Module: 3

• Duties of Emergency Team Members and Fire Drill

procedures
• Command and Leadership

1
 PURPOSE OF DRILL

• The purpose of the fire drill is to ensure that in the event of

fire or other emergency:
• All persons in danger act in a calm and orderly manner.
• All ERT members carry out their tasks to ensure safety of all
concerned.
• All persons use the evacuation routes according to plan.
• All persons evacuate in a speedy and orderly manner.
• All persons react rationally when confronted with a fire or
other emergency.
• All persons are familiar with the sound of fire alarm, the
emergency exit routes, the assembly area, and the building
re-enter procedures.
• Confirmation of suitability of response plan

2
 Emergency Response Team members

• Emergency Commander (EMC)

• Evacuation Controller (EC)
• Fire Floor Marshal (FFM)
• Search and Rescue Team (SRT)
• Security Controller (SC)
• First Aid Team (MFT)
• Recorder
• Fire Fighting Team (FFT)

3
 Emergency Commander (EMC)

• Overall control of incident

• Operates from Fire Control Room / Control Centre
• Assisted by Evacuation / Incident Controller & Security
Controller
• Determine location of fire
• Formulate control actions and advise
• Mobilize Fire Fighting team
• Co-ordinate with Fire Floor Marshal (FFM), EC, SC & Fire
Fighting Team
• Informs / update management and corporate affairs of
incident
• Liaise with Fire and Police Department

4
 Evacuation Controller (EC)

• In-charge of evacuation
• To be present at assembly area
• Co-ordinate with SC
• Roll Call & Verify missing persons
• Co-ordinate with First Aid Team
• Update occupants of incident

5
 Fire Floor Marshal (FFM)

• Last person to leave the floor

• To lead occupants to the corridor
• Wait for the announcement / instruction
• Lead the occupants through the staircase to the
assembly area
• Line them up for the roll call
• Inform the EC of missing persons
• Assist in re-entry process

6
 Search and Rescue Team (SRT)

• To search and rescue occupants / victims

• To lead occupants / victim to the assembly area
• Report status to Emergency Commander

7
 Security Controller (SC)

• In-charge of Building Security

• Control human movements
• Operate from foyer (if any)
• Ensure vehicle movement is stopped
• Deploy security personnel to road junction
• Ensure clear access for emergency services

8
 First Aid Team (MFT)
• Keep team advised of any injury / serious injury or casualty
• Assists in treatment of casualties and render first aid as
required
• Make arrangement for ambulance
• Report status to Emergency Commander

9
 Fire Fighting Team (FFT)

• Assemble at the Fire Control Room

• To lead the team to the floor
• Fighting fire
• Report status to Emergency Commander

10
 Fire Team Members
• Team Leader
• Sub Team Leader
• Branch man/Nozzle man
• Hose Man
• Kinker Man
• Hydrant Man
• BACO Man
• Back-up Team
• Cooling Team

11
 Guidelines For Safe Evacuation For ERTM

• Know your area, the people in it, and at least two safe exits.
• Familiarize yourself with the fire protection equipment in your
area and the location of the pull boxes (if any).
• During an evacuation, direct all persons to the nearest safe
exit - not elevators.
• Close all doors as you leave. Check washrooms and rest areas
and advise occupants of the emergency situation
• Maintain an orderly and controlled evacuation.
• Do not use elevators during an evacuation
• When all persons are safely evacuated to the assembly area,
conduct a head count, and if anyone is unaccounted for, notify
security or fire department personnel.
• Remain outside the building until informed by EC or security
or the fire department that it is safe to return.

12
 Module: 4
• Fire Hazards and Risk
What Could Have Caused This ?
 Fire Hazards and Risk

Question :
What is the difference between a hazard and a risk ?

Answers :
A hazard is something with the potential to cause
harm or loss.

A risk is the likelihood that the hazard will actually cause that
harm or loss.
Lets Look at What is Fire?

• The rapid oxidation of a fuel evolving heat, gases and non-

ionizing radiation
 The Fire Triangle

Fire Safety, at its most basic, is based upon the

principle of keeping fuel sources and ignition sources
separate.
 The Fire Triangle
Three things must be present at the same time to
produce fire:
Enough OXYGEN to sustain combustion
Enough HEAT to reach ignition temperature
Some FUEL or combustible material
Together, they produce the CHEMICAL REACTION
that is fire

Take away any of these things and

the fire will be extinguished
Fire Prevention
The “Fire Triangle” identifies the three components of any fire:

–Fuel paper, wood, flammable gas, energized electrical

equipment, etc...

–Energy (heat), sufficient to support combustion. Often referred

to as the ignition source.

–Oxidizer (air)
IF ANY ONE OF THESE IS MISSING, A FIRE CANNOT CONTINUE.
THEREFORE…
 Prevention
•Prevention is based on
eliminating or minimizing one
of the components of the
“Fire Triangle”.
Sources of Ignition
• Grinding, welding, cutting

• Smoking

• Electrical Equipment

• Heaters / Cookers

• Tools and Equipment

• Arson
Fuels

Paper, Wood, Boxes etc.

Plastics
Solvents/ Thinners Paints
Document Files
Furniture
Waste Materials
Fuel Classifications

Fires are classified according to the type of fuel that is

burning.

If you use the wrong type of fire extinguisher on the

wrong class of fire, you might make matters worse.

Its very important to understand the four different fire

(fuel) classifications…
Classes of Fire (BS) – British Standards
A - Free burning materials, paper, wood, plastics
etc…
B - Flammable & combustible liquids, gasoline
thinners, oil etc…
C – Flammable gases, hydrocarbon etc.
D - Fires involving metals,
- Electrical Fires
Prevention

Other fire prevention

methods include:
Heat and/or smoke detectors.
Automatic water sprinkler
systems.
Kitchen hood systems.
Building codes and materials.
Flame retardant furnishings
and materials.
Fire Prevention

Be mindful of Fire Safety

Don’t block fire exits, call points
and fire extinguishers
No smoking policy
No cooking
Observe good security
Don’t wedge Fire Doors open
Module: 5
FIRE FIGHTING TECHNIQUES
FIRE FIGHTING TECHNIQUES
 FIRE FIGHTING TECHNIQUES
As much as possible, the right type of extinguisher should
be chosen to combat a fire. The following are important
fire fighting techniques.
• The nozzle hence, extinguishing material should be
directed to the base of fire.
• Attack fire in the direction of the wind (if possible).
• Use sufficient number of extinguishers all at the same
time.
• Extinguish area conflagrations from front to rear: Drip
and flow fires, should be extinguished from top to bottom.
• When using foam, the foam jet should be directed to the
back of the fire and worked forward towards the operator.
• When using powder extinguisher, the working should be
from the periphery to the centre of fire.
 FIRE FIGHTING TECHNIQUES
• When attacking gas fires, first of all, close source of gas. If
this is not possible initially, attack the fire with appropriate
extinguisher until it is possible to do so.
• Do not use water or foam on fire caused by electricity. The
first thing to do in such a situation is to cut off the power
source. Even when power is cut off, electrical condensers in
circuits can still cause dangerous shocks.
• Where delicate and complicated electronic equipment are
involved, powder extinguisher should be used only as a last
resort. Such powders pose removal problem after the fire is
extinguished.
• All exhausted extinguishers should be recharged and made
ready for, any emergency.
 FIRE FIGHTING TECHNIQUES
Fire in compartments of Thermal Imaging Camera (TIC)

vessels or confined space

could be a very tedious task
because the compartments
will be so hot as a result of
hot bulkheads and injecting
water into the compartment
may almost be unnecessary
as it will generate hot steam
that may be worse than the
fire itself hence firefighters
expertise is really
demanded.
The smoke in compartments
will make visibility almost
impossible.
32

• Module:6
• Portable Fire Extinguishers
 Fire Extinguisher Anatomy
PRESSURE GAUGE
DISCHARGE LEVER (not found on CO2
extinguishers)

DISCHARGE LOCKING PIN CARRYING

AND SEAL HANDLE

DISCHARGE HOSE

DISCHARGE NOZZLE
DATA PLATE

DISCHARGE ORIFICE

BODY
 Fire Extinguisher Ratings
NUMERAL FIRE CLASS RANGE
DIRECT INDEX OF THE SIZE
FIRE THE QUANTITY OF AGENT A Trash Wood Paper 1-A thru 40-A
CAN HANDLE

INDICATION OF THE SQUARE FOOT

AREA OF FLAMMABLE LIQUID THE B Liquids Grease
1-B thru 640-B
EXTINGUISHER WILL HANDLE

N/A
c

COMBUSTIBLE
NOT APPLICABLE BECAUSE OF
THE SPECIALIZED NATURE OF D METALS
N/A
THE BURNING MATERIAL

NO NUMERAL IS USED BECAUSE

THERE ARE NO DEGREES OF
SAFETY WHERE ELECTRICITY IS E 1-A:C:K or 2-A:C:K
CONCERNED
Fire Extinguishers - Water

Red body (New)

Silver Grey (Old)
Suitable for use on Class A Fires, wood and
paper etc.
Not suitable for combustible liquids, cooking
fats etc.
Not safe to use on fires involving electricity
Extinguishes by cooling
 Fire Extinguishers - Foam

Cream body (Old type) or Red Body with

Cream label(New type)
Suitable for Class A and B Fires.
Not suitable for use on fires involving
electricity
Extinguishes by cooling and sealing the surface
of a burning liquid
 Fire Extinguishers - Powder

Blue body (Old type) or Red body with

blue label.
Best on Class B fires but safe to use on
any type of fire.
Works by chemically interfering with
the combustion reaction
Fire Extinguishers -Carbon
Dioxide
Black body (Old type) or red body
with black label (New type)

Best on Class B and C fires but safe

to use on any type of fire

Safe to use on fires involving

electricity

Extinguishes by reducing oxygen

levels and cooling
 Fire Extinguishers - Blanket
Any colour body or label but they
are usually red or white
For use on any type of fire but best
on small contained class B fires and
people on fire.
Extinguishes by asphyxiating
 Module: 7
Fixed Fire Fighting Installation
 Fixed Fire & Gas Systems - Purpose

• Detect and control the fire /

gas.
• Raise the alarm.
• Attack the fire
• Minimise damage to plant and
equipment.
• Reduce potential for incident
escalation.
• Prevent further spread.
• Reduce the need for human
input
FIXED FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATIONS
Industries that process quantities of highly flammable fluids
must be equipped with fixed fire fighting installations.
These can be called upon in the event of large fire outbreaks
in the facilities they protect. There must be a well-designed
and properly installed fire water system. The system should
comprise of:
•Source of water supply which may be natural or artificial
•Pumping facilities. Some pumps should be turbine or engine
driven so that when fire outbreak interrupts electricity, it will
still be possible to pump water.
•Protection Equipment:
- Fire Hydrants.
- Fixed monitors.
- Hose reels.
- Fixed water spray systems.
FIXED FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATIONS
A fire hydrant is a tap from which
large volume of water can be
obtained for fire fighting. Some
hydrants are underground while
others are above the surface.
• Underground hydrants are usually
fitted with standpipes at the
moment of being used. Above
surface hydrants have the
standpipe fixed as a permanent
pillar. Hydrants should be located
around
• the periphery of the premises
every 40 - 50 meters: so that any
portion of the premises can be
FIRE HYDRANTS reached by hose streams from at
least two directions.
 FIXED FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATIONS

Fixed Monitors
Fixed monitors consist of a nozzle that can be adjusted for any
elevation, or deflection, to direct a water stream onto a particular
hazard. Fixed monitors are normally used to protect specific pieces of
equipment.
Hose Reels
This equipment is normally used for the following
purposes:
- To extinguish small fires.
- To cool small surface equipment.
- To wash plant areas in case of spillage
 Fixed Fire & Gas Systems - Actions

• Actions and Precautions

– Raise the alarm
– Clear the area of personnel
– Immediate risk to life / health
• Sprinkler System
• Deluge System
• Foam System
• Gases
– (CO2)
– (Halon)
• Halon Replacement
• Banned / Restricted
• Available on Aircraft
Module: 8
Fire Fighting Hose and Accessories

FIRE HOSE
 A Hose - is a flexible pipe, made of leather, India rubber,or
other material, and used for conveying gas or fluids, especially
water from a faucet, hydrant, or fire engine to a desired
point(e.g fire scene).

• Fire Hose – a hose used to carry water, or foam from the

hydrant or fire pump to the scene of fire.
 Types of Hoses
• Hoses could be classified according to the use or according
to the behavior of the hose material under pressure. Hence
there are:
• Delivery Hose or Soft Suction Hose,
• Suction Hose or Hard Suction Hose
• Hose Reel
 TYPES OF HOSES

Delivery Hose – these are of various sizes e.g:

45mm,70mm,90mm(diameter). Often delivery hoses are
manufactured at a standard length 25m.
Use- Delivery hoses are mostly used to convey water or gas often
water to the scene of fire especially when connected together to
form a line of hose
Suction Hose – Usually comes in sizes of 100mm,
120mm,(diameter) and length 3meters.
Use – Due to its relative hardness and resistance to atmospheric
pressure it is often used as suction to lift fluids such as water and
sewage from deep sources. In fire operations it is used together
with a pump to lift water from an open source.
 Types of hoses

 Hose Reel - often comes in standard size of 19mm at a

length of 60meters.
• Uses – Hose reel equipment is often fitted to fire trucks
and could be used in place of a delivery hose. Most useful
for small fires in households and offices which would not
require the use of standard delivery hoses.

Hose Reel Hose – has hermaphrodite

couplings(neither male nor female) It is an
interlocking devise which is used to couple
two hose lines.
 HOSE FITTINGS
 Delivery Hose Fittings – commonly found fittings are:
• Male Instantaneous coupling, and
• Female Instantaneous coupling – which has lugs with an internal
spring(spring loaded).
• Lug – a projecting piece that is used to lift or support, or turn
something – in this case allows the user of the hose to: 1,
uncouple the male instantaneous, and 2, also to hold the male
instantaneous coupling firmly in place as water flows through
the hose.
 A coupling – is a mechanical device that serves to connect the
ends of adjacent objects.
• Note: To couple - take the male into the female and to uncouple
- you pull the lugs of the female to release the male
instantaneous couple.
 HOSE FITTINGS
 Suction Hose or Hard Suction –
• Couplings – are often of the round thread type on both
ends: female – In – threads, and
• Male – out – threads.
• The male has 2 lugs while the female has 4 lugs but both
are not spring loaded.
 Other hose fittings
• Male – male,
• Female – Female,
• Branches – 1, hand control branch, and
• 2, Diffuser branch.
• Dividing breaching, and Collecting breaching,
• Strainers(basket strainers)- metal or wooden,
• Blank cap – female blank caps and male blank caps,
• Hydrant hose adaptor,
• Hose ramp – fitting used with hoses while working on major
roads, allows vehicles to drive
smoothly without damaging the hose etc.
• A burst length of hose is
identified with a kink
(a section of the hose is tied).
 Other hose coupling

Instantaneous male and female coupling