Spatial Pattern and Segregation  Low-density residential and commercial areas

Definition of terms  Leapfrog development: skipping over areas, leaving farmland or open
 Spatial - Related to space or the arrangement of objects, people, or space behind
features in a physical or abstract area.  Fragmented land-use control among small localities
 Pattern - A repeated or organized arrangement of elements,  Dependence on private vehicles for transportation
objects, or behaviors that can be observed.  Lack of centralized planning
 Segregation - the action or state of setting someone or something  Strip commercial development along roads
apart from others.
 Segregation of land uses in separate zones
Spatial Pattern explains how people, places, or objects are spread out in a
space—whether they are clustered together, evenly spaced, or separated  Fiscal disparities among localities
into different areas  Housing for low-income groups often depends on the filtering/trickle-
Spatial Segregation is the separation of people or social groups across down process
different geographic areas or physical spaces, often based on characteristics Social and Environmental Impacts
such as race, ethnicity, income, religion, or social class.
 Income inequality and job insecurity
Residential Segregation refers to the clustering of social groups within an
urban area. It describes how people are distributed in a city based on  Decline of the central city and rising housing costs
different forms.  Long commutes, environmental degradation, and farmland loss
Forms of Residential Segregation:  Psychological effects: isolation, stress, elevated blood pressure,
 Income segregation social tension
 Class segregation Additional Attributes of Urban Sprawl
 Racial segregation  Emergence of ‘endless’ walkable cities
 Ethnic segregation  Decline in urban density and increased land consumption
Effects of Residential Segregation  Suburbanization and fewer people living in city center
 Socioeconomic segregation limits access to basic infrastructure,  Fragmentation of open spaces and decreased contiguity of built-up
quality education, healthcare, and job opportunities for areas
disadvantaged groups.  Increased compactness as gaps between city extensionsare filled
 It also reinforces racial and social prejudices, deepening inequality in URBAN SPRAWL CAUSES
urban societies.
Factors Causes
Residential Segregation as a Complex Adaptive System exhibits many of
the characteristics hallmarks of complex adaptive systems, particularly Economic  Economic growth and
emergence and non-linearity. increasing income
 Emergence refers to how a large-scale pattern forms from many  Price of Land
small, individual actions, even when no one intends that outcome  Subsidies
 Non-linearity means that small changes can produce Demographic  Population Growth
disproportionately large effects, and outcomes are not directly
proportional to causes. Housing  More space per person
Global Presence of Segregation  Diversity of choice
Residential segregation exists in most large cities worldwide, both in Transportation  Private Car ownership
developed and developing countries.  Low commuting expenditure
However, its spatial patterns differ depending on socioeconomic and historical  Transportation Improvement
contexts. Systems
Global Presence of Segregation  Availability of roads
In many large U.S. cities: Inner City problems  High levels of taxation
 Poor and non-white populations are concentrated in central urban  Damaged infrastructures
areas
 Less numbers of public centers
 Wealthier and mostly white populations prefer suburban
neighborhoods  Small apartments
This pattern reflects long-standing economic and racial inequalities.  Lack of open space
In Latin American cities:  Social problems
 Wealthy families often settle near the historical city center and expand Other  Technological innovation,
outward in one main direction  Public facilities
 Poor populations are concentrated in poorly equipped urban  Infrastructures
peripheries
Results of Urban Sprawl
This creates clear spatial divisions within the city.
Core Areas
CITY AND THE URBAN SPRAWL
 Concentration of poverty
Urban Sprawl
 Low-quality educational centers
Oxford Dictionary:
 Shortage of financial resources
 “Disorganized and unattractive expansion of an urban or industrial
area into the countryside.”  Increased commuting → longer travel times and traffic congestion
European Environment Agency (EEA)  Psychic/social costs:
 Low-density expansion of large urban areas, often into agricultural New Districts
land, with little planning control.  Need to build new infrastructure (roads, water, electricity) → costly
Urban Sprawl refers to the uncontrolled, spread-out growth of cities into  Longer travel distances for jobs, schools, services
surrounding rural or natural areas. It’s often low-density housing, car-
dependent, and poorly planned, leading to scattered residential, commercial,  Loss of agricultural land
and industrial development.  Reduction of social interactions in communities
Characteristics of Urban Sprawl Metropolitan Areas
 Unlimited outward growth of cities
  Higher infrastructure costs across the city  Inner margins: industrial areas
 Environmental damage: pollution, loss of natural resources  Outer ring: declining neighborhoods
 Higher energy consumption  Former townhouses converted into flats, furnished rooms, and small
 Traffic congestion and long commutes industries.

Controlling Urban Sprawl  Heterogeneous population: first-generation immigrants, older

residents; high rates of crime and mental illness.
Control travels: Surveys shows that reducing the number of private auto
ownership is one of the main methods for controlling sprawl. More taxation and  Property owners focus on short-term tenant profits or long-term sale
toll gate is the other solution. to businesses → buildings run-down.

Create urban boundaries: Urban boundaries in edges of cities will control  Highly mobile population; as people prosper, they move to Zone III,
urban sprawl. In this regard, only constructing in inner districts will be allowed leaving behind vulnerable residents.
and urban size will not be extended. Zone III: Zone of Independent Working Men’s Homes
Participate in providing infrastructure costs: Surveys show that urban  Residents: Families of factory and shop workers who have moved out
sprawl has got costs 20 times more than the normal growth because of needs of Zone II.
to news ways, schools, housing and public services. So increasing resident’s  Population: Bulk of the respectable working class, with all age groups
share of costs plays an important role in controlling sprawl.
represented.
Betterment of low-income household’s living conditions: One important
part of residents in suburb is people who migrate for improvement of their family  Focus: Proximity to factories and workplaces for easy access.
life. Paying financial credits, preparation of affordable housing and regional  Characteristics: Affordable housing, stable community, moderate
subsidies are some solutions for improving their living condition. prosperity.
Redevelopment of inner-core regions: This action causes an increase in Zone IV: Middle-Class Residential Zone
urban land price. Usage of lands and enterprising in industrial abandoned
lands, blank commercial plots and metro stations spaces, rehabilitation of  Residents: Middle-class families
abandoned properties and historic buildings are some examples of this policy.  Housing: Private houses or quality apartment blocks
Control growth and protection of lands: Open spaces have high value tax  Features: Subsidiary shopping centers at strategic locations (mini
determination for changing land uses causes a decrease in the rate of land downtowns)
changes.
 Characteristics: Comfortable living, stable neighborhoods, higher-
Urban consolidation: Urban consolidation has been introduced as a solution quality infrastructure
for more appropriate utilization of lands and infrastructures in the built-up area
of a city. It pursuits restriction of using urban lands, reduction of infrastructure Zone V: Commuter Belt / Suburban Zone
costs, and using of more public transportation.  Location: Farther from the inner city, 30–60 minutes from the CBD
Support smart growth strategies: Smart growth concentrate on compact  Residents: Commuters traveling to the city for work
development and redevelopment built up area in a city.
 Housing: Single-family homes
Creative and efficient management: presenting creative urban policies will
 Characteristics: Suburban dormitory zone, quieter, residential-focused
cause an appropriate growth. So, planners should be able to determine value
and direction of development and its costs. Zone VI: Surrounding agricultural district
Creative and efficient management: presenting creative urban policies will Zone VII: Wider hinterland of the city (rural and undeveloped areas)
cause an appropriate growth. So, planners should be able to determine value SECTOR MODEL - Homer Hoyt
and direction of development and its costs.
OBSERVING SPATIAL PATTERN
CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL - Ernest Burgess

Zone 1: Central Business District

 Banks and other financial institutions
 Corporate offices and headquarters
 Large department stores and specialized retailers. 
 Government administrative offices
 Museums, hotels and night clubs, bars, restaurants, theaters and
Zone I: Central Business District (CBD) other entertainment venues
 Smallest and most central zone of the city. Zone 2: Transportation and Industry
 Focus of commercial, social, and cultural life.  It incorporates Richard Hurd’s idea that growth and development first
 Highest land values; only high-profit activities can afford the area. take place along main transportation routes from the city’s center to
the hinterland; these include rail lines, highways, and navigable
bodies of water.
Key features: Zone 3: Low-Class Residential
 Downtown shopping with department stores and exclusive shops  In a city with a sector spatial geometry, sectors of industry,
 Main offices, financial institutions, civic and political headquarters warehousing, and poor quality land tend to be surrounded by sectors
of low income and working-class residents.
 Theatres, cinemas, and high-end hotels
Zone 4: Middle Class Residential
 Most accessible area with major transport hubs.
 tend to buffer those of upper status from the sectors of low income,
 Outer ring includes wholesale businesses, warehouses, light industry and noxious activities
industries, and markets.
Zone 5: High Class Residential
 Original city nucleus; few residences remain.
 Command desirable sites in the city.
Zone II: Zone in Transition  high rent sectors, high ground that is free from floods
 Located next to the CBD; originally a suburban fringe for wealthy
residents. MULTIPLE-NUCLEI MODEL - Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman

 Industrial encroachment led to a decline in residential quality.

There are four basic principles to explain both the emergence of separate nuclei
and the change in them through time:
1. Certain activities requires specialized facilities located in only one or a
few sections of the metropolis, as seen in the case of manufacturing
plants requiring large blocks of undeveloped land located near rail
lines.
2. Certain like activities profit from adjacent congregation, as seen in the
clustering of retail establishments into malls and shopping centers.
3. Certain unlike activities are antagonistic or detrimental to each other,
as seen in the case of manufacturing plants and upper-class
residential developments.
4. Certain activities are unable to afford the costs of the most desirable
locations, as seen in the case of low residential areas and high land
with a much sought-after view.