Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
1
General Education Courses
Course Code | Title | No. of units:
GENDSO030 Gender and Society (3 units)
Course Outcomes
1. Appreciated the sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression of
oneself and that of others
Module 6: Sex as biological component, Growth and Reproduction, STI’s and STD’s
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this module, students must be able to:
1. Define sex as a biological concept and identify the anatomical and physiological
differences between male and female reproductive systems.
2. Describe primary and secondary sexual characteristics and explain their role in human
development.
3. Describe the stages of human growth and sexual maturation (infancy, childhood, puberty,
adulthood).
4. Explain the process of human reproduction, including fertilization, pregnancy, fetal
development, and childbirth.
5. Define STIs and STDs and differentiate between infection and disease.
6. Identify common STIs/STDs
Learning Evidence: Infographics/Slogan on STI and STD posted on their personal Social Med
accounts.
Key Concepts with Learning Activities:
Sex Identification of Typical Cases – an infant is either born
male or female; sex at birth is often easily identified by
examining the external genetalia
Sex Identification of Atypical Cases – an infant is either born
with ambiguous sexual characteristics, making
categorization to male or female difficult or impossible at
the time of birth; further tests and observations may be
required
Intersex – a general term used for a variety of conditions in
which a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't seem to fit the typical
definitions of female or male.
Biological Differences between male and female
1. External Genetalia
2. Reproductive System
3. Sex-linked Chromosomes
4. Hormone levels
5. Brain Differences
6. Secondary Sex Characteristics
Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
2
General Education Courses
1. External Genitalia
External genitalia are the visible reproductive organs present at birth.
In baby deliveries at hospitals like Philippine General Hospital, doctors usually identify sex
based on visible genitalia (penis and scrotum for males; vulva for females).In rural barangays,
midwives often make the same identification immediately after [Link] some rare cases
(intersex conditions), genitalia may not appear typically male or female, and doctors may
conduct further medical evaluation.
2. Reproductive System
The reproductive system includes internal organs responsible for producing gametes (sperm or eggs)
and supporting reproduction.
In health education programs run by the Department of Health, students learn that:
o Males have testes that produce sperm.
o Females have ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina for egg production and
pregnancy.
In local high schools in cities like Davao City, reproductive health topics are included in science
and health classes to promote awareness about puberty and family planning.
3. Sex-linked Chromosomes
Sex-linked chromosomes determine biological sex genetically.
In humans, females typically have XX chromosomes and males have XY chromosomes .At
research institutions such as the University of the Philippines Manila, genetic testing may be
conducted to identify chromosomal conditions like Turner syndrome (XO) or Klinefelter
syndrome (XXY).These chromosomal differences can affect development, fertility, and
physical traits.
4. Hormone Levels
Hormones influence physical development, mood, and reproductive function.
Testosterone is generally higher in males and estrogen/progesterone higher in females.
During puberty (often discussed in youth seminars organized by the Commission on
Population and Development), boys experience voice deepening and muscle growth, while
girls experience breast development and menstruation. Hormonal imbalance can be treated
in hospitals or clinics across cities like Cebu City.
5. Brain Differences
Research suggests some average structural and hormonal differences in male and female brains,
though overlap is large.
Studies worldwide, including collaborative neuroscience research at Ateneo de Manila
University, explore how hormones influence behavior and cognitive development.
In everyday local settings (schools, workplaces), differences in interests or behavior are often
shaped not only by biology but also by culture, family upbringing, and social expectations.
6. Secondary Sex Characteristics
These are physical traits that appear during puberty but are not directly part of reproduction.
Examples in local communities:
• Boys: facial hair growth, broader shoulders, deeper voice (often noticeable in church choirs or
school presentations).
• Girls: breast development, wider hips, onset of menstruation.
• These changes are commonly discussed in adolescent health programs in public schools
throughout Philippines.
Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
3
General Education Courses
2 DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEX
CHARACTERISTICS
Puberty is the process of physical changes through which a child’s
body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction.
PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS – anatomical traits essential to
reproduction. (Ex. Sex Organs)
SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS – physical traits that are not
essential to reproduction but are influenced by male and female
hormones
Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
4
General Education Courses
Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
5
General Education Courses
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION
Anatomy refers to the internal and external structures of the body
and their physical relationships
Physiology refers to the study of the functions of those structures.
Reproduction is a biological process by which an organism
reproduces an offspring that is biologically similar to the
organism.
What is Anatomy and Physiology of Reproduction?
It is a study of both the structure (Anatomy) and functions (Physiology)
associated with the process of reproduction in living organisms.
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The reproductive system in females is responsible for producing gametes
(called eggs or ova), certain sex hormones, and maintaining fertilized eggs as
they develop into mature fetuses and become ready for delivery.
External
Vulva, Mons veneris, Labia majora, Clitoris, Prepuce, Labia minora, Vestibule, Urethal opening
Vaginal opening Perineum
Internal Vagina, Cervix, Uterus, Fallopian Tubes,Ovaries
Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
6
General Education Courses
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The function of the male reproductive system is to produce androgens such as testosterone that
maintain male reproductive function and to promote spermatogenesis and transport into the
female reproductive system for fertilization.
External Prepuce Penis Corona Frenulum Scrotum Urethral Opening Perineum
Internal Testes Vas deferens Seminal vesicles Ejaculatory ducts Prostate Urethra
Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
7
General Education Courses
THE PROCESS OF REPRODUCTION
What is reproduction?
Reproduction is the production of offspring. There are two main forms: sexual and asexual
reproduction. In sexual reproduction, an organism combines the genetic information from each
of its parents and is genetically unique. In asexual reproduction, one parent copies itself to form
a genetically identical offspring.
In the reproductive process, a male sperm and a female egg provide the information required to
produce another human being. Conception occurs when these cells join as the egg is fertilized.
Pregnancy begins once the fertilized egg implants in the uterus
The human reproductive system takes in the role of the male and the female reproductive system.
The male reproductive system is responsible for the formation of the male gametes and also the
deposition of these gametes into the female reproductive system. The female reproductive
system, on the other hand, is responsible for the formation of the female gametes and the
protection and the nourishment of the fetus until childbirth.
In the human reproductive process, two kinds of sex cells, or gametes (GAH-meetz), are
involved. The male gamete, or sperm, and the female gamete, the egg or ovum, meet in the
female's reproductive system. When sperm fertilizes (meets) an egg, this fertilized egg is called a
zygote. The zygote goes through a process of becoming an embryo and developing into a fetus.
The male reproductive system and the female reproductive system both are needed for
reproduction and to pass some characteristics. We do this through our genes, the special carriers
of human traits. The genes that parents pass along are what make their children similar to others
in their family, but also what make each child unique. These genes come from the male's sperm
and the female's egg.
THE OVULATION
The major landmark of puberty among females is the onset of the menstrual cycle, the monthly
ovulation cycle that leads to menstruation which is from the first day of a period until the day
before the next period starts.
It normally lasts 28 days on average, 21 days as the shortest, and 40 days as the longest.
Whatever the length, ovulation occurs about 10-16 days before the period starts.
Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
8
General Education Courses
THE PREGNANCY
The state of carrying a developing embryo or fetus within the female body. This condition
can be indicated by positive results on an over-the-counter urine test, and confirmed through a
blood test, ultrasound, detection of fetal heartbeat, or an X-ray. Pregnancy lasts for about nine
months, measured from the date of the woman's last menstrual period (LMP). It is
conventionally divided into three trimesters, each roughly three months long.
Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
9
General Education Courses
THE PREVENTIONS
Birth control, also known as contraception, is the use of medicines, devices, or surgery to
prevent pregnancy. There are many different types. Some are reversable, while others are
permanent. Some types can also help prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
10
General Education Courses
SEXUAL HEALTH & HYGIENE OTHER KEY RELATED CONCEPTS
Health a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity.
Hygiene refers to behaviors that can improve cleanliness, and lead to good health.
Sexual Health refers to a state of physical, emotional, and social well-being in relation to
sexuality.
Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
11
General Education Courses
Most Common Types of STDs
1. Chlamydia
2. HPV / Human Papillovirus
3. Syphilis
4. HIV
5. Gonorrhea
6. Pubic Lice
7. Trichomoniasis
8. Herpes
Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
12
General Education Courses
Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
13
General Education Courses
Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
14
General Education Courses
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
➢ Very contagious virus
➢ Some people never get symptoms
➢ HPV is spread through skin to skin contact, oral, anal and vaginal
sex with an infected partner
➢ Some types cause genital warts and other types can cause of the
cervix
Treatment
➢ Treatments remove warts but do not remove the virus from the
blood.
➢ Most warts will clear over time.
There is no cure for HPV.
Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
15
General Education Courses
Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
16
General Education Courses
SUGGESTED TASK/ ASSESSMENT:
Post Your Infographic
Upload your completed infographic to your personal social media account (Facebook).
Make sure:
o Your account is set to PUBLIC.
o The post is clearly visible.
o You include a short caption about STI/STD awareness.
o You add relevant hashtags (example: #STIAwareness #HealthEducation #SafeChoices).
Keep the Post Public for 7 Days
Your post must remain publicly visible for 7 consecutive days.
Do NOT delete, archive, or change the privacy settings during this period.
The purpose is to promote awareness and allow others to see and learn from your work.
Take a Screenshot (Proof of Posting)
After 7 days:
Take a clear screenshot showing:
o Your name/profile
o The posted infographic
o The date posted
o Visibility set to PUBLIC
Make sure the screenshot is readable and complete.
Submit to LMS
Upload the screenshot to our Learning Management System (LMS) under the assigned activity.
File name format:
Lastname_Firstname_STIInfographic
Example: DelaCruz_Juan_STIInfographic