the sum of the surface integrals over Sk's is the same as the surface integral

over the surface 5. Taking the limit of the right-hand side of eq. (3.43) and

incorporating eq. (3.32) gives A-dS= V-Adv (3.44) which is the divergence

theorem. The theorem applies to any volume v bounded by the closed surface S

such as that shown in Figure 3.16 provided that A and V • A are continu- Volume

v • 3.6 DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR AND DIVERGENCE THEOREM M 73 Figure 3.16

Volume v enclosed by surface S. . Closed Surface S EXAMPLE 3.6 ous in the

region. With a little experience, it will soon become apparent that volume

integrals are easier to evaluate than surface integrals. For this reason, to

determine the flux of A through a closed surface we simply find the right-hand

side of eq. (3.42) instead of the left-hand side of the equation. Determine the

divergence of these vector fields: (a) P = x 2 yz ax + xz az (b) Q = p sin 0 ap + p

2 z a$ cos a# + cos Solution: (a) V • P = —Px + —Pv + —Pz dx x dy y dz dx z =

~(x2 yz) dx = 2xyz + x dy (b) V • Q = —^- (pQp) + -~Q^ + ^-Qz P dp p B(j) dz

1 S , 1 d 2 d = - — (P sin 0) + - — (p z) + — (z cos ) P dp p d dz = 2 sin ^ + cos

(c) V • T = \3 - (r2 Tr) + - ^ r dr r sin 8 ~^(Te sin 6) B6 r sin 9 1 d 1 = -^ — (cos

6) + r 2 dr d o l a (r sin 9 cos 2r sin 0 cos 6 cos + 0 74 Vector Calculus PRACTICE

EXERCISE 3.6 Determine the divergence of the following vector fields and
evaluate them at the specified points. (a) A = yz&x + 4xy&y + ja z at (1, -2,3 )

(b) B = pz sin ap + 3pz2 cos a^ at (5, TT/2, 1) (c) C = 2r cos 0 cos ar + r y \ at

(1, ir/6, ir/3) Answer: (a) Ax, 4, (b) (2 - 3z)z sin , -1 , (c) 6 cos 6 cos < 1. Confirm

the result using the divergence theorem. Solution: If !P is the flux of G through

the given surface, shown in Figure 3.17, then where ft , Vfc, and Ys are the fluxes

through the top, bottom, and sides (curved surface) of the cylinder as in Figure

3.17. For Yt ,z= \,dS = pdp d az . Hence, 10e > dp d= Figure 3.17 For Example

3.7. J 3.7 CURL OF A VECTOR AND STOKES'S THEOREM For Yb, z = 0 and dS =

pdp d(—az). Hence, G • dS - = -107 T 75 10e°pdpd = -10(27r)y For Ys , p = 1, dS

= p dz d = 10(l)2 (2ir) 2 = 0 J^) = ,.~2z - 2 = 10TT(1 - e"2 ) Thus, - IOTT +

10TT(1 - e~ 2 ) = 0 Alternatively, since S is a closed surface, we can apply the

divergence theorem: But =

< I, p = 4. Verify the divergence theorem for this case. Answer: (Air. 3.7 CURL OF

A VECTOR AND STOKES'S THEOREM In Section 3.3, we defined the circulation of

a vector field A around a closed path L as the integral $LA • d\. 76 Vector

Calculus The curl of A is an axial (or rotational) vector whose magnitude is the

maximum circulation of A per unit area as the area lends to zero and whose

direction is the normal direction of the area when the area is oriented so as to
make the circulation maximum.'' That is, curl A = V X A = lim A • d (3.45) where

the area AS is bounded by the curve L and an is the unit vector normal to the

surface AS and is determined using the right-hand rule. To obtain an expression

for V X A from the definition in eq. (3.45), consider the differential area in the ^z-

plane as in Figure 3.18. The line integral in eq. (3.45) is obtained as A • dl = ( +

+ + \ jA-dl (3.46) JL ^Lb 'be Kd 'dj We expand the field components in a Taylor

series expansion about the center point P(Xo,yo>zo) as in eq. (3.34) and

evaluate eq. (3.46). On side ab, d\ = dyay and z = zo - dzli, so ab dz A • d\ = dy\

A(xo, yo, zo) ~ — On side be, d\ = dz az and y = yo + dy/2, so A-dl = dz be z(xo,

yo, Zo) 2 dz dy dAz 2 dy On side cd, d\ = dy ay and z = z0 + dzJ2, so A • d\ = -dy

| Ay(xo, yo, zo) + y ~j^ (3.47) (3.48) (3.49) Figure 3.18 Contour used in

evaluating the ^-component of V X A at point P(x0, y0, z0). 2Because of its

rotational nature, some authors use rot A instead of curl A. J 3.7 CURL OF A

VECTOR AND STOKES'S THEOREM 17 On side da, d\ = dz Skz and y = yo - dy/2,

so 'da A • d\ = - dz | Az(xo, yo, Zo) ~ — dydAz 2 dy (3.50) Substituting eqs.

(3.47) to (3.50) into eq. (3.46) and noting that AS = dy dz, we have A • d\ bA7

dAv lim AS or (curl A)x = dy dz dA7 dAy By dz The y- and x-components of the

curl of A can be found in the same way. We obtain dA7 (3.51) (curl A)y = (curl A)z
= dz dx AAj, dAx dx dy (3.52a) (3.52b) The definition of V X A in eq. (3.45) is

independent of the coordinate system. In Cartesian coordinates the curl of A is

easily found using VX A = A A A dx dy dz A A A nx riy nz (3.53) V X A = [dy ldAy [

dx dAJ dy J "z a Az l dx y y (3.54) By transforming eq. (3.54) using point and

vector transformation techniques used in Chapter 2, we obtain the curl of A in

cylindrical coordinates as ap p a A A dp d 78 Vector Calculus or (3.55) and in

spherical coordinates as V X A = ar r ae r sin 0 a^, ~dr ~dd ~d4> Ar rAe r sin 0

yL or V X A rsinflL 3^ 8 ar ,1 iW_M, , + r ar ae ' a " (3.56) Note the following

properties of the curl: 1. The curl of a vector field is another vector field. 2. The

curl of a scalar field V, V X V, makes no sense. 3. VX(A + B) = VXA+VX B 4. V X

(A X B) = A(V • B) - B(V • A) + (B • VA - (A • V)B 5. V X (VA) = VV X A + VV X A 6-

The divergence of the curl of a vector field vanishes, that is, V • (V X A) = 0. 7.

The curl of the gradient of a scalar field vanishes, that is, V X VV = 0. Other

properties of the curl are in Appendix A. The physical significance of the curl of a

vector field is evident in eq. (3.45); the curl provides the maximum value of the

circulation of the field per unit area (or circulation density) and indicates the

direction along which this maximum value occurs. The curl of a vector field A at a

point P may be regarded as a measure of the circulation or how much the field
curls around P. For example, Figure 3.19(a) shows that the curl of a vector field

around P is directed out of the page. Figure 3.19(b) shows a vector field with zero

curl. Figure 3.19 Illustration of a curl: (a) curl at P points out of the page; (b) curl

at P is zero. (a) (b) 3.7 CURL OF A VECTOR AND STOKES'S THEOREM • 79 dS

Figure 3.20 Determining the sense of d\ and dS involved in Stokes's theorem.

Closed Path L Surfaces J Also, from the definition of the curl of A in eq. (3.45), we

may expect that A • d\ = (VXA)-(iS (3.57) This is called Stokes's theorem.

Stokes's theorem suites that ihe circulation of a vcclor Meld A around a (closed)

pain /- is equal lo the surface integral ol'lhe curl of A over the open surface S

bounded by /.. (see Figure 3.20) provided that A and V X A are continuous on .V.

The proof of Stokes's theorem is similar to that of the divergence theorem. The

surface S is subdivided into a large number of cells as in Figure 3.21. If the Ath

cell has surface area ASk and is bounded by path Lk. A-dl = A ' dl = A-dl AS, ASt

(3.58) Figure 3.21 Illustration of Stokes's theorem. 80 Vector Calculus As shown

in Figure 3.21, there is cancellation on every interior path, so the sum of the line

integrals around Lk's is the same as the line integral around the bounding curve

L. Therefore, taking the limit of the right-hand side of eq. (3.58) as ASk —> 0 and

incorporating eq. (3.45) leads to A • dl = (V X A) • dS which is Stokes's theorem.

or right-handed screw rule. Using the right-hand rule, if we let the fingers point in

the direction ofdl, the thumb will indicate the direction of dS (see Fig. 3.20). Note

that whereas the divergence theorem relates a surface integral to a volume

integral, Stokes's theorem relates a line integral (circulation) to a surface

integral. EXAMPLE 3.8 Determine the curl of the vector fields in Example 3.6.

Solution: (dPz dPy \ (dPx dP^ fdPy dPx (a) V X P = —-* - —*) U + — i - —^ a , +

—* V 3 j 3z / \ dz dx J \ dx dy a7 = (0 - 0) ax + (x2 y - z) = (x2 y - z)ay - x 2 zaz (0

- x 2 z) az = (-y sin 0 - p 2 ) ap + (0 - 0)8* + ^ (3p2 z - p cos )az (z sin + p 3 )ap

+ (3pz - cos (c) V X T = r sin 0 L 30 30 i r i d < ar r sin I r — (cos 0 sin 0) (r sin 0

cos 0) | ar 30 30 1 3 (cos0) 3 (r cos sin 0 30 r , 2 3r dr (r sin 0 cos 0) - —- d

(COS0) (cos 26 + r sin 0 sin 0)a, H— (0 — cos 6)ae r sin 0 1 / sin (9 + — 2r sin 0

cos 0 H 5- r V r 2 /cos 20 . \ cos 0 = —r-r + sin 0 I ar Vrsin0 / r / 1 \ + 2 cos 0 + -^

sin 0 a0 3.7 CURL OF A VECTOR AND STOKES'S THEOREM 81 PRACTICE EXERCISE

3.8 Determine the curl of the vector fields in Practice Exercise 3.6 and evaluate

them at the specified points. Answer: (a) ax + yay + (4y - z)az , ax - 2% - 1 la, (b)

-6pz cos 0 ap + p sin 0 a^ + (6z - l)z cos 0 a2, 5a,;, cot 6 I 3 (c) —^ ar - ^2 cot 0

sin 0 + - ^ 1.732 ar - 4.5 ae + 0.5 a0. + 2 sin 6 cos 0 a*, EXAMPLE 3.9 If A = p
cos 0 ap + sin 0 a^, evaluate ^ A • d\ around the path shown in Figure 3.22.

Confirm this using Stokes's theorem. Solution: Let A-d l + [ + I + I |A-J 1 'b 'c 'd

where path L has been divided into segments ab, be, cd, and da as in Figure

3.22. Along ab, p = 2 and d\ = p d a0. Hence, k-d\ = 30° p sin 0 d(j> = 2(—cos 0)

= 60° 30° = -(V3 - 1) 60° 5 / ^ t I ~ / is' \ \ ^ 7/ Xb 0 I 1 < L \ r \ , C \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 1 1

, Figure 3.22 For Example 3.9. 82 H Vector Calculus Along be, = 30° and d\ = dp

ap. Hence, A • d\ = p cos <&dp = cos 30° — Along cd, p = 5 and dl = p d a^.

Hence, 2lV3 60° p sin d = 5(-co s ) 60° = f(V3-0 30° Along da, = 60° and dl = dp

ap. Hence, A • dl = p cos dp = cos 60° — ^ 2 21 Putting all these together

results in 5V3 5 21 2 2 4 = —(V 3 - 1) = 4.941 4 Using Stokes's theorem

(because L is a closed path) But dS = pddpaz and . 1 3A, V X A = a j -—^ = (0 -

(0 - A • dl = (V X A) I dAo dAz \ l\d + aj —^ - —^ I + a,T | — dAn Hence: (V X A)

60° z-5 60° sin i 30° J2 dp p) sin 4> az — (1 + p) sin 5 = -cos' 27 = — (V3 - 1) =

4.941 3.8 LAPLACIAN OF A SCALAR 83 PRACTICE EXERCISE 3.9 Use Stokes's

theorem to confirm your result in Practice Exercise 3.2. Answer: 1. EXAMPLE 3.10

For a vector field A, show explicitly that V • V X A = 0; that is, the divergence of

the curl of any vector field is zero. Solution: This vector identity along with the

one in Practice Exercise 3.10 is very useful in EM. For simplicity, assume that A is
in Cartesian coordinates. dx dy dz dx' dy' dz dx dy dz A A A dAz dy dAy dz d fdAz

dAy^ dx \ dy dz dAy _ dA, dx dz y \ dx dy d /dAv dA^ d 2Az d 2Av V dx dz d 2Ax

dx \ dx 2AV d 2 A , dx dy dx dz = 0 dy dx dy dz dz dx dz 3y because d 2A7 d 2A7

dx dy dy dx and so on. PRACTICE EXERCISE 3.10 For a scalar field V, show that V

X W = 0; that is, the curl of the gradient of any scalar field vanishes. Answer:

Proof. .8 LAPLACIAN OF A SCALAR For practical reasons, it is expedient to

introduce a single operator which is the composite of gradient and divergence

operators. This operator is known as the Laplacian. 84 Vector Calculus The

Laplacian of u scalar field V, written as V2V. is the divergence of the gradient of

V. Thus, in Cartesian coordinates, Laplacian V = V • W = V2V d dx' d d dz' 01. dx

' OX.. By'' dV_ dz a7 (3.59) that is, (3.60) Notice that the Laplacian of a scalar

field is another scalar field. The Laplacian of V in other coordinate systems can

be obtained from eq. (3.60) by transformation. In cylindrical coordinates, (3.61)

and in spherical coordinates, 1 d ( 2dV\ r 2 dr \ dr J r 2 1 sin d f V ou V dV\ dd) ' r2

1 sin2 ^ d 2V d2 (3.62) A scalar field V is said to be harmonic in a given region if

its Laplacian vanishes in that region. In other words, if V 2V=0 (3.63) is satisfied

in the region, the solution for V in eq. (3.63) is harmonic (it is of the form of sine

or cosine). Equation (3.63) is called Laplace's equation. Solving this equation will
be our major task in Chapter 6. We have only considered the Laplacian of a

scalar. Since the Laplacian operator V2 is a scalar operator, it is also possible to

define the Laplacian of a vector A. In this context, V 2A should not be viewed as

the divergence of the gradient of A, which makes no sense. Rather, V2A is

defined as the gradient of the divergence of A minus the curl of the curl of A.

That is, V 2A = V(V- A) - V X V X A (3.64

Find the Laplacian of the scalar fields of Example 3.3; that is, (a) V = e~ z sin 2x

cosh y (b) U = p 2 z cos 20 (c) W = lOr sin2 0 cos 0 Solution: The Laplacian in the

Cartesian system can be found by taking the first derivative and later the second

derivative. d 2V t)2V r)2V dx 5y dz = — (2e~z cos 2x cosh y) H (e z cos 2x sinh

y) dx dy H (~e z sin 2x cosh y) dz = -Ae~z sin 2xcoshy + e~ z sin 2xcoshy + e~

z sin 2xcoshy = -2e~z sin 2x cosh y 1 d2U d2U (b) P dp = (2p2 z cos 20) ~ 4p2 z

cos 20 + 0 P dp pz = Az cos 20 — Az cos 20 = 0 1 r 2 r dr sin 6 d$ 1 r) = -^ —

(10r2 sin2 0 cos 0) lOr sin2 0 cos 0 r 2 sin2 0 d ( . ndW d9 d 2W r 2 sin2 0 dct>2

1 f) ; (10r sin 20 sin 6 cos 0) sin0 d6 20 sin2 0 cos 0 20r cos 20 sin 6 cos 0 r 2 sin

0 lOr sin 26 cos 0 cos 0 10 cos 0 r 2 sin 6 r (2 sin2 0 + 2 cos 20 + 2 cos2 0-1 )

(1+ 2 cos 26) 86 Vector Calculus PRACTICE EXERCISE 3.11 Determine the

Laplacian of the scalar fields of Practice Exercise 3.3, that is, (a) V = x 2 y + xyz
(b) V = pz sin 4> + z 2 cos2 + p 2 (c) / = cos 0 sin 4> In r + r2 , 2z2 1 Answer:

(a) 2y, (b) 4 + 2 cos 0 5-cos2, (c) —z cos 0 sin A • d\ = 0 (3.68) Thus in an

irrotational field A, the circulation of A around a closed path is identically zero.

This implies that the line integral of A is independent of the chosen path.

Therefore, an irrotational field is also known as a conservative field. Examples of

irrotational fields include the electrostatic field and the gravitational field. In

general, the field of gradient V (for any scalar VO is purely irrotational since (see

Practice Exercise 3.10) V X (VV) = 0 (3.69) Thus, an irrotational field A can

always be expressed in terms of a scalar field V; that is V X A = 0 A • d\ = 0 and

one reason to use the term irrotational. A = -vy (3.70) For this reason, A may be

called & potential field and V the scalar potential of A. The negative sign in eq.

(3.70) has been inserted for physical reasons that will become evident in Chapter

4. In fact, curl was once known as rotation, and curl A is written as rot A in some

textbooks. This is 88 Vector Calculus A vector A is uniquely prescribed within a

region by its divergence and its curl. If we let and V • A = P v V X A = ps (3.71a)

(3.71b) pv can be regarded as the source density of A and ps its circulation

density. Any vector A satisfying eq. (3.71) with both pv and ps vanishing at

infinity can be written as the sum of two vectors: one irrotational (zero curl), the
other solenoidal (zero divergence). This is called Helmholtz 's theorem. Thus we

may write A = -VV + VX B (3.72) If we let A, = — W and As = V X B, it is evident

from Example 3.10 and Practice Exercise 3.10 that V X A; = 0 and V X As = 0,

showing that A, is irrotational and As is solenoidal. Finally, it is evident from eqs.

(3.64) and (3.71) that any vector field has a Laplacian that satisfies V 2A = Vpv -

V X ps (3.73) EXAMPLE 3.12 Show that the vector field A is conservative if A

possesses one of these two properties: (a) The line integral of the tangential

component of A along a path extending from a point P to a point Q is

independent of the path. (b) The line integral of the tangential component of A

around any closed path is zero. Solution: (a) If A is conservative, V X A = 0, so

there exists a potential V such that . dV dV dV A = - W = -1 — ar + — a, + — a,

Hence, Q A-dl dx dV—dx dy dV dz dV — dz or dV dx dV_dy dVdz~\ dx ds dy ds dz

ds J Q dV [Q — ds = - dV ds J A • d\ = V(P) - V(Q) I SUMMARY 89 showing that the

line integral depends only on the end points of the curve. Thus, for a con- [ Q

servative field, A • d\ is simply the difference in potential at the end points. (b) If

the path is closed, that is, if P and Q coincide, then Adl= V(P) - V(P) = 0

4. The line integral of vector A along a path L is given by JL A • d\. If the path is
closed, the line integral becomes the circulation of A around L; that is, j>L A • d\.
5. The flux or surface integral of a vector A across a surface S is defined as Js A •
dS. When the surface S is closed, the surface integral becomes the net outward
flux of A across S; that is, cf> A • dS. 6. The volume integral of a scalar pv over a
volume v is defined as /„ pv dv. 7. Vector differentiation is performed using the
vector differential operator V. The gradient of a scalar field V is denoted by V V,
the divergence of a vector field A by V • A, the curl of A by V X A, and the
Laplacian of V by V2V. 8. The divergence theorem, (j>5 A • dS = / v V • A dv,
relates a surface integral over a closed surface to a volume integral. 9. Stokes's
theorem, L A • d\ = /s(V X A) • dS, relates a line integral over a closed path to a
surface integral. 10. If Laplace's equation, V2V = 0, is satisfied by a scalar field V
in a given region, V is said to be harmonic in that region. 11. A vector field is
solenoidal if V • A = 0; it is irrotational or conservative if V XA = 0. 12. A
summary of the vector calculus operations in the three coordinate systems is
provided on the inside back cover of the text. 13. The vector identities V • V X A
= 0 and V X VV = 0 are very useful in EM. Other vector identities are in Appendix
A. 10. REVIEW QUESTIONS 3.1 Consider the differential volume of Figure 3.24.
Match the items in the left column with those in the right column. (a) d\ from A to
B (i) dydzax (b) dlfromAtoD (ii) -dxdzay (c) d\ from A to £ (iii) dx dy az (d) dS for
face ABCD (iv) -dxdyaz (e) dS for face AEHD (v) dxax (f) dS for face DCGH (vi) dy
ay (g) dS for face ABFE (vii) dzaz 3.2 For the differential volume in Figure 3.25,
match the items in the left list with those in the right list. (a) d\ from £ to A (i) —
p d4> dz ap (b) dlfromBtoA (ii) —dpdza^ (c) d\ from D to A (iii) —p dp d az (d) dS
for face ABCD (iv) pdpd(f>az (e) dS for face AEHD (v) dp ap (f) dS for face ABFE
(vi) pda^ (g) dS for face DCGH (vii) dz az REVIEW QUESTIONS F Figure 3.24 For
Review Question 3.1. 91 3.3 A differential volume in spherical coordinates is
shown in Figure 3.26. For the volume element, match the items in the left column
with those in the right column. (a) dlfromAtoD (b) ae (iii) r dr d6 a0 (iv) drar (v)
rd6ae (vi) r sin $ d(j> &# 3.4 If r = xax + yay + zaz, the position vector of point
(x, y, z) and r = |r|, which of the following is incorrect? (a) Vr = rlr (b) V • r = 1
(c) V2 (r • r) = 6 (d) V X r = 0 3.5 Which of the following is a meaningless
combination? (a) graddiv (b) divcurl (c) curl grad (d) curl grad (e) div curl F Figure
3.25 For Review Question 3.2. 92 Vector Calculus F Figure 3.26 For Review
Question 3.3 (and also for Practice Exercise 3.1). 3.6 Which of the following is
zero? (a) grad div (b) div grad (c) curl grad (d) curl curl 3.7 Given field A = 3x2 yz
ax + x 3 z ay + (x3 y - 2z)az , it can be said that A is (a) Harmonic (b)
Divergenceless (c) Solenoidal (d) Rotational (e) Conservative 3.8 The surface
current density J in a rectangular waveguide is plotted in Figure 3.27. It is evident
from the figure that J diverges at the top wall of the guide whereas it is
divergenceless at the side wall. (a) True (b) False 3.9 Stokes's theorem is
applicable only when a closed path exists and the vector field and its derivatives
are continuous within the path. (a) True (b) False (c) Not necessarily 3.10 If a
vector field Q is solenoidal, which of these is true? (a) §L Q • d\ = 0 (b) §s Q • dS
= 0 (c) V X Q = 0 (d) V X Q # 0 (e) V2Q = 0 PROBLEMS H 93 Figure 3.27 For
Review Question 3.8. u ^ Answers: 3.1a-(vi), b-(vii), c-(v), d-(i), e-(ii), f-(iv), g-(iii),
3.2a-(vi), b-(v), c-(vii), d-(ii), e-(i), f-Ov), g-(iii), 3.3a-(v), b-(vi), c-(iv), d-(iii), e-(i), f-
(ii), 3.4b, 3.5c, 3.6c, 3.7e, 3.8a, 3.9a, 3.10b. Using the differential length dl, find
the length of each of the following curves: (a) p = 3, TT/4 < 0 < ir/2, z = constant
(b) r = 1,0 = 3O°,O<0< 6 < 90°, = constant 3.2 Calculate the areas of the
following surfaces using the differential surface area dS: (a) p = 2, 0 < z < 5, ir/3
< < vr/2 (b) z = 1, 1 < p < 3, 0 < 4> < TT/4 (c) r = 10, TT/4 < 6 < 2TT/3, 0 < <
2ir (d) 0 < r < 4, 60° < 6 < 90°, = constant 3.3 Use the differential volume dv to
determine the volumes of the following regions: (a) 0 < x < 1, 1 < y < 2, - 3 < z
< 3 (b) 2 < p < 5, TI73 < (/> < 7T, - 1 < z < 4 (c) 1 < r < 3, TT/2 < 0 < 2x/3,
TT/6 < < x/2 3.4 Given that ps = x 2 + xy, calculate SsPsdS over the region y < x
2 , 0 < x < 1. 3.5 Given that H = x ax + y a,, evaluate H • dl, where L is along
the curve y = x from 3.6 Find the volume cut from the sphere radius r = a by the
cone 6 = a. Calculate the volume when a = x/3 and a = TT/2. 94 Vector Calculus
B 3.7 If the integral I F • dl is regarded as the work done in moving a particle
from A to B, A find the work done by the force field F = 2xy ax + (x2 - z 2 ) ay ~
3xz2 az on a particle that travels from A(0, 0, 0) to B(2, 1, 3) along (a) The
segment (0, 0, 0) -» (0, 1, 0) -» (2, 1, 0) -> (2, 1, 3) (b) The straight line (0, 0, 0)
to (2, 1, 3) 3.8 If H = (x - y)ax + {x2 + zy)ay + 5yz az evaluate } H • dl along the
contour of Figure 3.28. 3.9 If V = (x + y)z, evaluate
< 4> < 7i72, 0 < z < 2 and dS is normal to that surface. 3.10 Let A = 2xyax +
xzay - yaz . Evaluate J A dv over: (a) a rectangular region 02J:<2,OSJ<3,0sj< 5 (c)
a spherical region r < 4 3.11 The acceleration of a particle is given by a = 2.4az
m/s2 . The initial position of the particle is r = (0, 0, 0), while its initial velocity is
v = — 2a^ + 5az m/s. (a) Find the position of the particle at time t = 1. (b)
Determine the velocity of the particle as a function of t. 3.12 Find the gradient of
the these scalar fields: (a) U = 4xz2 + 3yz (b) W = 2p(z2 + 1) cos (c) H = r 2 cos
6 cos Figure 3.28 For Problem 3.8. PROBLEMS 95 3.13 Determine the gradient of
the following fields and compute its value at the specified point. (a) V = e ax+3y)
cos 5z, (0.1, -0.2, 0.4) (b) T = 5pe~2z sin , (2, ir/3, 0) 3.14 Determine the unit
vector normal to S(x, y, z) — x 2 + y 2 — z at point (1, 3,0). 3.15 The
temperature in an auditorium is given by T = x 2 + y 2 — z. A mosquito located
at (1, 1, 2) in the auditorium desires to fly in such a direction that it will get warm
as soon as possible. In what direction must it fly? 3.16 Find the divergence and
curl of the following vectors: (a) A = e^ ax + sin xy ay + cos2 xz az (b) B = pz 2
cos 4> ap + z sin2 az (c) C = r cos 6 ar sin 0 ae + 2r2 sin 8 a^ 3.17 Evaluate V X
A and V • V X A if: (a) A = x 2 yax + y 2 zay - 2xzaz (b) A = p 2 zap + p \ + 3pz\
sin 4> cos (c) A = —— ar — 3.18 The heat flow vector H = kWT, where T is the
temperature and k is the thermal conductivity. Show that where •KX x y T = 50
sin — cosh — 2 2 then V • H = 0. 3.19 (a) Prove that V • (VA) = VV • A + A • VV
where V is a scalar field and A is a vector field, (b) Evaluate V • (VA) when A =
2xay + 3yay - 4zaz and V = xyz. 3.20 (a) Verify that V X (VA) = V(V X A) + VV X A
where V and A are scalar and vector fields, respectively. (b) Evaluate V X (VA)
when V = -r and A = r cos 8 ar + r sin 8 ae + sin 8 cos a0. r 3.21 lfU = xz — x 2 y
+ yV , evaluate div grad U