Nuclear

Properties
 Nuclear Properties
Last week

Nuclear Size
𝟏
𝑹 = 𝑹𝟎 𝑨 𝟑

Density distribution 𝜌 ≈ 0.165 𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑚

𝑎 ≈ 0.55 𝑓𝑚

𝑅 ≈ 1.2 𝑓𝑚

Nuclear Masses and Binding Energy

𝒁 𝒁−𝟏 𝑵−𝒁 𝟐
𝟐⁄𝟑
𝑩𝑬 = 𝒂𝒗 𝑨 − 𝒂𝒔 𝑨 − 𝒂𝒄 𝟏
−𝒂𝒂𝒔𝒚𝒎 +𝜹
𝑨 𝟑 𝑨
proton number Z

neutron number N
 Nuclear Properties

Nuclear Size

Density distribution

Nuclear Masses and Binding Energy

Angular Momentum and Parity

Nuclear Moments
 Angular momentum
 Angular momentum not only plays an important role in classical system (eg.
earth revolving around the sun), but also plays a very important role in
quantum systems (eg. electron revolving around the nucleus)
 If there are no external torque acting on a system, angular momentum is
conserved
 Since an isolated nucleus is such a system, its angular momentum is one of its
conserved properties
 Angular Momentum
 Orbital angular momentum
 Magnitude
Quantization
 direction
 Spin angular momentum
 Magnitude
Quantization
 direction
 Angular Momentum
Classical system
eg. solar system

𝐼= 𝑚 𝑟̅

 Magnitude : No restriction / continuous values / not quantized

 Direction: No restriction / any direction / not quantized
 Angular Momentum
Quantum system
eg. electron revolving around the nucleus

The angular momentum of an electron is not necessarily allowed to have any

magnitude and direction in space

The electron faces a large number of restrictions quantization

The solution of Schrodinger equation for an electron in an atom results in some

quantum numbers and those quantum numbers put some restrictions on the
magnitude and direction of the angular momentum of that particular electron
 Angular Momentum
1. Orbital Angular momentum, 𝑳
eg. electron revolving around the nucleus
Magnitude quantization Direction/Space 𝑳z
quantization

𝑳𝒛 = 𝒎𝒍 ℏ
From the solution of Sch. Eq., 𝒎𝒍 = −𝒍, − 𝒍 − 𝟏 , … 𝟎 … , 𝒍
Magnitude of L is 𝟐𝒍 + 𝟏 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔
Results in
𝑳 = 𝒍 𝒍 + 𝟏 ℏ quantization of L
𝑙: 𝑎𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑛𝑜. 𝑳

𝒍 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, … … . . , 𝒏 − 𝟏 𝟔ℏ
𝒔, 𝒑, 𝒅, … … … 𝟐ℏ
𝟎
𝑳 = 𝟎 𝑳 = 𝟐ℏ 𝑳 = 𝟔ℏ
 Angular Momentum
2. Spin Angular momentum, 𝑺
eg. electron revolving around the nucleus
Magnitude quantization Direction/Space quantization
𝑺 1
𝑚 = ±𝑠 = ±
𝑺𝒛 = 𝒎 𝒔 ℏ 2
ℏ
𝑺𝒛 = ±
𝟐

𝑺= 𝒔 𝒔+𝟏 ℏ

1 3
𝑠= 𝑆= ℏ
2 2

electron is structure less and hence can not rotate

spin S is a quantum mechanical concept

Orbital and spin angular momenta individually may not be conserved

 Angular Momentum
Total Angular momentum; 𝑱⃗ = 𝑳 + 𝑺
Magnitude quantization Direction/Space quantization

𝑱= 𝒋 𝒋+𝟏 ℏ 𝑱𝒛 = 𝒎 𝒋 ℏ
𝒋 = 𝒍 + 𝒔 𝒐𝒓 𝒋 = |𝒍 − 𝒔|
𝒎𝒋 = −𝒋, − 𝒋 − 𝟏 , … 𝟎 … . , 𝒋
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒋 + 𝟏 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔
𝒋 = 𝒍 + 𝒐𝒓 𝒋 = 𝒍 −
𝟐 𝟐
For p orbital
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝒋= 𝒎𝒋 = − , − , ,
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒋= 𝒎𝒋 = − ,
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝟏𝟓 𝟑
𝑱= 𝒐𝒓 𝒋 =
𝟐 𝟐
 Nuclear Spin
Nucleus: collection of nucleons each having their own angular momentum
 Potential inside a nucleus: central potential
 Schrodinger eqn. leads to orbital angular momentum
 Nucleus: Spin Angular Momentum
+ Orbital Angular Momentum

Total
Angular 𝑰⃗ = 𝑳 + 𝑺 = 𝒍𝒊 + 𝒔𝒊 𝑰⃗ also shows quantization in
Momentum 𝒊 𝒊 magnitude and direction

Magnitude quantization Direction/Space quantization

𝑴𝒂𝒈𝒏 = 𝑰 𝑰+𝟏 ℏ 𝑰𝒛 = 𝑴 ℏ
𝐌 = −𝑰, − 𝑰 − 𝟏 , … 𝟎 … . , 𝑰 − 𝟏 , 𝑰
𝟏 𝟑
𝑰 = 𝟎, , 𝟏, , 𝟐, … … 𝟐𝑰 + 𝟏 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔
𝟐 𝟐
𝑰: 𝑵𝒖𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑺𝒑𝒊𝒏
 Nuclear Spin

𝟑
𝑰=
𝟐
𝑰𝒛
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
ℏ 𝑴 = − ,− , ,
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
ℏ
𝟐

𝟏
− ℏ
𝟐 Direction/Space quantization
𝟑
− ℏ
𝟐 𝑰𝒛 = 𝑴 ℏ
𝐌 = −𝑰, − 𝑰 − 𝟏 , … 𝟎 … . , 𝑰 − 𝟏 , 𝑰
𝟐𝑰 + 𝟏 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔
 Nuclear Spin Quantum Number
protons and neutrons have orbital angular momentum ℓ and spin s

total angular momentum: 𝚥⃗ = ℓ + 𝑠⃗

total nuclear spin: 𝐼 = ∑ 𝑗
𝐼 = 𝑗 + 𝑗 + ⋯𝑗 , 𝑗 + 𝑗 + ⋯𝑗 − 1, ⋯ , 𝑗 − 𝑗 − ⋯ − 𝑗
quantum mechanics
 Nuclear Spin
Magnitude quantization
 Even no. of neutrons pair up with each other, cancel
each other’s spin and orbital angular momentum
Pairing effect
 Even no. of protons pair up with each other, cancel
each other’s spin and orbital angular momentum

1. Even-even nuclei (even A)

All nucleons pair up
𝑰=𝟎 2. Even-odd nuclei (odd A)
Central core with (A-1) even number of nucleons with
total angular momentum = 0
One unpaired neutron/proton contribute to 𝐼
𝟏 𝟑
𝑰 = , ,…
3. Odd-odd nuclei (even A) 𝟐 𝟐
Central core with (A-2=even) number of nucleons with total
angular momentum = 0
One unpaired neutron and one unpaired proton contributes to 𝐼
𝑰 = 𝟏, 𝟐, …
 Nuclear Spin Quantum Number
The magnitude is given by
𝐿=ℏ 𝐼 𝐼+1
The projection on the z-axis (arbitrarily chosen), takes on discretized values according
to m, where
𝑚 = −𝐼, −𝐼 + 1, −𝐼 + 2, ⋯ , +𝐼
 Parity
The parity operation causes a reflection of all the coordinates through the origin
𝒓 → −𝒓

In cartesian coordinates, 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 → −𝒙, −𝒚, −𝒛

In spherical coordinates, 𝒓 → −𝒓, 𝛉 → 𝛑 − 𝛉, 𝝓 → 𝛟 + 𝝅

If a system is left unchanged by the parity operation, then we expect that

none of the observable properties should change as a result of the reflection

Wave function of a physical system: 𝜳(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) 𝜳(𝒓, 𝜽, 𝝓)

(𝒓, 𝜽, 𝝓)
𝒓
𝜃
𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 → −𝒙, −𝒚, −𝒛 𝜳(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) → 𝜳(−𝒙, −𝒚, −𝒛) -𝒓 𝜙

(−𝒓, 𝝅 − 𝜽, 𝝓 + 𝝅)

𝒓 → −𝒓, 𝛉 → 𝛑 − 𝛉, 𝝓 → 𝛟 + 𝝅 𝜳(𝒓, 𝜽, 𝝓) → 𝜳(−𝒓, 𝛑 − 𝛉, 𝛟 + 𝝅)

 Parity

Since the values we measure for the observable quantities depend on 𝝍 𝟐 ,

then we have the following reasonable assertion

If the Hamiltonian remains invariant under space inversion, then the changed
wave function can be related to the original wave function in two different
possible ways

𝜳 −𝒓 = +𝜳(𝒓) 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒐𝒓 + 𝒗𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒚

𝜳 −𝒓 = −𝜳(𝒓) 𝒐𝒅𝒅 𝒐𝒓 − 𝒗𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒚
 If the potential 𝑽 𝒓 is left unchanged by the parity operation, then the
resulting stationary-state wave functions must be of either even or odd
parity.
 Mixed-parity wave functions are not permitted.
 Parity

𝜳 −𝒙 𝜳(𝒙)

Odd parity
𝜳 −𝒙 = −𝜳(𝒙)

Even parity
𝜳 −𝒙 = 𝜳(𝒙)
Odd parity
𝜳 −𝒙 = −𝜳(𝒙)
𝜳 −𝒙 = 𝜳(𝒙)
Even parity
−𝐿 0
 Parity
In 3 dimensions, the parity operation applied to the 𝒀𝒎𝒍 gives a phase −𝟏 𝒍

𝒀𝒍𝒎𝒍 𝝅 − 𝜽, 𝝓 + 𝝅 = −𝟏 𝒍 𝒀𝒍𝒎𝒍 𝜽, 𝝓
Central potentials, which depend only on the magnitude of 𝒓, are thus
invariant w.r.t. parity

Their wave functions have definite parity: odd if 𝒍 is odd and even if 𝒍 is even

Nuclear states can be assigned a definite parity, even or odd

Parity of a nuclear state is indicated by putting a + or – sign on the 𝑰 value of the

nucleus

Nuclear spin is thus written as 𝑰𝝅 , where 𝝅 = +, −

 Nuclear Properties

Nuclear Size

Density distribution

Nuclear Masses and Binding Energy

Angular Momentum and Parity

Nuclear Moments
 Magnetic Moment

Magnetic moment (or magnetic dipole moment)

is a physical quantity that gives an idea on
magnetic strength and orientation of a bar
magnet or any physical object that might
replicate the behavior of a bar magnet.

There are many physical objects that can behave from far away as if they have
a magnetic field of their own and as if that magnetic field consists of a north
pole and a south pole.

There are particles in natures such as electrons, protons and neutrons, which
also behave as tiny bar magnets of their own.
 Magnetic Moment
Let’s start with a very basic physical example: circular current loop

From far away, this kind of physical object will Magnetic field lines
behave like a tiny bar magnet of its own around the current loop

The magnetic moment which would give us an idea about the strength and
orientation of this magnetic field is given by

𝝁 = 𝒊𝑨
 Electron Magnetic Moment
Since electrons are charged particles, we can consider the motion of
electrons around the nucleus as that of flow of the current in a circular loop

The motion of electron around a nucleus also has a magnetic moment

associated with it which can be easily calculated

𝒆 𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝑻: time period of revolution for

𝝁 = 𝒊𝑨 𝒊=−
𝑻 𝑻= the electron to complete one
𝒗 revolution around the nucleus
𝒆𝒗 𝟐
𝒆𝒗𝒓 𝒆𝒗𝒓 𝒎𝒆 𝒆
𝝁=− 𝝅𝒓 = − =− = 𝒎𝒆𝒗𝒓
𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝟐 𝟐 𝒎𝒆 𝟐𝒎𝒆

𝒆 𝑳 = 𝒎𝒆𝒗𝒓
𝝁= 𝑳 𝑳: orbital angular momentum
𝟐𝒎𝒆 e
(angular momentum associated with the
electron revolving around the nucleus)
𝝁∝𝑳
 Electron Magnetic Moment
Conclusion: orbital angular momentum
𝝁∝𝑳 is associated with magnetic moment
Intrinsic Charge
+ When ever a charged particle has an
Angular Momentum angular momentum, then that particle will
have a magnetic moment associated with it
Magnetic Moment

Obtained using the classical picture of electron revolving around a nucleus

The quantum mechanical expression which gives an idea of the quantum

mechanical equivalent of the magnetic moment of quantum particles also
has similar expression with some correction involved

Along with orbital angular momentum,

an electron also has Spin angular momentum, 𝑺 e
which is associated with the intrinsic property
of an electron.
 Electron Magnetic Moment
The spin angular momentum will also create a magnetic moment

Spin magnetic moment Orbital magnetic moment

𝒆 𝒆 𝒈: g-factor
𝝁𝒔 = 𝒈 𝒔 𝑺 𝝁𝒍 = 𝒈 𝒍 𝑳
𝟐𝒎𝒆 𝒈𝒔 = 𝟐 𝟐𝒎𝒆 𝒈𝒍 = 𝟏

𝒆ℏ 𝑺 𝒆ℏ 𝑳
𝝁𝒔 = 𝒈 𝒔 𝝁𝒍 = 𝒈 𝒍
𝟐𝒎𝒆 ℏ 𝟐𝒎𝒆 ℏ

𝑺 𝑳 𝝁 = 𝝁𝒍 + 𝝁𝒔
𝝁𝒔 = 𝒈 𝒔 𝝁𝑩 𝝁 𝒍 = 𝒈 𝒍 𝝁𝑩
ℏ ℏ

𝒆ℏ e
𝟓
𝝁𝑩 = 𝝁𝑩 = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎 𝒆𝑽/𝑻
𝟐𝒎𝒆
 Nuclear Magnetic Moment
Orbital magnetic moment of neutron and proton
In a similar fashion like for electron, we can also represent the magnetic
moments of nuclear particles like neutrons and protons

𝑺 𝑳 𝒈𝒍 = 𝟏 for proton
𝝁𝒔 = 𝒈𝒔 𝝁𝑵 𝝁𝒍 = 𝒈𝒍 𝝁𝑵 𝒈𝒍 = 𝟎 for neutron
ℏ ℏ

𝟖
𝒆ℏ 𝝁𝑵 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 𝒆𝑽/𝑻
𝝁𝑵 =
𝟐𝒎𝒑 Under most
𝝁𝑵 ≪ 𝝁 𝑩 circumstances,
atomic magnetism
𝒆ℏ 𝟓 has much larger
𝝁𝑩 = 𝝁𝑩 = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎 𝒆𝑽/𝑻
𝟐𝒎𝒆 effects that nuclear
magnetism
 Nuclear Magnetic Moment
Spin magnetic moment of neutron and proton
Magnetic moment of a proton/neutron in ℏ
the direction of an external magnetic field 𝑺𝒛 = ±
𝟐
𝑺 𝝁𝑵 𝝁𝑵
𝝁𝒑 = 𝒈𝒔 𝝁𝑵 𝝁𝒑 = 𝒈𝒔𝒑 𝑺 = ±𝒈𝒔𝒑 = +𝟐. 𝟕𝟗𝟑 𝝁𝑵
ℏ 𝒛 ℏ 𝒑𝒛 𝟐
𝒈𝒔𝒑 = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟏𝟐(𝟐𝟐)
𝑺 𝝁𝑵 𝝁𝑵
𝝁𝒏 = 𝒈𝒔 𝝁𝑵 𝝁𝒏 𝒛 = 𝒈𝒔𝒏 𝑺𝒏𝒛 = ±𝒈𝒔𝒏 = −𝟏. 𝟗𝟏𝟑 𝝁𝑵
ℏ ℏ 𝟐
𝒈𝒔𝒏 = −𝟑. 𝟖𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟕(𝟏𝟖)
 𝝁𝒑 of proton is different from 1 𝝁𝑵
𝒛
 Proton has a non-uniform charge distribution
 𝝁𝒏 𝒛 of neutron is non-zero
 Neutron has a non-uniform charge distribution
𝑺 𝑺
 The direction of the neutron magnetic moment is proton neutron
opposite to that of its intrinsic spin angular +1e 0e 𝝁𝒑
momentum vector p n
u-quark: + 𝟐⁄𝟑 𝒆
neutrons and protons are not elementary particles d-quark: − 𝟏⁄𝟑 𝒆
internal structure: they have charges. 𝝁𝒏
 Nuclear Magnetic Moment
Spin magnetic moment of neutron and proton
Magnetic moment of a proton/neutron in ℏ
the direction of an external magnetic field 𝑺𝒛 = ±
𝟐
𝑺 𝝁𝑵 𝝁𝑵
𝝁𝒑 = 𝒈𝒔 𝝁𝑵 𝝁𝒑 = 𝒈𝒔𝒑 𝑺 = ±𝒈𝒔𝒑 = ±𝟐. 𝟕𝟗𝟑 𝝁𝑵
ℏ 𝒛 ℏ 𝒑𝒛 𝟐
𝒈𝒔𝒑 = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟏𝟐(𝟐𝟐)
𝑺 𝝁𝑵 𝝁𝑵
𝝁𝒏 = 𝒈𝒔 𝝁𝑵 𝝁𝒏 𝒛 = 𝒈𝒔𝒏 𝑺𝒏𝒛 = ±𝒈𝒔𝒏 = ∓𝟏. 𝟗𝟏𝟑 𝝁𝑵
ℏ ℏ 𝟐
𝒈𝒔𝒏 = −𝟑. 𝟖𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟕(𝟏𝟖)
 When neutrons /protons/electrons are subjected
to an external magnetic field, they cannot orient
themselves in any direction w.r.t. the field. 𝑺𝒛
 Their directions are quantized given by the 𝑺𝒛
𝟏 𝑺 𝑺
quantization rule 𝟐
ℏ
𝝁𝒑
 The energy corresponding to the the two 𝟏
directions/states are different − ℏ
𝟐 p n
 Splitting of the energy levels 𝝁𝒏
 Nuclear Magnetic Moment
Spin magnetic moment of neutron and proton
Let us consider the Zeeman splitting of a nuclear level ℏ
𝑺𝒛 = ±
of energy 𝑬𝟎 when a magnetic field B is applied. 𝟐
Magnetic energy
𝑬𝒎 = −𝝁 𝑩 = −𝝁𝑩 cos 𝜽 = −𝝁𝒛 𝑩
For proton, 𝝁𝑵 ℏ
𝑬𝒎 = − 𝒈𝒔𝒑 𝑩 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑺𝒛 = +
𝑬𝒎 = − 𝝁𝒑 𝑩 𝟐 𝟐
𝒛
𝝁𝑵 ℏ
𝝁𝑵 𝝁𝑵 𝑬𝒎 = + 𝒈𝒔𝒑 𝑩 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑺𝒛 = −
𝝁𝒑 = 𝒈𝒔𝒑 𝑺𝒑𝒛 = ±𝒈𝒔𝒑 𝟐 𝟐
𝒛 ℏ 𝟐

𝒎𝒔 = −𝟏/𝟐 𝝁𝑵
𝑬𝟎 + 𝒈𝒔𝒑 𝑩
𝟐
𝐸

𝝁𝑵
𝑬𝟎 − 𝒈𝒔𝒑 𝑩
𝒎𝒔 = +𝟏/𝟐 𝟐
 Nuclear Magnetic Moment
Total magnetic moment
𝝁𝒑 𝒏 = 𝝁 𝒍 + 𝝁𝒔 𝒑 + 𝝁𝒔 𝒏
𝝁𝑵 𝝁𝑵 𝝁𝑵
𝝁𝒛 = 𝒈𝒍 𝑳𝒛 + 𝒈𝒔𝒑 𝑺𝒑𝒛 + 𝒈𝒔𝒏 𝑺 𝒏𝒛
ℏ ℏ ℏ

𝝁𝑵 𝝁𝑵
𝝁𝒛 = 𝒈𝒍 𝑳𝒛 + 𝒈𝒔𝒑 𝑺𝒑𝒛 + 𝒈𝒔𝒏 𝑺𝒏𝒛
ℏ ℏ

𝝁𝒏𝒖𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒖𝒔 = 𝝁𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍 + 𝝁𝒔𝒑𝒊𝒏

𝒁 𝒁 𝑨
𝝁𝑵 𝝁𝑵
𝝁𝒛 = 𝒈𝒍 𝑳𝒛𝒌 + 𝒈𝒔𝒑 𝑺𝒑𝒛 + 𝒈𝒔𝒏 𝑺 𝒏𝒛
ℏ ℏ
𝒌 𝟏 𝒌 𝟏 𝒌 𝒁

 In nuclei, the pairing force favors the coupling of nucleons so that their
orbital angular momentum and spin angular momentum each add to zero
 Paired nucleons do not contribute to the magnetic moment
 We need to only consider a few valence nucleon
 Electric Quadrupole Moment
If we have a charge Quadrupole moment of this charge distribution
distribution in some volume
𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙
𝑸𝒊𝒋 = 𝟑𝒙𝒊 𝒙𝒋 − 𝒓𝟐 𝜹𝒊𝒋 𝝆 𝒓 𝒅𝒗
𝒙𝟐 = 𝒚
𝒅𝒗 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒛
𝝆 𝒓
𝒓 𝑸𝒙𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝒓𝟐 𝝆 𝒓 𝒅𝒗

𝑸𝒙𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙𝒚 𝝆 𝒓 𝒅𝒗
𝛒 𝐫⃗ 𝐝𝐯: charge
…………
contained in volume 𝐝𝐯
In experiment, we measure 𝑸𝒛𝒛
𝐝𝐯 is constructed at the
point given by 𝑸𝒛𝒛 = 𝟑𝒛𝟐 − 𝒓𝟐 𝝆 𝒓 𝒅𝒗
coordinates (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)

If charge distribution is spherically symm.

𝑸𝒛𝒛 = 𝟎
 Electric Quadrupole Moment
For a deformed nucleus, The charge density at a point
𝒓 = 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 is given by 𝒁𝝆 𝒓

𝑸=𝒁 𝟑𝒛𝟐 − 𝒓𝟐 𝝆 𝒓 𝒅𝟑 𝒓
For a spr. symm. 𝝆 𝒓 , the 𝑸 is zero
=𝒁 𝒓𝟐 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟏 𝝆 𝒓 𝒅𝟑 𝒓
For a prolate nucleus, 𝑸 is positive
For an oblate nucleus, 𝑸 is negative
𝑸 has dimension of area and is given
in 𝒎𝟐 or 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒏𝒔 𝟏𝒃 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟖 𝒎𝟐
𝒅𝒗
𝝆 𝒓
Quadrupole moment measurements are useful for
𝒓
 Understanding of nuclear forces
 Determination of nuclear deformation

𝟒 𝟐 𝟏
𝑸= 𝒁𝑹𝟎 𝜹 𝟏 + 𝜹 + ⋯
𝟓 𝟐 𝜹: deformation parameter
 Nuclear Magnetic Moment
Exercise

𝝁𝒔(𝒑 𝒏) = 𝝁𝒔𝒑 + 𝝁𝒔𝒏 𝒈𝒔𝒑 = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟏𝟐

𝝁𝑵 𝝁𝑵 𝒈𝒔𝒏 = −𝟑. 𝟖𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟕
𝝁𝒔 = 𝒈𝒔𝒑 𝑺𝒑𝒛 + 𝒈𝒔𝒏 𝑺𝒏 𝒛
ℏ ℏ

Calculate the spin magnetic moment for Deuteron