Homework
• Chapter 15 ( page 375 )
6, 7, 13, 14, 15, 17, 24, 25, 26, 29, 37, 39, 46,
47, 50, 51
1
6. The small piston of a hydraulic lift (Fig. P15.6) has a cross-sectional area of 3.00
cm2, and its large piston has a cross-sectional area of
200 cm2. What downward force of magnitude F1 must
be applied to the small piston for the lift to raise a load
whose weight is Fg = 15.0 kN?
7. (a) Calculate the absolute pressure at an ocean depth of 1 000 m. Assume the
density of seawater is 1030 kg m 3 and the air above exerts a pressure of 101.3
kPa. (b) At this depth, what is the buoyant force on a spherical submarine having a
diameter of 5.00 m?
2
13. Review. The tank in FigureP15.13 is filled with water of depth d = 2.00 m. At the
bottom of one sidewall is a rectangular hatch of height h = 1.00 m and width w =
2.00 m that is hinged at the top of the hatch. (a) Determine the magnitude of the
force the water exerts on the hatch. (b) Find the magnitude of the torque exerted
by the water about the hinges.
14. Review. The tank in Figure P15.13 is filled with water of depth d. At the
bottom of one sidewall is a rectangular hatch of height h and width w that is
hinged at the top of the hatch. (a) Determine the magnitude of the force the water
exerts on the hatch. (b) Find the magnitude of the torque exerted by the water
about the hinges.
3
15. Review. Piston ① in Figure P15.15 has a diameter of 0.250 in. Piston ② has a
diameter of 1.50 in. Determine the magnitude F of the force necessary to support
the 500 lb load in the absence of friction.
F1
4
17. Mercury is poured into a U-tube as shown in Figure P15.17a. The left arm of the
tube has cross-sectional area A1 of 10.0 cm2, and the right arm has a cross-sectional
area A2 of 5.00 cm2. One hundred grams of water are then poured into the right
arm as shown in Figure P15.17b. (a) Determine the length of the water column in
the right arm of the U-tube. (b) Given that the density of mercury is 13.6 g cm 3 ,
what distance h does the mercury rise in the left arm?
5
24. The gravitational force exerted on a solid object is 5.00 N. When the object is
suspended from a spring scale and submerged in water, the scale reads 3.50 N
(Fig. P15.24). Find the density of the object.
25. A 10.0-kg block of metal measuring 12.0 cm by 10.0 cm by 10.0 cm is
suspended from a scale and immersed in water as shown in Figure P15.24b. The 12.0-
cm dimension is vertical, and the top of the block is 5.00 cm below the surface of the
water. (a) What are the magnitudes of the forces acting on the top and on the bottom
of the block due to the surrounding water? (b) What is the reading of the spring scale?
(c) Show that the buoyant force equals the difference between the forces at the top and
bottom of the block.
6
26. A hydrometer is an instrument used to
determine liquid density. A simple one is sketched in
Figure P15.26. The bulb of a syringe is squeezed and
released to let the atmosphere lift a sample of the
liquid of interest into a tube containing a calibrated
rod of known density. The rod, of length L and
average density 0 , floats partially immersed in the
liquid of density ρ. A length h of the rod protrudes
above the surface of the liquid. Show that the density
of the liquid is given by
0 L
=
L−h
29. How many cubic meters of helium are required to lift a balloon with a 400-kg
payload to a height of 8 000 m? Take He = 0.179 kg m 3 . Assume the balloon
maintains a constant volume and the density of air decreases with the altitude z
according to the expression air = 0e − z 8 000 , where z is in meters and 0 = 1.20
kg m 3 is the density of air at sea level.
7
37. A horizontal pipe 10.0 cm in diameter has a smooth reduction to a pipe 5.00 cm in
diameter. If the pressure of the water in the larger pipe is 8.00 104 Pa and the
pressure in the smaller pipe is 6.00 104 Pa, at what rate does water flow through
the pipes?
39. A large storage tank with an open top is filled to a height h0 . The tank is punctured
at a height h above the bottom of the tank (Fig. P15.39). Find an expression for
how far from the tank the exiting stream lands.
v2
8
46. Water is forced out of a fire extinguisher by air pressure as shown in Figure
P15.46. How much gauge air pressure in the tank is required for the water jet to
have a speed of 30.0 m/s when the water level is 0.500 m below the nozzle?
47. Figure P15.47 shows a stream of water in steady flow from
a kitchen faucet. At the faucet, the diameter of the stream is
0.960 cm. The stream fills a 125-cm3 container in 16.3 s.
Find the diameter of the stream 13.0 cm below the opening
of the faucet.
9
50. An airplane has a mass of 1.60 104 kg, and each wing has an area of 40.0
m2. During level flight, the pressure on the lower wing surface is 7.00 104 Pa. (a)
Suppose the lift on the airplane were due to a pressure difference alone. Determine
the pressure on the upper wing surface. (b) More realistically, a significant part of
the lift is due to deflection of air downward by the wing. Does the inclusion of this
force mean that the pressure in part (a) is higher or lower? Explain.
51. A siphon is used to drain water from a tank as illustrated in Figure P15.51.
Assume steady flow without friction. (a) If h = 1.00 m, find the speed of outflow
at the end of the siphon. (b) What If? What is the limitation on the height of the
top of the siphon above the end of the siphon? Note: For the flow of the liquid to
be continuous, its pressure must not drop below its vapor pressure. Assume the
water is at 20.0°C, at which the vapor pressure is 2.3 kPa.
10
P15.13 The air outside and water inside both
exert atmospheric pressure, so only the
excess water pressure gh counts for the
net force. Take a strip of hatch between
depth h and h + dh. It feels force
ANS. FIG. P15.13
dF = PdA = gh (2.00 m )dh
(a) The total force is
2.00 m
F = dF = gh (2.00 m )dh
h=1.00 m
)(2.002 m )
2.00 m
h2
F = g (2.00 m )
2
(
= (1 000 kg m 3 ) 9.80 m s 2
1.00 m
(2.00 m ) − (1.00 m )
2 2
F = 29.4 kN (to the right )
11
P15.14 The air outside and water inside both exert atmospheric pressure,
so only the excess water pressure gh counts for the net force.
(a) At a distance y from the top of the water, take a strip of hatch
between depth y and y + dy. It feels force
dF = PdA = Pwdy = (gyw)dy
The total force is
d
1 1
gw d 2 − (d − h )
d
2
F= gwydy = gwy 2 =
d− h
2 d− h
2
1
F= gwh (2d − h)
2
12
(b) The lever arm of dF is the distance [y – (d – h)] from hinge to strip:
d
= gwy y − (d − h )dy
d− h
d
= gw y 2 − y (d − h ) dy
d− h
y 3 (d − h )y 2
d
= gw −
3 2 d − h
gw
= 2d 3 − 2 (d − h )3 − 3 (d − h )d 2 + 3 (d − h )3
6
gw
= 2d 3 − 3 (d − h )d 2 + (d − h )3
6
gw
= 2d 3 − 3d 3 + 3d 2 h + d 3 − 3d 2 h + 3dh2 − h3
6
gw
= + 3dh2 − h3
6
1 1
= gw dh2 − h3
2 3
13
14
P15.17 (b) Sketch (b) at the right represents the situation after the water is
(
added. A volume A 2 h2 ) of mercury has been displaced by water
in the right tube. The additional volume of mercury now in the left
tube is A 1h. Since the total volume of mercury has not changed,
A1
A 2 h2 = A 1h or h2 = h [1]
A2
At the level of the mercury–water interface in the right tube,
we may write the absolute pressure as:
P = P0 + water ghw
The pressure at this same level in the left tube is given by
P = P0 + Hg g (h + h2 )= P0 + water ghw
which, using equation [1] above, reduces to
A1
Hg h 1 + = w ater hw
A2
water hw
or h= .
Hg (1 + A 1/ A 2 )
Thus, the level of mercury has risen a distance of
h=
(1.00 g/ cm )(20.0 cm )
3
(13.6 g/ cm )(1 + 10.0 5.00)
3
h = 0.490 cm above the original level. 15
P15.24 Refer to Figure P15.24. We observe from the left-hand diagram,
Fy = 0 → T1 = Fg = mobjectg = objectgVobject
and from the right-hand diagram,
Fy = 0 → T2 + B = Fg → T2 + B = T1 → T1 – T2 = B,
where the buoyant force is
B = mwater g = wVobject g
Now the density of the object is
mobject T1 g T
object = = = w 1
Vobject B (w g ) B
object =
w T1
=
(1 000 kg m 3 )(5.00 N )
= 3.33 103 kg/ m 3
T1 − T2 1.50 N
16
P15.25 (a) We start with P = P0 + gh.
Taking P0 = 1.013 10 N/ m ,
5 2
3
water = 1 000 kg/ m , and h = 5.00 cm,
we find Ptop = 1.0179 105 N/ m 2 .
ANS. FIG. P15.25
For h = 17.0 cm, we get
Pbot = 1.029 7 105 N/ m 2
Since the areas of the top and bottom are
A = (0.100 m ) = 10−2 m 2
2
we find
Ftop = Ptop A = 1.017 9 103 N
and Fbot = 1.029 7 10 N .
3
17
P15.25 (b) The tension in the string is the scale reading:
T = Mg − B
where
B = wVg = (103 kg/ m 3 )(1.20 10−3 m 3 )(9.80 m/ s 2 )= 11.8 N
and
Mg = (10.0 kg )(9.80 m/ s 2 )= 98.0 N
Therefore,
T = Mg − B = 98.0 N − 11.8 N = 86.2 N
(c) Fbot − Ftop = (1.0297 − 1.017 9) 103 N = 11.8 N
which is equal to B found in part (b).
P15.26 Let A represent the horizontal cross-sectional area of the rod, which
we presume to be constant. The rod is in equilibrium:
F y = 0: −mg + B = 0 = − 0Vwhole rod g + fluid Vimmersed g
0 ALg = A (L − h)g
0 L
The density of the liquid is = .
L−h
18
P15.29 We assume that the mass of the balloon envelope is included in the
400 kg. We assume that the 400-kg total load is much denser than
air and so has negligible volume compared to the helium. At z = 8
000 m, the density of air is
air = 0e− z 8000 = (1.20 kg/ m 3 )e−1
= (1.20 kg/ m 3 )(0.368)
= 0.441 kg/ m 3
Think of the balloon reaching equilibrium at this height. The weight
of its payload is Mg = (400 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = 3 920 N. The weight of
the helium in it is mg = HeVg.
F y =0 → + air Vg − Mg − HeVg = 0
Solving,
(air − He )V = M
and
M 400 kg
V= = = 1.52 103 m 3
air − He (0.441 − 0.179) kg/ m 3
19
P15.37 By Bernoulli’s equation,
1
8.00 10 4 N/ m 2 +
2
(1 000 kg/ m 3 )v 2
1
= 6.00 10 4 N/ m 2 + (1 000 kg/ m 3 )16v 2
2
ANS. FIG. P15.37
1
2.00 10 4 N m 2 =
2
(1 000 kg/ m 3 )15v 2
v = 1.63 m/ s
dm
= Av = (1 000 kg/ m 3 ) (5.00 10−2 m ) (1.63 m/ s )
2
dt
= 12.8 kg/ s
P15.39 Take point 1 at the top liquid surface. Since the tank is large, the
fluid level falls only slowly and v 1 0. Take point 2 at the surface
of the water stream leaving the hole. At both points the pressure is
one atmosphere because the water can push no more or less
strongly than the air pushes on it, as described by Newton’s third
law.
1 2 1 2
P1 + v 1 + gy 1 = P2 + v 2 + gy 2
2 2
1 2
Pa + 0 + gh0 = Pa + v 2 + gh
2
v 2 = 2g(h0 − h)
20
P15.39 The velocity v 2 with which each drop of water leaves the tank is
now its initial velocity, directed horizontally, in its motion as a
projectile. Its time of fall is given by the particle under constant
acceleration model, from
1 2
y = y 0 + v y 0t + ay t
2
where
y 0 = h, y = 0, v y 0 = 0, and ay = − g.
This gives
1 2 2h
−h = 0 − gt so t= ,
2 g
and from the particle under constant velocity model its horizontal
displacement is then
1 2 2h
x = x 0 + v x 0t + ax t = 0 + 2g(h0 − h) +0= 4h(h0 − h)
2 g
21
P15.46 Assume vinside 0. From Bernoulli’s equation,
1
P + 0 + 0 = 1 atm +
2
(1 000 kg/m3 ) ( 30.0 m/s )
2
+ (1 000 kg/m3 )( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 0.500 m )
Pgauge = P − 1 atm = 4.50 105 Pa + 4.90 103 Pa
=
455 kPa
22
P15.47 The volume flow rate is
V 125 cm3
= = 7.67 cm3 s = Av1
t 16.3 s
where 2r = 0.96 cm and A = r = 0.724 cm . The speed at the top of
2 2
the falling column is
V /t 7.67 cm3 /s
v1 = = = 10.6 cm/s
A 0.724 cm3
Take point 2 at 13 cm below:
1 1
P1 + gy1 + v12 = P2 + gy2 + v22
2 2
P0 + (1 000 kg m )( 9.80 m/s ) 0.130 m
3 2
1
+
2
(1 000 kg m 3 ) ( 0.106 m s )
2
1
= P0 + 0 + (1 000 kg m 3 ) v22
2
v2 = 2 ( 9.80 m/s2 ) ( 0.130 m) + ( 0.106 m/s ) = 1.60 m/s
2
The volume flow rate is constant:
2
d
7.67 cm s = 160 cm s
3
2
d = 0.247 cm
23
P15.50 (a) Force balance requires that
Mg = (P1 − P2 )A
(16 000 kg )(9.80 m/ s 2 )
= 7.00 10 4 Pa − P2
2 (40.0 m 2 )
P2 = 7.0 104 Pa − 0.196 104 Pa = 6.80 104 Pa
(b)
Higher. With the inclusion of another upward force due to
deflection of air downward, the pressure difference does not
need to be as great to keep the airplane in flight.
24
P15.51 (a) We use Bernoulli’s equation,
1 2
P0 + gh + 0 = P0 + 0 + v 3
2
which gives v 3 = 2gh.
If h = 1.00 m, then v 3 = 4.43 m/ s . ANS. FIG. P15.51
(b) Again, from Bernoulli’s equation,
1 1
P + g (y +h) + v22 = P0 + 0 + v32
2 2
Since v 2 = v 3 ,
P = P0 − g (y +h)
Since P 2.3 kPa, the greatest possible siphon height is given
by
P0 − P 1.013 105 Pa − 2.30 103 Pa
(y +h) = =
g (103 kg/m3 )( 9.80 m/s2 ) 10.1 m
25