Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter comprised the information regarding the design of the research and the

specific details about the scope of the information gathering: the locale, respondents, and

sampling technique, and how the data gathering itself were done. It exhibited the research

instrument, statistical data analysis and the form of the questionnaire used in the study.

Research Locale

This study was conducted in Barangay Gulang-Gulang, Lucena City, because it

serves as a crucial case study for understanding the implementation and effectiveness of

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Program, Project, and Activities (PPA) for Senior Citizens.

Barangay Gulang-Gulang was selected due to its high concentration of Senior Citizens; it

has the largest Senior population among all barangays in Lucena City. The specific

geographic boundaries of Barangay Gulang-Gulang will be clearly defined, and further

relevant demographic information will be provided based on available census data and

other reliable sources. The selection of Barangay Gulang-Gulang is thus justified by its

significant Senior citizen population and its relevance to the study's objectives.

Research Design

The descriptive-correlational design was used as research design since the research of

study pertained to describe the Effectiveness of Traffic Signals along Old Manila South Road

and the Effects of Red-Light Duration to Traffic Congestion and Public Productivity. The

descriptive survey focused on collecting current data which would explain the existing conditions
or phenomena on the areas. This design enabled the researchers to gather relevant

information, analyze responses, and interpret results using appropriate statistical [Link]

correlational method was used to determine whether there is a significant relationship between

red-light duration and traffic congestion, and between traffic congestion and public productivity.

Moreover, it helped the researchers to find the truths and provide answers to the problems

identified in this study.

Population and Sampling

The respondents of the study were the residents of Barangay 5 and Barangay 10

in Lucena City, with a total of three hundred forty-four (344) participants. Among them,

ninety-three (93) respondents were from Barangay 5, while two hundred fifty-one (251)

were from Barangay 10. The respondents include commuters and drivers, such as

private vehicle owners, tricycle drivers, jeepney drivers, bus drivers, and regular

passengers who frequently travel along these main routes. To ensure fair representation,

the study employed a stratified random sampling technique in selecting respondents

from both barangays. This method helped capture a range of experiences and opinions

from different types of road users, ensuring that the findings accurately reflect the views

of the community regarding the implementation of police operations in Lucena City.

Research Instrument

The researchers will be utilizIng self-made questionnaire, . This will be distributed to the

respondents. The survey questionnaire will be divided into three (3) parts which captures the

entire scope of the study. Part I is composed of the demographic profile of the respondents. Part

II will assess traffic congestion particularly waiting time during red-light signal andthe level of
congestion. The last part will assess the effects to public productivity particularly their stressed

and inconvenience caused by red-light duration.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will formulate an self-made survey questionnaire based on the

objectives of the study and headed to three experts to consult and validate the survey

questionnaire before transferring it to a Google form link and producing the survey

questionnaires, which will be disseminated to the application-based food delivery riders. To

reach the required number for this study, there will be a sequence of referral to their co-delivery

riders, who also qualifies to participate in the study.

An informed consent will be given to the respondents before handing the survey

questionnaire for their approval to participate in the study. Once given approval, the survey

questionnaire will be handed and explained to the respondents to ensure that they will

understand and answer the questionnaire well. The researchers will be tabulating the data once

gathered for the data analysis, which results will be used to create the research output of the

study.

Statistical Treatment

The gathered data will be assessed by tabulating the frequency of the respondents’

responses to each item in the research questionnaire. The researchers will use the following

statistical treatments which will be used on identifying the number of samples or respondents and

to analyze the figures in the study.

1. Frequency and Percentage

respondents, the age, sex and educational level. The formula is as follows:

P = (F/N) x 100%

Where:

P = Percentage

F = Frequency

N = Total number of respondents

[Link] Mean

To analyze the level of awareness and level of participation of senior citizens in the

existing Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Programs, Projects, and Activities (PPAs), a weighted

mean will be calculated. The weighted mean is appropriate for summarizing responses to Likert-

scale items, as it accounts for the varying frequency of responses across scale points. This

statistical method will provide a more accurate measure of the average awareness and

participation levels, supporting the analysis of how actively senior citizensengage in DRR

initiatives in Barangay Gulang-Gulang.

The formula for the weighted mean is:

()
❑

Where:

WM = Weighted Mean

Σfx = Sum of the products of the frequency and weights assigned to each factor.

N = Total number of respondents.

Mean Range Verbal Interpretation

4 3.26-4.00 Very High

3 2.51-3.25 High

2 1.76-2.50 Low

1 1.00-1.75 Very Low

4. Test of Significance

The test of significance is used to determine whether something (hypothesis) is significant

or not.

Independent T-Test (Two-Samples)

It is a statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic corresponds to a tdistribution

under the null hypothesis of the respondent. It is used to detect whether there is a substantial

difference between the means of two groups that may overlap certain features.

¯ ❑❑
❑ ¯❑

√
❑ ❑
❑❑ ❑❑
❑❑ ❑❑

Where in:

𝑡 = test of significance

𝑥1 = observe mean of 1st sample

𝑠1 = standard deviation of 1st sample

𝑠2 = standard deviation of 2nd sample

𝑛1 = sample size of 1st sample

𝑛2 = sample size of second sample

5. Analysis of Variance (Anova)

The main purpose of ANOVA was to test whether two or more groups differed significantly

from each other in one or more characteristics. In assessing the significant differences using the

demographic profiles of the respondents to determine the impact of a sanitary landfill, the

researcher utilized the following variations to compute the total sum of squares:

❑ ❑ ❑
❑ ❑ ❑

Where:

𝑥 = value of each entry

N = total number of items

The between column variance or between column sum of squares

❑
∑
❑
❑❑ ( ❑❑)
❑

Where:

𝑆𝑆𝐵 = sum of squares between the groups

𝑥 = name of each entry

𝑛 = total number of samples in a population

Degree of Freedom:

𝑑𝑓𝑇 = 𝑁 – 1 (𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙)

𝑑𝑓𝐵 = 𝑘 – 1 (𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛)

𝑑𝑓𝑊 = 𝑁 – 𝑘 (𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛)

The ANOVA table also contained a column for the mean sum of squares, which

was computed by its corresponding degrees of freedom

Mean Squares:

❑❑

❑❑

Ethical Considerations
 This study was conducted using the procedures mentioned above. The questionnaire

was given to the research adviser and other panelists for evaluation and validation to ensure the

validity of the study's instrument. The researchers considered the feedback and

recommendations. Consent form was made to assure the respondents of the confidentiality of

their identity and the information collected from them. Questionnaires were distributed to the

respondents respectfully and the collected data were treated confidentially emphasizing that this

research was done purely for educational purpose.