𝟐 𝟐

𝟏
√𝟔 √𝟑𝟎
−𝟏 √𝟑 −𝟏
Hence N= 𝟐
√𝟑𝟎
is the Normalised modal matrix which is orthogonal
√𝟔
𝟏 √𝟑
−𝟓
(√𝟔 𝟎 √𝟑𝟎)
as NNT=NTN=I
8 0 0
So, N AN = = (0
T
2 0) = D
0 0 2
Therefore the Orthogonal transformation X=NY will reduce the Quadratic
Form to the Canonical form as
8𝑦12 + 2𝑦22 + 2𝑦32 .

➢ The nature of the Quadratic form is Positive definite (Since only

positive eigenvalues)
➢ Rank = 3 (Three non-zero rows)
➢ Index= 3 (Number of Positive terms)
➢ Signature = 3 (Difference between number of positive and negative
terms)

**********************************************************
 Cayley Hamilton Theorem
Statement: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic
equation.
Uses:

1. It is used to find the inverse of the square matrix A if A−1 exists.

2. It is used to find the higher positive integral powers of the matrix,
if the lower powers of it are known.

Problems:
Example 1 Verify Cayley Hamilton Theorem for the matrix

 2 0 −1 
A =  0 2 0  and hence find A-1 and A4.
 −1 0 2 
 

 2 0 −1 
Solution: Let A =  0 2 0 
 −1 0 2 
 

The characteristic equation is A − I =0

i.e.,  3 − C1 2 + C2  − C3 = 0   3 − 6 2 + 11 − 6 = 0

By Cayley Hamilton Theorem A3 − 6 A2 + 11A − 6I = 0 ----------- (1) .

Verification:

 5 0 −4   14 0 −13 
   
A = 0 4 0  ,
2
A = 0 8 0 
3

 −4 0 5   −13 0 14 
   

Consider A3 − 6 A2 + 11A − 6I :

 14 0 −13   5 0 −4   2 0 −1 
A − 6 A + 11A − 6I =  0 8 0  -6  0 4 0  +11  0 2 0 
3 2    
 −13 0 14   −4 0 5   −1 0 2 
     
1 0 0
-6  0 1 0 
0 0 1
 
  14 − 30 + 22 − 6 0 −13 + 24 − 11 − 0 

= 
0 8 − 24 + 22 − 6 0 
 −13 + 24 − 22 − 0 − + − 
 0 14 30 22 6 
0 0 0
=  0 0 0 
0 0 0
 

To find 𝐴4 :

Multiplying eqn (1) by A, A4 − 6 A3 + 11A2 − 6 A = 0

 14 0 −13   5 0 −4   2 0 −1  41 0 −40 

       
A = 6 A − 11A + 6 A = 6  0 8 0  − 11 0 4 0  + 6  0 2 0  =  0 16 0 
4 3 2

 −13 0 14   −4 0 5   −1 0 2   −40 0 41 
       

−1
To find A :

Multiplying equation (1) by A−1 ,

A2 − 6 A + 11I − 6 A−1 = 0  6 A−1 = A2 − 6 A + 11I
1
 A−1 = ( A2 − 6 A + 11I )
6

 5 0 −4   2 0 −1  1 0 0   4 0 2
1       1  
=  0 4 0  − 6  0 2 0  + 11 0 1 0   =  0 3 0 
6   0 0 1  6  2 0 4 
 −4 0 5   −1 0 2 
     

 1 2
Example 2: Find An if A =   using Cayley Hamilton Theorem
 4 3

Solution: The characteristic equation is A − I =0

i.e., 2 − C1 + C 2 = 0  2 − 4 − 5 = 0

The eigenvalues are -1, 5

By Cayley Hamilton Theorem , A2 − 4 A − 5I = 0 ----------- (1) .

To find An

When n is divided by 2 − 4 − 5 , let the quotient be 𝑄()

and the remainder be 𝑎 + 𝑏.

Then n = (2 − 4 − 5)Q( ) + (a + b) ----------- (2)

In the above equation, put  = − 1 , we get (−1) n = −a + b --------- (3)

Put  = 5 , we get (5) n = 5a + b ----------(4)

(3) - (4)  6a= 5n − (−1) n

5 n − (−1) n
a=
6

5 n − (−1) n
(3)  b=(−1)𝑛 +a = (−1)𝑛 +
6

5 n + 5(−1) n
b=
6
By Cayley Hamilton Theorem, eqn (2) can be written as

An = ( A2 − 4 A − 5I )Q( A) + (aA + bI )

 5 n − (−1) n  1 2   5 n + 5(−1) n  1 0
= 0 +    +    
 6  4 3   6  0 1

 5 n − (−1) n  1 2   5 n + 5(−1) n   1 0 
=    +    
 6   4 3   6   0 1 

1 0 0
 
Example: 3 If A =  1 0 1  , show that An = An−2 + A2 − I for n  3
 0 1 0
 
using Cayley Hamilton Theorem.
Proof: The characteristic equation is A − I =0

i.e.,  3 − C1 2 + C2  − C3 = 0  3 − 2 −  + I = 0

By Cayley Hamilton Theorem , A3 − A2 − A + I = 0 ----------- (1) .

i.e., A3 − A2 = A − I
n−3
multiplying (1) by A , we get A3 A n−3 − A2 . An−3 = AAn−3 − IAn−3

i.e., An − An−1 = An−2 − An−3

n −4
multiplying (1) by A , we get A3 A n−4 − A2 . An−4 = AAn−4 − IAn−4

i.e., An−1 − An−2 = An−3 − An−4

Similarly, multiplying (1) by An−5 , we get An−2 − An−3 = An−4 − An−5

and so on
………………………
………………………

A4 − A3 = A2 − A
A3 − A2 = A − I
Adding all these equations, we get

An − An − 2 = A2 − I
(or) An = An−2 + A2 − I
Example: Using Cayley Hamilton Theorem, evaluate
2 1 1
 
A − 5 A + 7 A − 3 A + A − 5 A + 8 A − 2 A + I where A =  0 1 0 
8 7 6 5 4 3 2

 1 1 2
 

Solution: The characteristic equation is

i.e.,  3 − C1 2 + C2  − C3 = 0  3 − 52 + 7 − 3 = 0

By Cayley Hamilton Theorem , A3 − 5 A2 + 7 A − 3I = 0 ----------- (1) .

Evaluation

A5 + A
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
A3 − 5 A2 + 7 A − 3I | A8 − 5 A 7 + 7 A 6 − 3 A5 + A 4 − 5 A3 + 8 A 2 − 2 A + I
|
A8 − 5 A 7 + 7 A 6 − 3 A 5
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−

A4 − 5 A3 + 8 A2 − 2 A

A4 − 5 A3 + 7 A2 − 3 A

A2 + A + I

A 8
− 5 A7 + 7 A6 − 3 A5 + A4 − 5 A3 + 8 A2 − 2 A + I

= ( A − 5 A + 7 A − 3I ) ( A + A) + ( A + A + I )
3 2 5 2

= 0 + (A + A + I)
2

= (A + A + I)
2

8 5 5
 
=  0 3 0
5 5 8
 
Exercise:

1. Use Cayley Hamilton theorem to find A4 − 4 A3 − 5 A2 + A + 2I where

1 2
A= .
 4 3

 3 1
2. Given A =   express A − 3 A − 2 A + 16I as a linear polynomial in A
3 2

 −1 4 
and hence evaluate it.

1 2 −1
3. If A =   find A & A using Cayley Hamilton theorem.
3

3 4

 −2 1   37 54 
Ans: A−1 =  & A = 
3

 3 / 2 −1/ 2   81 118 

4. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix and find A−1

2 −1 1 1 3 7
(i) A =  −1 2 −1 (ii) A =  4 2 3

  
1 −1 2  1 1 
  2

 3 1 −1  −4 11 −5 
Ans 1  1 
−1 
−1
A = 1 3 1 A =  −1 −6 25 
4  35  
 −1 1 3   6 1 −10 

5. Find A−1& A4 using Cayley Hamilton theorem

1 0 0
 
A = 1 0 1
0 0 
 1

 1 0 0 1 0 0
Ans −1   
A =  0 0 1 & A =  2 1 0
4

 −1 1 0  2 0 1
   

**********************************************************
 Asyn: Problems on verification of C-H theorem
Syn: Problem on finding inverse & higher powers of a given matrix by C-H
theorem (1 hour)

Cayley Hamilton Theorem

Statement: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic

equation.

Uses:

1. It is used to find the inverse of the square matrix A if A−1 exists.

2. It is used to find the higher positive integral powers of the matrix,
if the lower powers of it are known.

Problems:

Example 1 Verify Cayley Hamilton Theorem for the matrix

 2 0 −1 
A =  0 2 0  and hence find A-1 and A4.
 −1 0 2 
 

 2 0 −1 
Solution: Let A =  0 2 0 
 −1 0 2 
 

The characteristic equation is A − I =0

i.e.,  3 − C1 2 + C2  − C3 = 0   3 − 6 2 + 11 − 6 = 0

By Cayley Hamilton Theorem A3 − 6 A2 + 11A − 6I = 0 ----------- (1) .

Verification:

 5 0 −4   14 0 −13 
   
A = 0 4 0  ,
2
A = 0 8 0 
3

 −4 0 5   −13 0 14 
   

Consider A3 − 6 A2 + 11A − 6I :

 14 0 −13   5 0 −4   2 0 −1 
A − 6 A + 11A − 6I =  0 8 0  -6  0 4 0  +11  0 2 0 
3 2    
 −13 0 14   −4 0 5   −1 0 2 
     
 1 0 0
-6  0 1 0 
0 0 1
 
 14 − 30 + 22 − 6 0 −13 + 24 − 11 − 0 

= 
0 8 − 24 + 22 − 6 0 
 −13 + 24 − 22 − 0 0 14 − 30 + 22 − 6 
 
0 0 0
=  0 0 0 
0 0 0
 

To find 𝐴4 :

Multiplying eqn (1) by A, A4 − 6 A3 + 11A2 − 6 A = 0

 14 0 −13   5 0 −4   2 0 −1  41 0 −40 

       
A4 = 6 A3 − 11A2 + 6 A = 6  0 8 0  − 11 0 4 0  + 6  0 2 0  =  0 16 0 
 −13 0 14   −4 0 5   −1 0 2   −40 0 41 
       

−1
To find A :

Multiplying equation (1) by A−1 ,

A2 − 6 A + 11I − 6 A−1 = 0  6 A−1 = A2 − 6 A + 11I
1 2
 A−1 = ( A − 6 A + 11I )
6

 5 0 −4   2 0 −1  1 0 0   4 0 2
1       1  
=  0 4 0  − 6  0 2 0  + 11 0 1 0   =  0 3 0 
6   0 0 1  6  2 0 4 
 −4 0 5   −1 0 2 
     

 1 2
Example 2: Find An if A =   using Cayley Hamilton Theorem
 4 3

Solution: The characteristic equation is A − I =0

i.e., 2 − C1 + C 2 = 0  2 − 4 − 5 = 0

The eigenvalues are -1, 5

By Cayley Hamilton Theorem , A2 − 4 A − 5I = 0 ----------- (1) .

To find An

When n is divided by 2 − 4 − 5 , let the quotient be 𝑄()

and the remainder be 𝑎 + 𝑏.

Then n = (2 − 4 − 5)Q( ) + (a + b) ----------- (2)

In the above equation, put  = − 1 , we get (−1) n = −a + b --------- (3)

Put  = 5 , we get (5) n = 5a + b ----------(4)

(3) - (4)  6a= 5n − (−1) n

5 n − (−1) n
a=
6

5 n − (−1) n
(3)  b=(−1)𝑛 +a = (−1)𝑛 +
6

5 n + 5(−1) n
b=
6

By Cayley Hamilton Theorem, eqn (2) can be written as

An = ( A2 − 4 A − 5I )Q( A) + (aA + bI )

 5 n − (−1) n  1 2   5 n + 5(−1) n  1 0
= 0 +  6

4 3
 + 
6
 
0 1

       

 5 n − (−1) n  1 2   5 n + 5(−1) n   1 0 
=    +    
 6  4 3   6 0 1

1 0 0
 
Example: 3 If A =  1 0 1  , show that An = An−2 + A2 − I for n  3
 0 1 0
 
using Cayley Hamilton Theorem.

Proof: The characteristic equation is A − I =0

i.e.,  3 − C1 2 + C2  − C3 = 0  3 − 2 −  + I = 0

By Cayley Hamilton Theorem , A3 − A2 − A + I = 0 ----------- (1) .

i.e., A3 − A2 = A − I
n−3
multiplying (1) by A , we get A3 A n−3 − A2 . An−3 = AAn−3 − IAn−3

i.e., An − An−1 = An−2 − An−3

n −4
multiplying (1) by A , we get A3 A n−4 − A2 . An−4 = AAn−4 − IAn−4

i.e., An−1 − An−2 = An−3 − An−4

Similarly, multiplying (1) by An−5 , we get An−2 − An−3 = An−4 − An−5

and so on
………………………

………………………

A4 − A3 = A2 − A

A3 − A2 = A − I

Adding all these equations, we get

An − An − 2 = A2 − I

(or) An = An−2 + A2 − I

Example: Using Cayley Hamilton Theorem, evaluate

2 1 1
 
A − 5 A + 7 A − 3 A + A − 5 A + 8 A − 2 A + I where A =  0 1 0 
8 7 6 5 4 3 2

 1 1 2
 

Solution: The characteristic equation is

i.e.,  3 − C1 2 + C2  − C3 = 0  3 − 52 + 7 − 3 = 0

By Cayley Hamilton Theorem , A3 − 5 A2 + 7 A − 3I = 0 ----------- (1) .

Evaluation

A5 + A
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
A3 − 5 A2 + 7 A − 3I | A8 − 5 A 7 + 7 A 6 − 3 A5 + A 4 − 5 A3 + 8 A 2 − 2 A + I

|
A8 − 5 A 7 + 7 A 6 − 3 A 5
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−

A4 − 5 A3 + 8 A2 − 2 A

A4 − 5 A3 + 7 A2 − 3 A

A2 + A + I

A 8
− 5 A7 + 7 A6 − 3 A5 + A4 − 5 A3 + 8 A2 − 2 A + I

= ( A − 5 A + 7 A − 3I ) ( A + A) + ( A + A + I )
3 2 5 2

= 0 + (A + A + I)
2

= (A + A + I)
2

8 5 5
 
=  0 3 0
5 5 8
 
Exercise:

1. Use Cayley Hamilton theorem to find A4 − 4 A3 − 5 A2 + A + 2I where

1 2
A= .
 4 3

 3 1
2. Given A =   express A − 3 A − 2 A + 16I as a linear polynomial in A
3 2

 −1 4 
and hence evaluate it.

1 2 −1
3. If A =   find A & A using Cayley Hamilton theorem.
3

 3 4 

 −2 1   37 54 
Ans: A−1 =  & A = 
3

 3 / 2 −1/ 2   81 118 

4. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix and find A−1

2 −1 1 1 3 7
(i) A =  −1 2 −1 (ii) A =  4 2 3

  
1 −1 2  1 2 1 
 

 3 1 −1  −4 11 −5 
Ans 1  1 
−1 
−1
A = 1 3 1 A =  −1 −6 25 
4  35  
 −1 1 3   6 1 −10 

5. Find A−1& A4 using Cayley Hamilton theorem

1 0 0
 
A = 1 0 1
0 1 0 


 1 0 0 1 0 0
Ans −1   
A =  0 0 1 & A =  2 1 0
4

 −1 1 0  2 0 1
   