 ln 𝛼 − 𝑄𝐶 ln 𝐷]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐴
1 1 1
= [(𝑄𝐴 + 𝑄𝐵 + 𝑄𝐶 ) ln 𝛼 + 𝑄𝐴 ln + (𝑄𝐵 + 𝑄𝐶 ) ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷

 Assuming a balanced supply, QA + QB + QC = 0 and QB + QC = - QA

1 1 1
𝑉𝐴 = [𝑄𝐴 ln − 𝑄𝐴 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷
𝑄𝐴 𝐷
𝑉𝐴 = [ ] 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
 Capacitance of conductor A with respect to neutral,
𝑄𝐴
𝐶𝐴 =
𝑉𝐴
𝑄𝐴
𝐶𝐴 = 𝑄 𝐷
𝐴
[ ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝐴 = 𝐷
ln [ 𝑟 ]
 It can be noted that the equation is identical to capacitance to neutral
for two wire line.
 The expression for capacitance for conductors B and C are the same.

41
29. Derive an expression for capacitance of a 3phase overhead line with
Unsymmetrical Spacing. (NOV/DEC 2023)
Consider a 3phase line consisting of three conductors A, B and C having
radius r.
 But they are unsymmetrically spaced.
 Unsymmetrical spacing may result in unbalanced circuit due to
unequal line parameters (L & C).
 Hence to neutralize this unbalance, the conductors are transposed.
 Transposition of conductors is meant by the exchange of position of
the power conductors at regular intervals along the line, so that each
conductor occupies the original position of every other conductor over
an equal distance.
 When the line is transposed, the conduction of each phase occupies
positions 1,2 and 3 for about one-third of its length as illustrated in
figure1.27.

Fig: 1.27 Unsymmetrical Spacing of Conductors

 Potential of conductor 'A' at 1st position (i.e. ‘B’ in position 2 and 'C' in
position 3), is
VA1 = (VA due to its own charge QA) + (VA due to charge QB) + (VA due
to charge QC)
𝛼 𝛼 𝛼
𝑄𝐴 𝑄𝐵 𝑄𝐶
𝑉𝐴1 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑟 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑥 𝐷12 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑥 𝐷13 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑥
1
𝑉𝐴1 = [𝑄 [ln 𝑥]𝛼𝑟 + 𝑄𝐵 [ln 𝑥]𝛼𝐷12 + 𝑄𝐶 [ln 𝑥]𝛼𝐷13 ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐴
1
= [𝑄 ln 𝛼 − 𝑄𝐴 ln 𝑟 + 𝑄𝐵 ln 𝛼 − 𝑄𝐵 ln 𝐷12 + 𝑄𝐶 ln 𝛼 − 𝑄𝐶 ln 𝐷13 ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐴
1 1 1 1
= [(𝑄𝐴 + 𝑄𝐵 + 𝑄𝐶 ) ln 𝛼 + 𝑄𝐴 ln + 𝑄𝐵 ln + 𝑄𝐶 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷13

 Assuming a balanced supply, QA + QB + QC = 0

1 1 1 1
𝑉𝐴1 = [𝑄𝐴 ln [ ] + 𝑄𝐵 ln [ ] + 𝑄𝐶 ln [ ]]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷13

 Similarly, Potential of conductor 'A' at 2nd position (i.e. ‘B’ in position

3 and 'C' in position 1), is
1 1 1 1
𝑉𝐴2 = [𝑄𝐴 ln [ ] + 𝑄𝐵 ln [ ] + 𝑄𝐶 ln [ ]]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷23 𝐷12

42
 Similarly, Potential of conductor 'A' at 3rd position (i.e. ‘B’ in position
1 and 'C' in position 2), is
1 1 1 1
𝑉𝐴3 = [𝑄𝐴 ln [ ] + 𝑄𝐵 ln [ ] + 𝑄𝐶 ln [ ]]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷31 𝐷23

 Average voltage of conductor A is

1
𝑉𝐴 = [𝑉𝐴1 + 𝑉𝐴2 + 𝑉𝐴3 ]
3
1 1 1 1 1
= [ [𝑄𝐴 ln [ ] + 𝑄𝐵 ln [ ] + 𝑄𝐶 ln [ ]]
3 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷13
1 1 1 1
+ [𝑄𝐴 ln [ ] + 𝑄𝐵 ln [ ] + 𝑄𝐶 ln [ ]]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷23 𝐷12
1 1 1 1
+ [𝑄𝐴 ln [ ] + 𝑄𝐵 ln [ ] + 𝑄𝐶 ln [ ]]]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷31 𝐷23

1 1 1 1 1
= [𝑄𝐴 × 3 ln [ ] + 𝑄𝐵 [ln [ ] + ln [ ] + ln [ ]]
3 × 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
1 1 1
+ 𝑄𝐶 [ln [
] + ln [ ] + ln [ ]]]
𝐷31 𝐷12 𝐷23
1 1 1 1
= [𝑄𝐴 ln [ 3 ] + 𝑄𝐵 ln [ ] + 𝑄𝐶 ln [ ]]
3 × 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝐷31 𝐷12 𝐷23

1 1 1
= [𝑄𝐴 ln [ 3 ] + (𝑄𝐵 + 𝑄𝐶 ) ln [ ]]
3 × 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
 Assuming a balanced supply, QA + QB + QC = 0 and QB + QC = - QA
1 1 1
𝑉𝐴 = [𝑄𝐴 ln [ 3 ] − 𝑄𝐴 ln [ ]]
3 × 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
𝑄𝐴 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
= [ln [ ]]
3 × 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟3
1 𝑄𝐴 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
= × ln [ ]
3 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟3
1
𝑄𝐴 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 3
= ln [ ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟3
3
𝑄𝐴 √𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
𝑉𝐴 = ln [ ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
 Capacitance of conductor ‘A’ with respect to neutral is
𝑄𝐴 𝑄𝐴
𝐶𝐴𝑁 = = 3
𝑉𝐴 𝑄𝐴 √𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
ln [ ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
𝑄𝐴
𝐶𝐴𝑁 = 3
𝑄𝐴 √𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
ln [ ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

43
 2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝐴𝑁 = 3
√𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
ln [ ]
𝑟
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝐴𝑁 = 𝐷𝑒𝑞 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 3√𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
ln [ ]
𝑟
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 3√𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴
 In a transposed line, the capacitance of all the three phases are equal.
 That the radius in the equation for capacitance is the actual outside
radius of the conductor and not GMR of the conductor as in the
inductance formula.

30. Mention how the Capacitance for Double Circuit Line can be
calculated in a transmission line.
 Capacitance for the double circuit line can be calculated using the
concept of GMD and GMR similar to the inductance calculation.
 But GMD method is slightly modified since actual outside radius (r) of
conductor is used for capacitance calculation instead of GMR (r ') as
in L formula.
 The modified GMD method holds good for finding the capacitance of a
line with any configuration.
 For double circuit with symmetrical spacing (Hexagon spacing)
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶= 𝐹/𝑚
√3𝐷
ln [ 2𝑟 ]

 For double circuit with unsymmetrical spacing (Vertical spacing.)

2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶= 1 1 𝐹/𝑚
1⁄ 𝐷 ⁄2 𝑚 ⁄3
ln [2 6 [ 𝑟 ] [ 𝑛 ] ]

31. State the effect of Earth on the Capacitance of Single phase

Overhead Line (Method of Images).
The presence of ground alters the electric field of a line and hence affects
the line capacitance.
 Ground can be assumed to be a perfect conductor in the form of a
horizontal plane of infinite extent.
 Evidently the electric field of charged conductors above the ground is
not the same as that if ground is not present.
 The effect of ground can be modeled by the method of images.
 This method makes use of the fact that the effect of ground on charges
and potentials of the conductors can be replaced by the effect of images
of conductors below the surface of the ground.
 Any one conductor and its image conductor are located at equal
distance, but in opposite direction from the ground surface.
 Their charges (or charging currents) and potentials are equal but of
opposite sign.

44
 It is evident that if an image conductor is located for each overhead
conductor - the electric flux between the overhead conductors and their
images is perpendicular to the plane which replaces the ground and
this plane forms an equipotential surface as shown in Figure1.28.

Fig: 1.28 Ground plane and image charge of one line conductor

 Consider the case of a single phase overhead line.

 Assume conductors A' and B’ as the image conductors of conductor A
and B respectively, as shown in figure below.

Fig: 1.29 image of conductors

 Let the height of conductors be H meters above the earth and +Q

coulombs per meter and - Q coulombs per meter be the charges on
conductors A and B respectively.
 The earth is considered to be at zero potential.
Charges on image conductor A', qa. = -qa
qa, = - Q Coulombs/m
Charges on image conductor B', qb' = - qb
qb' = Q Coulombs/m
2 2
𝐷𝐴𝐵′ = √𝐷𝐴𝐴′ + 𝐷𝐴′𝐵′ = √(2𝐻)2 + 𝐷2
1 1 1 1 1
𝑉𝐴 = [𝑞𝑎 ln ( ) + 𝑞𝑎 ln ( ) + 𝑞𝑏 ln ( ) + 𝑞𝑏 ln ( )]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2𝐻 𝐷 √(2𝐻)2 + 𝐷2
since q a = q b′ = Q and q b = q a′ = −Q

45
 1 1 1 1 1 −1
𝑉𝐴 = [𝑄 ln ( . ) + 𝑄 ln ( . ) ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 √4𝐻 2 + 𝐷2 2𝐻 𝐷
𝑄 2 𝐻𝐷
𝑉𝐴 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 √4𝐻 2 + 𝐷2

Similarly, potential of conductor B,

−𝑄 2 𝐻𝐷
𝑉𝐵 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 √4𝐻 2 + 𝐷2

Potential difference between the conductors A and B,

𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵
𝑄 2 𝐻𝐷 −𝑄 2 𝐻𝐷
= 𝑙𝑛 − [ 𝑙𝑛 ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 √4𝐻 2 + 𝐷2 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 √4𝐻 2 + 𝐷2
2𝑄 2 𝐻𝐷
= 𝑙𝑛
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 √4𝐻 2 + 𝐷2
𝑄 𝐷
= 𝑙𝑛
𝜋𝜀0 𝐷2
𝑟 √1 + 4𝐻 2
Capacitance between conductors A and B is
𝑄
𝐶𝐴𝐵 =
𝑉
𝑄
= 𝑄 𝐷
ln 2
𝜋𝜀 0 𝐷
𝑟 √1+
4𝐻2
𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷 𝐹/𝑚
ln 2
𝑟 √1+ 𝐷 2
4𝐻
Capacitance between the conductor and neutral is
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑁 = 𝐷 𝐹/𝑚
ln 2 𝐷
𝑟 √1+
4𝐻2
 It can be observed that earth tries to increase the capacitance of the
line by small amount.
 But the effect of earth is negligible if the conductors are high above
the ground compared to the distances between them.

32. A 3φ line has conductor 2cm diameter, spaced equilateral 1m apart.

If the dielectric strength of air is 30 KV(max)/cm, find the disruptive
critical voltage for the line. Take air density factor δ=0.952 and
irregularity factor mo= 0.9.
Solution:
2
Radius of conductor 𝑟 = = 1 𝑐𝑚
2
Conductor Spacing d = 1m
= 100 cm
Dielectric strength of air go= 30KV/cm /max =21.2KV (r.m.s)/cm

Disruptive critical voltage

46
 𝑑
𝑉𝑒 = 𝑚0 𝑔0 𝛿𝑟 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ( ) 𝑘𝑣/𝑝ℎ/𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑟
100
= 0.9 × 21.2 × 0.952 × 1 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒
1
= 83.64 𝑘𝑉/𝑝ℎ
Line voltage (r.m.s) = √3 × 83.64
=144.8KV

33. A 132 KV line with 1.956cm dia, conductor is built so that corona
takes place if the line voltage exceeds 210 KV (rms) of value of
potential gradient at which ionization occurs can be taken as
30KV/cm. Find spacing between conductors.
1.956
Conductor radius 𝑟= = 0.978 𝑐𝑚
2
30
Di − electric strength of air 𝑔0 = = 21.2 KV (r. m. s)
√2
210
Disruptive voltage/ph, 𝑉𝐶 = = 121.25 𝑘𝑉
√3
𝑚0 = 1, 𝛿 = 1,
𝑑
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑚0 𝑔0 𝛿𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ( ) 𝑘𝑣/𝑝ℎ
𝑟
𝑑
121.75 = 20.733 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ( )
𝑟
𝑑 121.75
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ( ) =
𝑟 20.733
= 5.848
𝑑
2.3log10 ( ) = 5.848
𝑟
𝑑
= 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 2.5426
𝑟
Conductor spacing
𝑑 = 348.8 × 𝑟
= 348.8 × 0.978
= 341 𝑐𝑚.

34. A 3φ, 220KV, 50Hz transmission line of1.5cm radius conductor

spaced 2m apart in equilateral triangular formation. If the temp is B
40oC and atmospheric pressure is 76 cm, calculate the corona
loss/km of the line. Take irregularity factor (mo)= 0.85. (May’14)
Solution:
242.2 𝑟
𝑃= (𝑓 + 25)√ (𝑉 − 𝑉𝑉 )2 × 10−5 𝐾𝑤/10𝑚/𝑝ℎ
𝛿 𝑑

3.926
𝛿=
273 + 𝑡
3.926 × 76
=
273 + 40
= 0.952.
Assume 𝑔0 =21.2Kv/cm (rms)

47
 𝑑
𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒/𝑝ℎ 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑚0 𝑔0 𝛿𝑟 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ( ) 𝑘𝑣
𝑟
200
= 0.85 × 21.2 × 0.952 × 1.5 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒
1.5
=125.9KV

220
Supply voltage/ph V = = 127 𝐾𝑉
√3
242.2 1.5
∴𝑃= (50 + 25)√ × (127 − 125.9)2 × 10−5
0.952 200
= 0.01999 𝐾𝑊/𝑘𝑚/𝑐𝑚

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠/𝑘𝑚/𝑓𝑜𝑟 − 3∅ = 3 × 0.01999 KW

=0.05998 KW

35. A certain 3φ equilateral transmission line has a total corona loss of

53KW at 106 KV and a loss of 98KW at 110.9 KV. What is the
disruptive critical voltage? What is the corona loss at 113 KW?

The power loss due to corona for a 3 phase is

242.2(𝑓 + 25) 𝑟
𝑃 =3× √ × (𝑉 − 𝑉𝐶 )2 × 10−5 𝐾𝑊/1𝑐𝑚
𝛿 𝑑
As f, δ, r and d are the same for two cases.
∴ 𝑃 ∝ (𝑉 − 𝑉𝐶 )2
i. For Case I:
P = 53 KV
106
V = = 61.2 𝐾𝑉
√3
53 ∝ (61.2 − 𝑉𝐶 )2 … … … … … … … … … … … (1)

For Case II:

P = 53 KW
110.9
V= = 64 𝐾𝑉
√3
98 ∝ (64 − 𝑉𝐶 )2 … … … … … … … … … … … . . (2)

Dividing(2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1)

98 (64 − 𝑉𝐶 )2
=
53 (61.2 − 𝑉𝐶 )2

𝑉𝐶 = 54 𝐾𝑉

ii. Let W kilo-watt be the power loss at 113 KV.

2
113
W∝( − 𝑉𝐶 )
√3
𝑊 ∝ (65.2 − 54)2 … … … … … … … … … … … (3)
Dividing(3) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1)

48
 𝑊 (65.2 − 54)2
=
53 (61.2 − 𝑉𝐶 )2
11.2 2
𝑊=( ) × 53
7.2
𝑊 = 128 𝐾𝑊
36. A three – phase transmission line has its conductors at the corners
of an equilateral triangle with side 3 m. The diameter of each
conductor is 1.63 cm. find the inductance per phase per kilometer
of the line.
Solution
𝑟 ′ = 0.7788 × 0.5 × 1.63
= 0.635 𝑐𝑚
300
𝐿 = 0.4605 ln ( )
0.635
= 1.2315 𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚
37. Find the capacitance between the conductors of a single phase 10
km long line. The diameter of each conductor is 1.213 cm. The
spacing between conductors is 1.25m. Also find the capacitance of
each conductor to neutral.

Solution
0.01206
𝐶𝑎𝑏 = 125
log (1.213 × 0.5)
= 5.21 × 10−3 𝜇𝐹/𝑘𝑚

For 10km length,

𝐶𝑎𝑏 = 5.21 × 10−3 × 10
= 0.0521 𝜇𝐹
𝐶𝑛 = 2𝐶𝑎𝑏
= 0.1042 𝜇𝐹
38. A 220 KV, 50 Hz, 200 km long 3-phase line has its conductors on the
corners of a triangle with sides 6m, 6m and 12m. The conductor
radius is 1.81 cm. Find the capacitance per phase per km, capacitive
reactance per phase, charging current and total charging megavolt-
amperes.
Solution
3
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = √(6 × 6 × 12)
= 7.56 𝑚
0.02412
𝐶𝑛 = 100
log (0.756 × 1.81)
= 9.2 × 10−3 𝜇𝐹/phase/𝑘𝑚
Total line capacitance = 9.2 × 10−3 × 200
= 1.84 𝜇𝐹/phase
1
𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋 × 50 × 1.84 × 10−6
= 1730 ohms/phase

49
 220
Charging current = 2𝜋 × 50 × 1.84 × 10−6 × × 103
√3
= 73.42 𝐴/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
√3 × 220 × 103 × 73.42
Charging megavolt amperes = = 27.97 𝑀𝑉𝑎𝑟
106
39. A 3-phase 132KV, 50 Hz overhead line has ACSR conductors of
equivalent copper area 1.5 cm2 and effective diameter 39.8 mm,
spaced equilaterally 8 m apart (a). Find line parameters, (b) Find
charging current and changing MVA. Resistivity of copper is 1.73 ×
𝟏𝟎−𝟔 ohm-cm.
Solution
(a) Line parameters:
𝜌 = 1.73 × 10−6 Ω − 𝑐𝑚 = 1.73 × 10−8 Ω − 𝑚
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑙 = 1 𝑘𝑚 = 1000𝑚
Copper area = 1.5𝑐𝑚2 = 1.5 × 10−4 𝑚2

𝜌𝑙
Resistance R =
𝑎
1.73 × 10−8 × 1000
=
1.5 × 10−4
= 0.1153Ω/𝑘𝑚

𝑟 = 0.5 × 39.8 × 10−3 = 1.99 × 10−2 𝑚

8
𝐿 = 0.4605 log
0.7788 × 1.99 × 10−2
= 1.25𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚
0.02412
8
𝐶 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔
1.99 × 10−2

= 0.00926𝜇𝐹/𝑘𝑚
(b) Charging current
132
Charging current = 2𝜋 × 50 × 0.00926 × 10−6 × × 103
√3
= 0.2217 𝐴/𝑘𝑚/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒

√3 × 132 × 103 × 0.2217

Charging MVA = = 0.0507 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑟/𝑘𝑚
106

40.A 220KV,50Hz,200Km long three phase line, has its conductors on

the corner of triangle with sides 6m,6m,[Link] conductor radius is
[Link] the charging current, inductance and capacitance per
phase per Km.(Nov/Dec 2023)
Solution:
𝐷𝐸𝑞𝑢
Inductance per phase per m 𝐿 = 10−7 (0.5 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ( )) 𝐻
𝑟
𝐷𝑒𝑞𝑢 = 3√𝐷12 × 𝐷23 × 𝐷31
3
= √6 × 6 × 12
50
 3
= √432 = 7.56𝑚
7.56
𝐿 = 10−7 (0.5 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ( ))
1.81
= 5.74 × 10−7 𝐻
𝐿 𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝐾𝑚 = 5.74𝑚𝐻
2𝜋𝜀0
Line to neutral capacitance = 𝑑
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ( 𝑟 )
2𝜋 × 8.854 × 10−12
= 7.56
= 0.212 × 10−10 𝐹/𝑚
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (1.81)
= 0.212 × 10−7 𝐹/𝐾𝑚
VPh
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 /𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 IC =
XC
220000
= × 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
√3
220000
= × 2𝜋 × 50 × 0.212 × 10−7
√3
= 0.85 × 10−3 𝐴
IC = 0.85𝑚𝐴

41. Explain about Skin effect and Proximity effect.(Apr/May 2023)

Skin effect:
 The tendency of alternating current to concentrate near the surface
of the conductor.
 This phenomenon is called skin effect.
 It is not applicable to DC current.
Factors:
 Nature of material
 resistivity
 Frequency
 Conductor size
Proximity effect:
 The alternating magnetic flux in a conductor caused by the current
flowing in a neighboring conductor gives rise to circulating currents
in which case non-uniformity of current and an apparent increase in
the resistance of a conductor.

42. Explain the typical configurations and electrical parameters of

EHV lines.
Conductor Configuration:
Several conductor Configurations are possible, but three
configurations are most common.
1. Horizontal Configuration
2. Vertical Configuration
3. Triangular Configuration
 In most cases, horizontal configuration and vertical configuration
are employed from mechanical considerations, particularly when

51
 suspension insulators are used.
 In horizontal configuration, all the conductors are mounted over one
cross arm, such an arrangement needs supports of smaller height
but needs a wider right of way.
 In congested areas where it is not possible to have horizontal
arrangement of conductors, the conductors are placed in vertical
formation.(along the length of pole one below the other)
 The drawbacks of vertical formations are taller towers and more
lightning hazards.
 In unsymmetrical arrangement of conductors, the conductors are
usually transposed at regular intervals in order to balance the
electrical characteristics of various phases and prevent inductive
interference with neighboring communication circuits
Conductor Types:
Stranded conductor
 Standard conductor are composed of two or more elements stands
electrically in parallel with alternate layer’s spiraled in opposite
duration to prevent unwinding.
 Conductors having a central wire around which there are successive
layers of 6, 18, 36 wires are called standard conductor.
Bundled conductor
 A bundled conductor is a conductor made up of two or more sub-
conductors and is used as one phase conductor.
 Bundled conductors are separated from each other by 30cm or
more and conductors of each phase are connected by connecting
wires at particular length.
 It is used for voltages above 230 KV.
Advantages:
 Bundled conductors per phase reduces the voltage gradient in the
vicinity of the line. Thus reduces the possibility of the corona
discharge.
 Improvement in the transmission efficiency as loss due to corona
effect is countered.
 Bundled conductor lines will have higher capacitance to neutral in
comparison with single lines.
 They will have higher charging currents which helps in improving
the power factor.
 Bundled conductor lines will have higher capacitance and lower
inductance than ordinary lines
 They will have higher Surge Impedance Loading
1
𝐿 2
𝑍= [ ]
𝐶
 Higher Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) will have higher maximum
power transfer ability.
 With increase in self GMD or GMR inductance per phase will be
reduced compared to single conductor line.

52
  This results in lesser reactance per phase compared to ordinary
single line. Hence lesser loss due to reactance drop.
Electrical considerations of EHV lines:
 Stability considerations
 Current carrying capacity
 Ferranti effect
 Surge impedance loading
 Radio interference and television interference
 Route Clearance
 Insulation coordination
 Series and shunt compensation
 Environmental and Biological aspects
 Span, Number of circuits, conductor configuration
43. What are the types of overhead Conductor?
 In early days copper ‘Cu’ conductors was used for transmitting energy
in stranded hard drawn form to increase tensile strength.
 But now it has been replaced by aluminum ‘Al’ due to following
reasons:
1. It has lesser cost than copper.
2. It offers larger diameter for same amount of current which
reduces corona.
 Due to lower tensile strength aluminium is used with some other
materials or its alloys
Types:
 AAC - All Aluminium Conductor
 ACAR - (Aluminium Conductor, Aluminium Reinforce)
 AAAC - All Aluminium Alloy Conductor
 ACSR - Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced
AAC - (All Aluminium Conductor)
 It has lesser strength and more sag per span length than any other
category.
 Therefore, it is used for lesser span i.e. it is applicable at distribution
level.
 It has slightly better conductivity at lower voltages than ACSR i.e. at
distribution level
 Cost of ACSR is equal to AAC.
ACAR - (Aluminium Conductor, Aluminium Reinforce)
 It is cheaper than AAAC but pro to corrosion.
 It is most expansive.
AAAC - All Aluminium Alloy Conductor
 It has same construction as AAC except the alloy.
 Its strength is equal to ACSR but due to absence of steel it is light in
weight.
 The presence of formation of alloy makes it expensive.
 Due to stronger tensile strength than AAC, it is used for longer spans.
 It can be used in distribution level i.e. river crossing.
 It has lesser sag than AAC.

53
  The difference between ACSR and AAAC is the weight. Being lighter in
weight, it is used in transmission and sub-transmission where lighter
support structure is required such as mountains, swamps etc.
ACSR - Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced
 It is used for longer spans keeping sag minimum.

 It may consist of 7 or 19 strands of steel surrounding by aluminium

strands concentrically. The number of strands are shown by x/y/z,
where ‘x’ is number of aluminium strands, ‘y’ is number of steel strands
and ‘z’ is diameter of each strand.
 Strands provide flexibility, prevent breakage and minimize skin effect.
 The number of strands depends on the application, they may be 7, 19,
37, 61, 91 or more.
 If the Al and St Strands are separated by a filler such as paper then this
kind of ACSR is used in EHV lines and called expanded ACSR.
 Expanded ACSR has larger diameter and hence lower corona losses.

Normal Highest Phase Sub – Number of

Voltage Voltage in Spacing in Conductor Sub –
in KV KV Meters Diameter in Conductors
mm per phase
230 245 6 25 1
345 365 8.3 2
500 550 11 3
765 800 15.3 4
1100 1200 20 8

54
44. Calculate the loop inductance per km of a single-phase transmission line consisting of two parallel
conductors spaced 1.6 m apart and having a diameter of 1.5 cm. Also calculate the reactance of the
transmission line if it is operating at a frequency of 50 Hz. APR-MAY 2025

Given data:
Spacing between conductors, 𝐷 = 1.6 m
Diameter of each conductor = 1.5 cm
Radius, 𝑟 = 0.75 cm = 0.0075 m
Effective radius,

𝑟 ′ = 0.7788𝑟 = 0.7788 × 0.0075 = 0.00584 m

Frequency, 𝑓 = 50 Hz

Loop inductance per km

Inductance per conductor of a single-phase two-wire line is:

𝐷
𝐿 = 2 × 10−7 ln⁡ ⁣ ( ′ ) H/m
𝑟

Loop inductance:
𝐷
𝐿loop = 2𝐿 = 4 × 10−7 ln⁡ ⁣ ( ′ )
𝑟

Substituting values:
1.6
𝐿loop = 4 × 10−7 ln⁡ ⁣ ( )
0.00584
ln⁡(274) ≈ 5.61
𝐿loop = 4 × 10−7 × 5.61 = 2.244 × 10−6 H/m

Per km:

𝐿loop = 2.244 × 10−3 H/km

Reactance of the transmission line

𝑋 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
𝑋 = 2𝜋 × 50 × 2.244 × 10−3
𝑋 ≈ 0.705 Ω/km

55
 SUMMARY

What is Transposition?
Exchange of position of conductor at regular intervals along transmission line due to
unsymmetrical spacing, magnetic field external to conductor is not zero.

Define Composite conductor:

They compose two or more element or stands electrically in parallel.

Define Self GMD:

Geometrical mean distance [GMD]=0.7788r Self GMD of conductor depends on the
size and shape of conductor and independent of spacing between conductors.
Define Mutual GMD:
Mutual GMD is equal to equivalent equilateral spacing. ie 3√𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3 Mutual GMD
depends only spacing between conductor but independent of size, shape of
conductor.

What is a bundled conductor? What are the advantages of using of using

bundled conductor?
A bundle conductor is a conductor made up of two or more sub-conductor’s
and is used as one phase conductor.
The advantage using bundled conductors are,
vii. Reduced reactance
viii. Reduced corona loss
ix. Reduced surge impedance
x. Reduced voltage current
xi. Reduced radius interference
xii. Reduced inductance
What is Proximity effect?
The alternating magnetic flux in a conductor caused by a current flowing in a
neighboring conductor gives rise to circulating current which cause an apparent
increase in the resistance of a conductor. This phenomenon is called proximity
effect.
This effect – Negligible for OHT line
– Increase in resistance of UG cable [due to distance between the
conductor is small]

Write the formula for capacitance:

𝝅𝜺𝟎
Capacitance of single phase line:𝑪 = 𝒅 F/M
𝒍𝒏( )
𝒓
𝟐𝝅𝜺𝟎
Capacitance of 3 phase line [symmetrical spacing]:𝑪 = 𝒅 F/M
𝒍𝒏( )
𝒓
𝟐𝝅𝜺𝟎
Capacitance of 3phase line [unsymmetrical spacing]:]:𝑪 = 𝒅 𝟑√𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐 𝒅𝟑
F/M
𝒍𝒏( )
𝒓

Define Charging current:

The flow of charging current caused by the alternate charging and discharging of
𝑉𝑃ℎ
line due to AC voltage is called charging current.𝐼𝐶 = 𝑋𝐶
What are Effect of Charging current?

Line open circuit if affect voltage drop, efficiency, power factor of line.

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Interference with neighboring communication circuits:
 Interference to communication line due to electrostatic and electromagnetic
effect
 Electrostatic effect induces voltage in communication line dangerous to
human body
 Electromagnetic effect produces current which is super imposed true speech
current in communication signal and causes distribution.
Radio- interference:
Radio-interference is a noise type that occurs in amplitude modulation, ratio
reception, and corona noise includes interference with radio, television and other
wireless reception.
Radio-interference for both[AC &DC]line depends on field strength [Emax].

Define Critical disruptive voltage:

It is minimum phase-neutral voltage at which corona occurs
𝑑
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑚0 𝑔0 𝛿𝑟 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ( ) 𝑘𝑣/𝑝ℎ
𝑟
 .M0=> 1 for polished conductor
 0.98 to 0.92 => dirty conductor
 0.87 to 0.8 =>st. conductor.
 Air density factor=1
 G0=> 30kv max or 21.2kv(rms)

Define Corona:
The phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and production of ozone gas in an
overhead transmission line.
List Advantages of corona:
 Virtual diameter of conductor is increased
 Increasing diameter, reduce the electrostatic stress between conductor
 Corona reduces the effect of transients produced by surges

List Dis advantages corona:

 Energy loss, it affect the efficiency of transmission line
 Due to ozone gas cause corrosion of conductor due to chemical action
 Interference with neighboring communication line[non-sinusoidal current]

What are the Methods of reducing corona?

1. By increasing conductor size
2. By increasing conductor spacing

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