SCIENCE
🌱 Reproduction in Plants – Very Short Summary (Class 7)
Reproduction is the process by which plants produce new plants. It occurs in two ways: asexual
and sexual.
Asexual reproduction involves one parent and no seeds. It includes vegetative propagation
(potato, ginger, Bryophyllum), budding (yeast), fragmentation (Spirogyra), and spore
formation (ferns, mosses).
Sexual reproduction occurs in flowers. The stamen is the male part and the pistil is the female
part. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma, followed by fertilization, where
male and female gametes fuse. After fertilization, the ovule becomes a seed and the ovary
becomes a fruit.
Seed dispersal occurs by wind, water, animals, or bursting of fruits. Germination is the growth
of a seed into a new plant and needs water, air, and warmth.
💧 Wastewater Story – Very Short Notes
• Wastewater: Used water containing dirt, waste, chemicals, and germs.
• Sewage: Wastewater with human excreta, food waste, oils, soaps, and microbes.
• Untreated sewage causes:
Water pollution
Diseases (cholera, typhoid, dysentery)
Harm to aquatic life
🏭 Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)
Steps:
1. Screening – removes large objects
2. Grit removal – removes sand and stones
3. Primary treatment – solids settle as sludge
4. Biological treatment – bacteria break down waste
5. Disinfection – kills germs
• Treated water is released or reused.
🦠 Sludge
• Sludge → digester → biogas
• Dried sludge used as manure
🚫 Do NOT throw in drains:
• Oils & fats
• Medicines & chemicals
• Plastic, sanitary waste
• Solid waste
🌍 Sanitation
• Proper sanitation prevents diseases
• Avoid open defecation
• Swachh Bharat Abhiyan promotes cleanliness
⭐ Key Points
• Treat wastewater before disposal
• Clean water = healthy life
• Everyone is responsible for sanitation
🌳 Forests: Our Lifeline – Very Short Notes
• Forest: Large area covered with trees, plants, and animals.
• Forests are natural ecosystems with interdependent plants and animals.
🌿 Layers of Forest
• Canopy – tall trees
• Understory – small trees, shrubs
• Forest floor – herbs, insects, decomposers
🐾 Forest Products
• Wood, paper, fuel
• Fruits, honey, gum, medicines
• Fibres, spices, oils
🔄 Food Chain
• Plants → Herbivores → Carnivores
• Maintains balance in nature
Importance of Forests
• Produce oxygen, absorb CO₂
• Maintain water cycle
• Prevent soil erosion
• Regulate climate
• Provide habitat to animals
🍂 Decomposers
• Bacteria and fungi break down dead plants and animals
• Add nutrients to soil
🌱 Forests & Soil
• Roots bind soil
• Fallen leaves form humus
• Increase soil fertility
⚠️Deforestation
• Cutting of forests causes:
Floods
Droughts
Loss of wildlife
Climate change
⭐ Key Points
• Forests support life on Earth
• All forest components depend on each other
• Protect forests to protect future
MATHS
➗ Algebraic Expressions – Very Short Notes (Class 7)
• Algebra: Uses letters to represent numbers
• Variable: Letter representing a number (x, y)
• Constant: Number without variable (5, −3)
• Expression: Combination of variables & numbers (2x + 3)
• Term: Parts separated by + or −
• Coefficient: Number multiplied with variable (in 4x → 4)
• Like terms: Same variable & power (3x, −5x)
• Unlike terms: Different variables/powers
• Monomial: One term
• Binomial: Two terms
• Trinomial: Three terms
• Add/Subtract like terms only
• Substitute value to find expression value
Exponents and Powers – Very Short Notes
1. Power / Exponent:
• A way to write repeated multiplication
• Example: 23=2 ×2 ×2=8
2 → base, 3 → exponent
2. Laws of Exponents:
1. Product law: a m × an =am +n
2. Quotient law: a m ÷ a n=a m−n
3. Power of power: ( a m ¿n=a m ×n
4. Power of a product: ( ab ¿m=am bm
5. Power of a fraction: ( a /b ¿m =am /b m
6. Zero exponent: a 0=1(a ≠ 0)
7. Negative exponent: a−n=1/a n
3. Standard Form / Scientific Notation:
• Express very large/small numbers using powers of 10
• Example: 5,00,000 = 5 ×105
4. Important:
• Base cannot be 0 in negative exponent
• Exponent tells how many times base is multiplied