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Chapter 5

The document contains homework assignments related to series solutions of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), Legendre's equation, the Frobenius method, and Bessel functions. It includes tasks such as determining the radius of convergence, applying power series methods to solve ODEs, and finding general solutions in terms of special functions. Each section provides specific problems to solve, demonstrating various mathematical techniques and properties.

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2 views2 pages

Chapter 5

The document contains homework assignments related to series solutions of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), Legendre's equation, the Frobenius method, and Bessel functions. It includes tasks such as determining the radius of convergence, applying power series methods to solve ODEs, and finding general solutions in terms of special functions. Each section provides specific problems to solve, demonstrating various mathematical techniques and properties.

Uploaded by

chy3148123
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Homework 1

§5.1 Series Solutions of ODEs. Special Functions


1. Determine the radius of convergence.
∑∞ ∑∞ ∑∞
m(m + 1) xm+1 (m − 3)2 2m
(a) m
(x − 3)m
(b) 2
(c) 4
x
m=0
2 m=1
(m)! m=2
(m + 3)
2. Applying the power series method, solve the ODEs.
(a) (1 + x)y ′ = 2y (b) y ′′ − xy ′ + y = 0 (c) y ′′ + 4y = 0

3. Find a power series solution in powers of x.


(a) y ′′ −y ′ +x2 y = 0 (b) y ′′ −4xy ′ +(4x2 −2)y = 0 (c) (1−x2 )y ′′ −2xy ′ +2y = 0

4. Solve the initial value problem by a power series.


(a) (x−2)y ′ = xy, y(0) = 4 (b) (1−x2 )y ′′ −2xy ′ +30y = 0, y(0) = 0, y ′ (0) = 1

§5.2 Legendre’s equation. Legendre Polynomials Pn (x)


1. Show that two solutions y1 (x) and y2 (x) of Legendre’s equation with n = 0 are

x3 x 5 1 1+x
y1 (x) = 1, y2 (x) = x + + + · · · = ln .
3 5 2 1−x

Verify this by solving (1 − x2 )y ′′ − 2xy ′ = 0, setting z = y ′ and separating variables.

2. Consider the Legendre’s equation (1 − x2 )y ′′ − 2xy ′ + 2 · 3y = 0. Show that the


Legendre’s equation has a polynomial solution, that is, P2 (x) = 12 (3x2 − 1).

3. Applying the binomial theorem to (x2 − 1)n and differentiating it n times term
by term, show that the Legendre polynomial of degree n can be obtained by

1 dn
Pn (x) = n n
[(x2 − 1)n ].
2 n! dx
§5.3 Frobenius Method
1. Find a basis of solutions. Try to identify the series as expansions of known func-
tions.
(a) xy ′′ + 2y ′ − xy = 0 (b) xy ′′ + (2x + 1)y ′ + (x + 1)y = 0
(c) 2x(x − 1)y ′′ − (x + 1)y ′ + y = 0 (d) xy ′′ + 2y ′ + 16xy = 0

2. Consider
x(1 − x)y ′′ + [c − (a + b + 1)x]y ′ − aby = 0.

Here, a, b, c are constants.

Computational Science & Engineering (CSE) T. Jeong


Homework 2

(a) Show that this ODE has a solution


ab a(a + 1)b(b + 1) 2
y1 (x) = 1 + x+ x
1!c 2!c(c + 1)
a(a + 1)(a + 2)b(b + 1)(b + 2) 3
+ x + ··· .
3!c(c + 1)(c + 2)
(b) Denote y1 (x) by F (a, b, c; x) (c ̸= 0, −1, −2, · · · ). Show that for |x| < 1
d
[xF (1, 1, 2, −x)] = F (1, 1, 1; −x).
dx
§5.4 Bessel Function. Bessel Functions Jν (x)
1. Find a general solution in terms of Jν and J−ν .
(a) x2 y ′′ + xy ′ + (x2 − 19 )y = 0
(b) x2 y ′′ + xy ′ + 16
1
(x2 − 1)y = 0 (Set x = 4z.)
(c) xy ′′ + (2ν + 1)y ′ + xy = 0 (Set y = x−ν u, ν ̸= integer.)
(d) (x − 1)2 y ′′ − (1 − x)y ′ + x(x − 2)y = 0, (Set x − 1 = z.)

2. Show
∫ that the following properties.∫
(a) xa+ν Jν−1 (x)dx = xa+ν Jν (x) − a xa+ν−1 Jν (x)dx
∫ ∫
(b) Jν+1 (x)dx = Jν−1 (x)dx − 2Jν (x)
∫ ∫
(c) x2 J0 (x)dx = x2 J1 (x) + xJ0 (x) − J0 (x)

§5.5 Bessel Functions Yν (x). General solution


1. Find a general solution in terms of Jν and Yν . Indicate whether you can also J−ν
instead of Yν .
(a) x2 y ′′ + xy ′ + (x2 − 16)y = 0 (b) 9x2 y ′′ + 9xy ′ + (9x4 − 4)y = 0 (Set 2z = x2 .)
√ √ √
(c) xy ′′ + y ′ + 4y = 0 (Set z = 4 x.) (d) xy ′′ + y = 0 (Set y = xu, z = 2 x.)

Computational Science & Engineering (CSE) T. Jeong

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