THE PRACTICE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY CHAPTER

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the Client-Civil Engineer relationships.
2. Identify the criteria/factors in selecting a civil engineer for a particular project.
3. Discuss the classifications of Civil Engineering services.

2.1 Introduction

Civil Engineers hold a vital role in society, one that extends beyond technical competence to
encompass ethical responsibility, public trust, and professional integrity. The practice of Civil
Engineering is grounded in the expectation that engineers will be entrusted with a wide array
of duties—ranging from studying, conceptualizing, and designing to supervising construction
and contributing to the operational planning and maintenance of infrastructure. As projects
evolve, engineers may also be called upon to undertake additional responsibilities not
foreseen at the outset.

The impact of a Civil Engineer’s work extends to the health, safety, comfort, and overall well-
being of the public who use the facilities they design. Moreover, the long-term cost-efficiency
and sustainability of these facilities are closely tied to how diligently engineers uphold their
contractual and professional obligations. In this context, the Civil Engineer acts not only as a
technical expert but also as a trustee of the public interest, while simultaneously safeguarding
the legitimate concerns of private clients.

To meet these responsibilities, engineers must practice with honesty, mutual respect, and
clear communication. Trust is cultivated through transparency and shared understanding
between the engineer and the client. A foundation of integrity and open dialogue is essential
in establishing a productive professional relationship and ensuring project success.

Civil Engineers are expected to maintain a high standard of professional conduct, serving
faithfully as agents of their clients or employers. This duty is not merely ethical but is also
formally anchored in the Fundamental Canons of Ethics, which govern the professional
behavior outlined in this manual.

Integral to ethical engineering practice is the protection of the environment. Engineers must
take into account the ecological implications of their work and ensure that their decisions
promote sustainable development. Environmental stewardship is not an optional
consideration but a core obligation within every engineering engagement.

Ultimately, Civil Engineers must consistently strive to uphold the highest standards of ethical
and professional conduct in all facets of their work. This responsibility extends across a wide
range of interactions—whether dealing with clients who depend on their expertise and
integrity; collaborating with colleagues and employees in a spirit of respect, transparency, and
teamwork; engaging with competitors in a fair and principled manner; or serving the public
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whose safety, welfare, and quality of life are directly influenced by their engineering decisions.
Upholding ethical standards involves more than just compliance with laws and codes, it
requires a deep personal commitment to honesty, accountability, environmental stewardship,
and social responsibility. Civil Engineers are entrusted with the design and development of
infrastructure that forms the backbone of society, from transportation networks and water
systems to buildings and public spaces. It is through their unwavering dedication to excellence,
safety, and ethical integrity that the profession maintains public trust and fulfills its vital role
in shaping a resilient, functional, and sustainable built environment for present and future
generations.

2.2 PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY

The standard of practice is for Civil Engineers to be given responsibility for studying,
conceiving, designing, observing construction, and assisting in the programming for operating
and maintaining engineering works. Other services that are unforeseen initially may be
required of the Civil Engineer during the evolution of a project. The health, safety, well-being,
and comfort of the public in using a facility, and the ultimate facility cost, all depend to a
considerable extent on how well members of the project team fulfill their professional and
contractual responsibilities. The Civil Engineer, therefore, has obligations as a trustee to the
public interest as well as to the private interests of clients. Successfully fulfilling these
responsibilities requires candor, mutual trust, and effective communication and
understanding between the Civil Engineer and the client. Only in this way can a professional
relationship be established and a successful project implemented.

Civil Engineers shall conduct themselves in a highly Professional manner and serve as faithful
Trustees or agents of their clients or employers.
Civil Engineers are therefore bound by the Fundamental Canons of Ethics contained in this
manual.
Care and protection of the environment is paramount in the Civil Engineer's work
engagement.
Civil Engineers must always strive to maintain the highest standard of Ethical Professional
Practice in their dealing with Client employers, employees, competitors and the community.

2.3 CLIENT-CIVIL ENGINEER RELATIONSHIPS

Many engineering works are conceived, designed, and constructed through the efforts of CEs
employed in governmental agencies or in industry. Other engineering projects come to
fruition through the efforts of Civil engineering firms engaged for a specific project or program
by public agencies or private clients.

Many public and private entities, of necessity, rely on CE’s as their employees. Independent
civil engineering firms are also relied upon to accomplish projects that require special
expertise beyond the normal capabilities of the client.

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More recently, clients have been utilizing new concepts, such as program management and
design-build, to implement projects.

2.3.1 OBLIGATIONS OF THE CIVIL ENGINEER

The Obligations of the Civil Engineer include:

1. The Civil Engineer shall perform the Scope of Services as stated in 2.4 (Chapter 3-PICE
Manual).
2. The Civil Engineer shall exercise reasonable skill, care, and diligence in the
performance of his obligations.
3. The Civil Engineer shall act independently and, as required by the contract, perform
with the necessary skills and professional judgement, when required to certify, decide
or exercise discretion between the Client and a Third party with whom the Client has
a contract.
4. The Civil Engineer is authorized to act as the Client's faithful agent when required but
only as implied in 2.4 (Chapter 3-PICE Manual) or implied in the contract adopted for
the Project.
5. When aware of any matters which will change or have changed the scope of the
services, the Civil Engineer shall give written notice to the Client containing particulars
of such change.
6. For specified staged services, the CE shall not initiate or proceed with any subsequent
stage of the services without approval of the client.
7. When required, the CE shall direct and co-operate with all other professionals and
integrate their work where applicable into that being undertaken by the CE and other
professionals, but shall not be professionally liable for their work.
8. The CE may recommend specialist suppliers and/or contractors to design and execute
certain parts of the works, in which case the CE shall coordinate the design of such
part or parts with the overall design of the works but he shall be relieved of all
responsibility of any such part or parts of the works.
The CE shall not be liable for acts of negligence, default or omission by such person or
persons.
9. The CE shall notify the client of any interest the CE has that may significantly conflict
with the interest of the client under their contract.

2.3.2 OBLIGATIONS OF THE CLIENT

The Client has the following obligations.

1. The Client shall pay the Civil Engineer for his Services, the amount of fees and expenses
set out in or determined in their Agreement.
2. The Client shall provide the Civil Engineer within a reasonable time (that does not
result in delay to the provision of the Services), all information required by the Civil

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 Engineer in the performance of his services and a decision in writing on all matters
properly referred to the Client in writing.
3. The Client shall cooperate with the Civil Engineer and shall not interfere with or
obstruct the proper performance of the Services.
4. The Client shall, as soon as practicable, make arrangements to enable the Civil
Engineer to enter the site and inspect facilities needed in the performance of his
services.
5. The Client shall arrange for the provision of services from other professionals or
others as may be required and bear all costs.
6. When the Civil Engineer is required to administer the work of other professionals or
other third parties who are directly contracted by the Client or when the Civil
Engineer is required to act as Engineer-to-the-Contract for any contract on behalf of
the Client then all instructions by the Client shall be given through the Civil Engineer.
7. When aware of any matter which will change or has changed the scope of the Civil
Engineer's Services, the Client shall notify in writing within 7 days the Civil Engineer
containing, as far as is practicable, the particulars of the change.

2.3.3 LIABILITY OF THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND THE CLIENT

The Civil Engineer shall only be liable to pay damages to the Client arising out of or in
connection with their Agreement if a breach of duty of care is established against the Civil
Engineer.

The Client shall only be liable to pay damages to the Civil Engineer if a breach of the Client’s
duty to the Civil Engineer is established against the Client.
Resolution of any conflict arising from the Agreement between the Civil Engineer and the
client shall be done by giving preference to the process of arbitration.

Establishment of the breach of duty on the part of the Civil Engineer and that of the breach
of the Client’s duty to the Civil Engineer shall be undertaken by a third-party arbitrator
mutually acceptable to the Client and the Civil Engineer.

2.3.3 a. Limitation on Civil Engineer’s Responsibility

1. The Civil Engineer shall have no responsibility or liability for costs, loss or damage of
whatsoever nature arising from any errors in or omission from data, documents, plans,
design or specifications not prepared by the Civil Engineer or other personnel under the
direct control of the Civil Engineer, and arising from any act or omission or lack of
performance or any negligent or fraudulent act or omission by the Client or any Other
Consultant, Contractor or supplier to the Client or any employee or agent of the Client,
Other Consultants, Contractors or suppliers.

2. Notwithstanding any recommendation or lack of recommendation made by the Civil

Engineer to the Client, the Civil Engineer shall not be held to have made any warranty or
promise as to the suitability, competence or performance of any Other Consultant,
Contractor, supplier, or other third party.

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3. The Civil Engineer shall not be responsible for the techniques, method, programmes,
sequences or procedures adopted by any Contractor or other third party responsible for
executing any aspects of the Project, nor for any performance on time, their failure to carry
out the work in accordance with any contract documents or for any other acts or
omissions.

2.3.3 b. Damages

If found that the Civil Engineer undertaking Services is liable to the Client, damages shall be
payable on the following terms:

1. Damages payable shall be limited to the amount of reasonably foreseeable loss and
damage suffered as a direct result of such breach;

2. The maximum amount of damages payable in respect of liability, whether under the law
of contract, or otherwise, is limited to the amount specified in the Specific Provision or, if
no such amount or provision is specified, to the lesser of P300,000 or 10% of the total
amount of damages of the portion of the work attributable to the Civil Engineer's breach
of duty or twenty five percent of the total of fees payable under their Agreement;

3. If found to be liable, in circumstances where the acts or omissions of a third party have
contributed to the loss or damage, the proportion of damages payable by the party found
liable shall be limited to that proportion which is attributable to that party’s breach of
duty, whether the claims are made under contract or otherwise.

2.3.4 SUSPENSION OR TERMINATION OF SERVICES

If circumstances arise for which the Civil Engineer is not responsible and which make it
impractical or impossible for the Civil Engineer to perform in whole or in part the Services in
accordance with their Agreement then the Civil Engineer shall promptly notify the Client of
the same.

If by reason of the abovementioned circumstances certain Services had been suspended, the
time for their completion shall be extended by the extent of the delay plus a reasonable period
for their resumption, or if the speed of performing certain Services has to be reduced, the
time for their completion shall be extended as is necessary by reason of the circumstances.

The Client may suspend all or part of the Services or terminate the Agreement by written
notice of not less than 30 days to the Civil Engineer who shall immediately make arrangements
to stop the Services and minimize further expenditure.

The Civil Engineer by written notice of no less than 30 days may terminate the Agreement or
at his and or her discretion without prejudice to the right to terminate, suspend the
performance of the whole or part of the Services under the following conditions:

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1. When 30 days after the due date or payment of any account the Civil Engineer has not
received payment of that part of it which has not by that time been contested in writing,
or

2. When Services have been suspended for a period exceeding 6 calendar months, or if it is
clear to the Civil Engineer that it will be impossible or impractical to resume the suspended
Services before the period of suspension has exceeded six months.

When the Services are suspended or terminated, the Civil Engineer shall be entitled to
payment for the Services carried out, including consequential costs, expenses, and disruption
fees incurred as a result of the suspension or termination, and remobilization fees on
resumption. Suspension or termination of the Agreement shall not prejudice or affect accrued
rights or claims and liabilities of the parties.

2.3.5 SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES

If a dispute arises between the parties, the concerned party must provide written notice to
the other party outlining the details of the dispute and requesting resolution through
conciliation. If the dispute is not settled through conciliation within the specified time, it shall
then be referred to arbitration. The arbitration shall be conducted by a neutral third party
agreed upon by both parties. The cost of arbitration shall be shared equally, unless otherwise
determined by the arbitrator.

2.3.6 OWNERSHIP OF DATA, DESIGNS, AND DOCUMENTS

The design analyses, drawings, specifications, and all reproductions thereof are considered
instruments of service owned by the Professional Engineer and shall be used solely for the
specific project covered by the agreement between the Client and the Engineer. In accordance
with Republic Act No. 8293, otherwise known as the Intellectual Property Code of the
Philippines, these works are protected as intellectual creations and proprietary outputs of the
professional. The law safeguards original works of authorship, including technical drawings,
plans, and design specifications, thereby prohibiting their unauthorized use, alteration, or
reproduction without the express written consent of the Professional Engineer. This provision
is also consistent with the ethical standards set forth in Republic Act No. 544, as amended,
known as the Civil Engineering Law, and is reinforced in CIAP Document 102, which affirms
that such documents remain the intellectual and legal property of the Engineer, even when
submitted to the Client, unless otherwise agreed upon in writing.

2.4 CIVIL ENGINEERING SERVICES.

Civil Engineers and civil engineering firms, whether they serve public or private employers
(clients) can provide a variety of important services. Typical services may include:

• Design, consultations and advice

• Feasibility studies
• Field investigations and engineering data collection

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 • Environmental assessments, impact statements or Engineering reports
• Opinions of probable construction cost
• Preliminary and final designs, drawings, specifications and construction bidding
documents
• Assistance in securing construction bids and in awarding contracts
• Construction administration and observation
• Arrangements for or performance of testing of materials and equipment
• Assistance in start-up, assessment of capacity, and operation of facilities
• Preparation of operation and maintenance manuals
• Appraisals and rate studies
• Value engineering
• Expert testimony
• Assessment of risks
• Structural remediation or rehabilitation
• Project Management and controls
• Provision of supplemental temporary staff
• Teaching

Civil Engineers may also serve as construction managers or program managers and may
employ other subconsultants and subcontractors as part of their services.

Many Civil Engineers and civil engineering firms specialize in specific areas of engineering,
such as: structural and foundation, geotechnical and environmental, water resources and
hydraulics, transportation, and construction management and engineering. Professional Civil
Engineering firms draw upon the combined various disciplines such as economists, planners,
land designers, estimators, architects, scientists, analysts, specification writers, drafters, field
surveyors, and others.

The expertise of these specialists in other fields, particularly as the use of computer-aided
design and drafting increases, is involved. Civil Engineers are employed by these firms to assist
them in the performance of their respective roles.

The Civil Engineer provides services which may result in the client's use of financial resources
for construction of a proposed facility. The suitability of the constructed project for the client
must often be accepted at face value by the client, who is unfamiliar with the technical and
civil engineering aspects of the project. Thus, civil engineering services must be performed in
a competent and efficient manner, on a highly professional and ethical plane, and in an
atmosphere of mutual respect and trust. Project implementation has become increasingly
complex, involving environmental, regulatory, technical and managerial issues. As a result,
clients have opted to pursue a broader management process. One such approach is
commonly known as program management. The client retains a program manager who
manages tasks necessary to the development or completion of a specific project.
Alternatively, the client may engage the program manager to develop, define and oversee the
project, prepare budgetary estimates of program costs, prepare schedules, evaluate and
select members of the program design and/or construction staff. In essence, in most of the
cases, the program manager's staff would act as an extension of the client, the client
continuing to be the contracting agent with the members of the program team and the

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contractors hired to complete the project. The Program Manager is generally a Civil Engineer.
This role requires not only technical competence, but also leadership, communication, and
decision-making skills, especially in coordinating multidisciplinary teams. In fulfilling this
function, the Civil Engineer serves as a trusted advisor who ensures that the project aligns
with the client’s vision, regulatory requirements, and long-term objectives.

2.5 SPECIALIZATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Within the practice of civil engineering, the PICE recognizes the initial five areas of
specialization. A Civil Engineer who has demonstrated his knowledge, experience, education
and training in accordance with the requirements of the concerned Specialty Committee of
the PICE is awarded a certificate of specialization by PICE. Those awarded with the certificates
are considered qualified for positions in the respective areas of specialization.

The Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE) formally recognizes distinct areas of
specialization within the broad discipline of civil engineering, acknowledging the need for
focused expertise in response to the increasingly complex demands of modern infrastructure
development. These specializations include structural engineering, which deals with the
analysis and design of buildings, bridges, and other structures to ensure safety and stability;
geotechnical engineering, which focuses on soil behavior and foundation systems essential
for supporting structures; water engineering, which encompasses the planning, development,
and management of water resources, including supply, distribution, and flood control
systems; transportation engineering, which addresses the efficient movement of people and
goods through the design and maintenance of roadways, railways, airports, and transit
systems; and construction management and engineering, which involves the planning,
coordination, and oversight of construction activities to ensure projects are completed on
time, within budget, and to specified quality standards.

2.6 SELECTION OF A CIVIL ENGINEER

The engagement of a Civil Engineer is one of the most important decisions to be made during
the development of an engineering project. The accomplishment of the client’s objectives and
commitment of financial resources, soundness of design, and success of the proposed project
for its intended function, depend largely on the Civil Engineer’s ability, integrity, and
judgment as a Civil Engineer. The Civil Engineer’s recommendations based on these factors
affect significant costs, and thereby influence the economic feasibility of the undertaking.

Qualifications, experience, reputation, and quality of client service are important criteria in
the selection of a Civil Engineer or consultant. Selection based primarily on cost of services,
with no consideration of the competence or expertise of the consultant, can result in
unsatisfactory service to the client and in higher overall project costs. The Civil Engineer’s
competence in similar work, performance on other projects of similar nature,
interrelationships with the design team members, personnel qualifications, track record of
independent assessments and procedures, and other annual charges and the resulting life-
cycle costs to the project. Importantly, the client should recognize that selection of a Civil
Engineer based only on cost expertise is somewhat inadvisable. It is imperative that clients
assign their individuals who are best suited within their organizations to make this vital
choice.

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Once a Civil Engineer is selected, detailed discussions between the engineer and client to
define the scope and expectations of the engineering services to be provided, are essential
before agreements are set for services. A clearly defined scope of work greatly reduces the
potential for misunderstandings or confusion which can later evolve into disputes and claims
for additional compensation. A detailed scope of services protects the interests of both the
client and the consultants.

The Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers supports procedures such as those specified by CIAP
Documents 101 and 102, Executive Order 164, and PD 1594 as amended. In applying these
procedures in selection, procurement and administration, engineering services should be the
responsibility of the owner or the owner’s engineering staff.

2.7 PRIME PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

The guidelines in this manual refer specifically to the engagement of engineering services
where the consulting Civil Engineers serve the client directly as a prime professional, and
where the client is usually also the owner of the project. Some information in this manual is
also applicable when the Civil Engineer serves the client indirectly as a sub-consultant through
another engineer or architect who serves as the prime professional. These services may also
be performed through another entity on a design-build construction management, or turnkey
project.

2.8 EMPLOYMENT
The guidelines in this manual also refer to Civil Engineers employed by professional consulting
firms, government agencies, educational institutions, construction firms, manufacturing and
maintenance entities and other entities.

2.9 DESIGN COMPETITION

Design competition is a process through which a Civil Engineer is selected above other
competitors based on proposal or an innovative approach to solving a client’s needs.
Competitions are normally shortlisted from a number of engineers responding to a client’s
solicitation. In many cases, a client may announce a competition through a newspaper or
other form of publication. The civil engineer; selected would be awarded a stipend to partake
in the competition.

2.10 CONTINGENCY BASIS OF EMPLOYMENT

Canon 5c of the PICE Code or Ethics provides that “Engineers may suggest, propose or accept
professional commissions on a contingency basis only under circumstances in which their
professional judgments would not be compromised.” Although contingent commissions are
permissible, it is the general view of PICE that it is not in the best interest of the client or the
public for the Civil Engineer to provide professional services on a contingency basis.

2.11 PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE OF FOREIGN CIVIL ENGINEERS

Foreign Civil Engineers are allowed by law (See RA 8981) to practice civil engineering in the
Philippines under the following instances:
1. The laws of the foreigner’s state or country allow the citizens of the Philippines to practice
civil engineering on the same basis and with the same privileges as those enjoyed by the
subjects or citizens of such foreign state or country.
2. Allowed under international agreement.
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3. Consultants to be engaged in foreign-funded, joint venture or foreign-assisted projects of
the government.
4. Employees of Philippine or foreign private institutions pursuant to law.
5. Civil Engineers who were former citizens of the Philippines, who had been registered and
issued a certificate of registration and a professional license prior to their naturalization as
foreign citizens, and who, while in the country on a visit, sojourn or permanent residence,
desire to practice their profession.

The application of this law is however not automatic. Foreign civil engineers must still secure
a certificate of registration/license or a special permit from the Professional Regulation
Commission. Agencies, organizations or individuals, whether public or private who secure the
services of a foreign Civil Engineer, are made responsible by law (R.A. 8981) for securing a
special permit from the PRC and the Department of Labor and Employment pursuant to their
respective rules.

2.12 CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINEERING SERVICES

2.12.1 GENERAL

The needs for professional civil engineering services vary, and the civil engineering firms that
meet these needs vary in organizational structure, size, and capability. Many civil engineering
firms provide comprehensive services to the client, while other firms specialize in areas of
engineering, such as geotechnical or structural, and transportation, water, and construction
management, and provide their services to a prime engineer, architect, or owner. Few civil
engineering firms are qualified to provide complete service for all projects, and the use of
associate professionals to provide specialized services is common.
Services provided by Civil Engineers can be grouped into five broad categories:
1. Consultations, research, investigations, and reports.
2. Design services for construction projects
3. Construction services
4. Special services for construction projects
5. Engineering support services
6. Academic services
7. Services as an employee
The types of infrastructure under the domain of civil engineering, pursuant to RA 544, as
amended, include:
1. Streets, bridges, highways, and railroads
2. Airports and hangars
3. Portworks, canals, river and shore improvements, light houses, and dry docks
4. Buildings
4. Fixed structures for irrigation, flood protection, drainage, water supply, and sewerage
works.
5. Tunnels
The coverage of civil engineering has not been changed nor diminished by subsequent laws.

2.12.2 CONSULTATIONS, RESEARCH, INVESTIGATIONS, AND REPORTS

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These services deal primarily with collecting, interpreting, and reporting information,
together with formulating conclusions and making recommendations. Typical services in this
category are:

[Link] Preliminary and Feasibility Investigations and Reports

These services usually precede the authorization of a capital project and may involve
extensive investigations, analyses of alternatives, and comparison of several possible plans.
These services may include the impact of a project upon the environment, sustainable
development, operating costs, life-cycle costs, financing considerations, and expected
revenues as bases for conclusions and recommendations regarding the advisability of
undertaking a project.

[Link] Planning Studies

These services may include the broad areas of developing the engineering requirements of
master plans for long-range capital improvement programs; preparation of preliminary
engineering of land development plans, urban plans, and regional plans; and the investigation
of environmental conditions and development of environmental impact studies with
subsequent engineering planning to improve or maintain existing conditions. Such planning
often requires coordination of the work of many engineering and other disciplines.

[Link] Appraisals, Valuations and Rate Studies

These services may include investigations and analyses of existing conditions; capital and
operating costs; overhead costs and other costs of financing; and revenues needed to
evaluate a project or to recommend establishment of prospective rates.

[Link] Assistance in Financial Matters

The Civil Engineer may be engaged by a client who is planning to issue bonds, particularly
revenue bonds, to finance a capital project. The scope of services may include an evaluation
of capabilities of the existing or proposed facilities to meet expected future needs, statements
of probable construction costs, and an estimate of future maintenance requirements, with a
determination of appropriate rates to provide this income.

[Link] Materials Engineering and Equipment Tests

These services include tests of materials and equipment under established codes and
standards, specialized examination of equipment and materials used in construction and
industry, and other inspections and monitoring required by a client.

[Link] Direct Personal Services

This includes services such as assistance in preparation for legal proceedings. Appearances
before courts or commissions to render expert opinions and conclusions and investigations
of technical matters where specialized civil engineering knowledge, experience, and
judgment is required.

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[Link] Research and Development

Specialized investigation and gathering of data from existing resources or through laboratory
works and processes related to the purpose and object of the research may cover the
following:
1. Development of new construction materials and methods from the concept of
commercialization.
2. Improvement of construction materials and methods through exhaustive studies to reduce
total construction cost and, at the same time, improve quality.

[Link] Special services

In the evolving landscape of infrastructure development, Special Services in Civil Engineering

go beyond the conventional scope of basic design and supervision. These services involve
highly specialized knowledge, technical expertise, and interdisciplinary collaboration tailored
to the unique needs of complex projects.

Special Services may include, but are not limited to, feasibility studies, project management,
environmental impact assessments, forensic engineering, value engineering, arbitration and
expert witness services, risk analysis, geotechnical investigations, and technical audits. They
are often required for large-scale, high-risk, or innovative projects that demand deeper
insight, customized solutions, and advanced methodologies.

These services are typically rendered by Civil Engineers with advanced training, certification,
or extensive experience in specific areas. Their role is critical in ensuring not only the technical
soundness of a project but also its economic viability, sustainability, regulatory compliance,
and long-term performance.

In essence, Special Services in Civil Engineering elevate the profession’s impact, offering clients
value-added solutions and enabling projects to meet modern-day demands for efficiency,
resilience, and safety.

These services can vary to suit special needs of the client and can include such diverse
activities as:

1. Value Engineering
2. Appraisal and valuation
3. Load testing
4. Environmental evaluations
5. Traffic engineering
6. Forensic engineering for structural and other failures
7. Operational assistance
8. Material process design
9. Pilot studies
10. Computer modeling
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11. Safety engineering
12. Topographic and hydrographic survey
13. Toxic and hazardous waste evaluation
14. Permit and application services
15. Sales and marketing services
16. Expert witness
17. Representation of municipal or private entities in projects proposed for privatization

As infrastructure systems become more integrated with smart technologies, climate resilience
standards, and global sustainability goals, the demand for Special Services continues to rise.
Civil Engineers providing these services must remain up-to-date with the latest codes,
emerging technologies, and sectoral policies, including those related to environmental
protection, disaster risk reduction, and digital transformation.

Moreover, these services often involve multidisciplinary coordination and must be executed
within tight regulatory frameworks and stakeholder expectations. For example, a forensic
engineering investigation may require collaboration with legal professionals and insurers,
while environmental evaluations necessitate alignment with national laws like the Philippine
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System under Presidential Decree No. 1586.

Contractually, the inclusion of Special Services may require separate scopes, timelines, and
compensation arrangements, as outlined in consultancy contracts such as those governed by
CIAP Document 102 or Government Procurement Reform Act (RA 9184) for public projects.
Their documentation and execution should be clear, defensible, and aligned with the
standards of professional responsibility and ethics as mandated by RA 544 and the Code of
Professional Ethics for Civil Engineers.

Ultimately, Special Services represent the profession’s adaptive capacity to address complex
and non-routine challenges, strengthening the engineer’s role as a strategic advisor, technical
expert, and public steward in the planning and execution of projects that shape the nation’s
built environment.

2.13 DESIGN SERVICES FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

Civil engineering services are required for each of six typical phases of a construction project.
All services are preferably furnished by the same Civil Engineer for consistency and efficiency,
although at times services in various phases are furnished by different engineers or by the
client. The services are supplemented by special services which may be provided by the client,
a specialized engineer, or another Civil Engineer.
The six standard phases of a construction project and the engineering services needed for
each are:
1. Study and Report Phase. Analysis of the client’s needs, conceptual design, and conceptual
opinions of probable construction cost.
2. Preliminary Design Phase. Preparation of final design criteria, preliminary drawings,
outline specifications, and preliminary opinions of probable construction cost.

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3. Final Design Phase. Preparation of design calculations, construction drawings,
specifications, estimated construction costs, and other contract documents.
4. Bidding or Negotiating Phase. Assistance to the client with the bidding or negotiating
process for the construction of the project.
5. Construction Phase. Advice and Consultation on matters related to his services.
6. Operation Phase. Assistance to the client in the start-up and operation of the project,
including periodic inspections.

2.13.1 Study and Report Phase

This phase involves the determination of project scope and the economic and technical
evaluation of feasible alternatives. The services performed during this phase may include:
1. Reviewing available data and consulting with the client to clarify and define the client’s
requirements for the project.
2. Advising the client as to the necessity of providing or obtaining from others additional data
or services and assisting the client in obtaining such data and services. These may include
topographic surveys, property surveys, utility surveys, hydrographic surveys,
photogrammetry, reconnaissance surveys, investigations and consultations, seismicity
studies, compilation of hydrological data, traffic studies, materials engineering, assembly
of zoning, deed and other restrictive land use information, and environmental
assessments and impact statements.
3. Identifying and analyzing the requirements of governmental authorities having jurisdiction
to approve the design of the project and participating in consultations with such
authorities.
4. Providing analyses of the client’s needs, planning surveys, comparative evaluations of
prospective sites, and solutions.
5. Providing a general economic analysis of the client’s requirements applicable to various
alternatives.
6. Preparing a report and presenting alternative solutions available to the client with the Civil
Engineer’s findings and recommendations. The report may contain schematic layouts,
sketches, conceptual design criteria with appropriate exhibits to indicate clearly the
considerations involved (including applicable requirements of governmental authorities
having jurisdiction) and the Civil Engineer’s conceptual opinion of probable costs of the
project.
2.13.2 Preliminary Design Phase

This phase involves the establishment of the general size and scope of the project and its
location on the selected site. The preliminary design services may include:

1. Consulting with the client, reviewing preliminary reports, clarifying and defining the
project requirements, reviewing available data, and discussing applicable scheduling.
Conferences may also be required with approving and regulatory governmental agencies
and applicable utilities.
22
2. Advising the client as to whether additional data or services of the type described under
the study and report phase above are required and assisting the client in obtaining such
data and services.
3. Preparing preliminary design documents consisting of final design criteria, preliminary
drawings, outline specifications, and written descriptions of the project.
4. Preparing revised estimates of probable total project costs.
5. Providing periodic status reports.

2.13.3 Final Design Phase

The Final Design Phase is a critical stage in the development of an engineering project. It
begins only after the client has reviewed and approved the preliminary design. This phase
involves transforming approved concepts into detailed, technical documents that will guide
actual construction.
The main objectives of this phase include the preparation of comprehensive construction
drawings and specifications, the refinement of cost estimates, and the compilation of
engineering data needed for regulatory approvals. This phase ensures that all technical,
financial, and regulatory requirements are addressed before moving to construction.
1. This phase of project development is usually undertaken only after the client has approved
the preliminary design phase material. The basic services for the final design phase may
include:
2. Preparing construction drawings and specifications showing the character and extent of
the project based on the accepted preliminary design documents.
3. Preparing and furnishing to the client a revised estimate of probable total project costs
based on the final drawings and specifications.
4. Furnishing the necessary engineering data and assisting in the application for regulatory
permits from local, or national authorities. This task is distinguished by the preparation of
detailed applications and supporting documents for government grant-aid or planning
grants that would be furnished as additional services described later in this section.
5. Preparing basic documents related to construction contracts for review and approval by
the client (and the client’s legal and other advisors). These may include contract
agreement forms, general conditions and supplementary conditions, invitations to bid,
instructions to bidders, insurance and bonding requirements, and other contract-related
documents.
6. Furnishing to the client specified number of copies of drawings, specifications and other
contract documents.
7. Providing final design and construction services for design-build contracts. The engineer
generally serves as a subcontractor to a general contractor during the initial planning and
design phases. Services provided by the engineer may extend through the construction
phase, as appropriate.
8. Providing periodic status reports.

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2.13.4 Bidding or Negotiating Phase

The Bidding or Negotiating Phase is an essential step that bridges the gap between final design
and actual construction. In this phase, the Civil Engineer assists the client in procuring
qualified contractors through a formal bidding process or direct negotiations.
Key activities during this phase involve advertising the project, issuing bid documents,
responding to bidder inquiries, and evaluating contractor qualifications. The Civil Engineer
also plays a critical role in advising the client on bid acceptability and ensuring that the bidding
or negotiation process aligns with project goals, legal standards, and ethical practices.
This phase sets the stage for successful project execution by helping the client select the most
suitable construction team. Services under this phase may include:
1. Assisting the client in advertising for and obtaining bids or negotiating proposals for each
separate prime construction contract, maintaining a record of prospective bidders to
whom bidding documents have been issued, attending pre-bid conferences, and receiving
and processing deposits for bidding documents.
2. Issuing addenda as appropriate to interpret, clarify, expand, or amend the bidding
documents.
3. Assisting the client in determining the qualifications and acceptability of prospective
contractors, subcontractors, and materials suppliers.
4. Consulting with and advising the client as to the acceptability of alternative materials and
equipment proposed by the prospective constructors when substitution prior to the award
of contracts is allowed by the bidding documents.
5. Attending the bid opening, preparing bid tabulation sheets and providing assistance to the
client in evaluating bids or proposals and in assembling and awarding contracts for
construction, materials, equipment, and services.

2.13.5 Construction Phase

Services under this phase involve consulting with and advising the client during construction
and are usually those associated with service as the client's representative. Most Civil
Engineers are not willing to assume the responsibilities associated with construction phase
services without providing resident project representative services at the site. Construction
phase services may include:

1. Reviewing, for compliance with design concepts, shop and erection drawings submitted by
the constructors.
2. Reviewing laboratory, shop, and mill test reports on materials and equipment.
3. Visiting the project site at appropriate intervals as construction proceeds to observe and
report on the progress and the quality of the executed work.
4. Providing services during construction by a full-time resident project representative, and by
supporting staff as required, to enable construction to be accomplished in conformance to the
construction drawings, specifications, and other contract documents.
5. Issuing instructions from the client to the contractors, issuing
necessary interpretations and clarifications of contract documents, preparing change orders,
requiring special inspections and testing of the work, and making recommendations as to
acceptability of the work.

24
6. Making recommendations to the client on corrective actions or contractual measures that
may be exercised by the owner.
7. Preparing sketches required to resolve problems due to actual field conditions encountered.
8. Determining amounts of progress payments due, based on degree of completion of the
work, and recommending issuance of such payments by the client.
9. Observing and assisting performance tests and initial operation of the project.
10. Preparing record drawings from information submitted by the contractor.
11. Making a final inspection and reporting on completion of the project, including
recommendations concerning final payments to contractors and release of retained
percentages.

2.13.6 Operation Phase

After construction, the Civil Engineer may as a basic service, assist in the start-up of project
operations. The Civil Engineer may be commissioned to prepare a manual for both operation
and maintenance requirements, and may also provide assistance in adjusting and balancing
equipment, identifying deficiencies and assisting in obtaining corrections, and performing
inspection prior to the end of the project warranty period. The Civil Engineer may assist in
operator training, setting up job classifications and salaries, organizing the purchase of
supplies developing charts for recording operational data, and observing and reporting on
project operations.

2.14 CONSTRUCTION SERVICES

A registered Civil Engineer may engage in construction contracting after being licensed as a
contractor by the Contractors Accreditation Board. It is considered unethical for a civil
engineer to allow his license to be used by any other construction company except his own.
A registered Civil Engineer may provide the services of a supporting technical employee as
required of a construction company. He shall however, be paid the professional fees, in
addition to his regular salary, for any design work he performs for which he signs as
professional Civil Engineer and/or engineer on
record.
A Civil Engineer may be employed as a construction engineer, resident Civil Engineer, project
engineer, quality control engineer, cost engineer or engineer inspector in a project. In
accordance with Section 23 of RA 544, only registered Civil Engineers can take charge or
supervise construction or alteration of any building or structure and any other civil
engineering works mentioned in Section 2 of the mentioned Republic Act. The Civil Engineer
when employed is similarly required to comply with the code of ethics of the profession as
the consulting. Civil Engineer.

2.15 SPECIAL SERVICES FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

Specialized services required during the various stages of a construction project—namely, the
study, design, construction, and operational phases—may encompass investigations, reports,
and activities that extend beyond the defined scope of basic engineering services. These
additional services, many of which have been previously outlined under the category of
Consultations, Investigations, and Reports, often assist clients in making informed decisions
regarding the project's feasibility, scope, and site selection.
25
Such tasks may include comprehensive research, the collection and analysis of engineering
data, and activities related to land acquisition. These responsibilities may necessitate the
involvement of professionals from other engineering disciplines or allied fields, depending on
the project's complexity.
These specialized services may either be directly undertaken by the Civil Engineer or
coordinated with other firms or sub-consultants. In such cases, the Civil Engineer, acting on
behalf of the client, may negotiate and manage the engagement of these external experts to
ensure the integration of their contributions into the overall project framework.:

1. Geotechnical engineering - including test borings, sampling, analysis, and

recommendations.
2. Special studies, tests, and process determinations to establish design criteria or
demonstrate compliance.
3. Land surveys, establishment of boundaries, and monuments. preparation of easement
descriptions, and related computations and drawings.
4. Engineering and topographic surveys for design and construction.
5. Mill, shop, or laboratory inspections of the materials and equipment.
6. Additional copies of reports, construction drawings, specifications, and other documents
as required for bidding and construction beyond the number specified in the Basic Services
agreement.
7. Extra travel and subsistence as defined by the agreement for engineering services.
8. Value engineering, including review of the work of other engineers, either within the same
organization or in other firms, to determine whether a proposed solution is optimum and,
if not, to suggest a better approach for meeting the project's functional and financial
criteria.
9. Redesign to reflect changes requested by the client or necessitated by the client's
acceptance of substitutions proposed by the contractor.
10. Assistance to the client as an expert witness in litigation in connection with the project or
in hearings before approving and regulatory agencies.
11. Final investigations involving detailed consideration of operation, maintenance, and
overhead expenses; preparation of final rate schedules, and earning and expense
statements; appraisals, valuations, and material audits or inventories required for
certification of force account construction performed by the client or for extra work done
by the contractor.
12. Preparation of detailed applications and supporting documents grants or advances for
public works projects.
13. Plotting, computing, and filing of subdivision plans, staking of lots, and other land planning
and partitioning activities.
14. Preparation of environmental assessment and impact statements and other assistance to
the client in connection with public hearings.
15. Additional studies and design efforts to meet special conditions encountered during
construction.
16. Assistance to the client in the selection and engagement of architects, other engineers,
contractors and subcontractors, and observation and approval of their services or work;
contacts with governmental agencies to obtain permits and documents; and other
services related to project development.
17. Assessment of a completed project's ability to meet its design intent relative to capacity,
maintainability, operability, or reliability.
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18. Computer simulation and modeling.

2.16 ENGINEERING SUPPORT SERVICES

The professional services described above often require engineering support services.
Geotechnical engineering, for example, frequently requires services such as taking soil and
rock borings, excavating test pits sampling and identifying soil and earth materials, field and
laboratory tests and geophysical measurements and observations. The engineering support
services in general civil engineering practice may involve drafting, land and construction
Surveying, and other data gathering activities for specialized purposes. Although persons who
are not Civil Engineers sometimes accomplish some of these tasks, the procurement of
adequate and correct data usually requires professional Civil Engineering judgment and
guidance. Since soundness of any engineering decision is dependent upon the accuracy and
suitability of data obtained in field and laboratory investigations, these supporting services
must be under the guidance of the Civil Engineer, whose decisions will be based upon that
data. These services are integral to ensuring that engineering designs are both feasible and
sustainable, particularly in projects involving infrastructure development. The Civil Engineer
must evaluate the reliability of data sources and interpret findings in the context of project
requirements, regulatory standards, and safety considerations. Without proper supervision
and integration of engineering support services, there is a heightened risk of design errors,
construction delays, and cost overruns.

2.17 ACADEMIC SERVICES

These services involve full or part-time teaching or training of prospective professionals and
also the upgrading of knowledge and skills of fellow professionals. Academic services may
include:
1. Teaching of civil engineering courses in engineering colleges/universities on part/full-time
basis. As per RA 8981, all subjects for licensure examinations shall be taught by persons
who are holders of valid certificates of registration/professional licenses and professional
identification cards, or special temporary permits, or a valid certificate of competency for
the profession issued by the Commission, and who comply with the other requirements
of the CHED.
2. Lecturing in Civil engineering courses designed by the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers
for practicing engineers who want to obtain CPD credits.
3. Conducting tutorials/refresher courses on civil engineering concepts and related subjects.
▪ Serving as a Resource Speaker in Technical Session.
4. Writing technical articles and pamphlets.

2.18 SERVICES AS EMPLOYEE

This section pertains to situations where a Civil Engineer is engaged in regular employment,
receiving wages or a salary from an employer in return for services rendered.

A Civil Engineer may be employed in a variety of roles across commercial, institutional, or

governmental organizations. When the engineer’s responsibilities involve civil engineering
functions, they are expected to adhere strictly to the Code of Ethics for Civil Engineers and to
comply with the standards and provisions outlined in this manual.
27
A licensed Civil Engineer must not permit the unauthorized use of their professional license
by their employer. If the company utilizes the engineer’s license to sign and seal plans,
specifications, or contract documents, there must be a formal agreement for professional
services, and the Civil Engineer is entitled to charge the appropriate professional fees for such
services.

When a Civil Engineer is engaged in a part-time capacity, they are regarded both as an
employee and a consultant of the firm. In such cases, the applicable standards for both
employees and individual consultants, as defined in the PICE Manual, shall apply.

Furthermore, any Civil Engineer functioning as an individual consultant to a firm, regardless

of whether the firm operates in engineering, business, administration, management, or
finance, is required to meet the same standards and comply with the guidelines established
for consulting engineers or consulting engineering firms.

Civil Engineers employed by government agencies, whether at the national or local level, are
subject to existing laws and regulations, particularly those set by the Civil Service Commission.
In instances where these laws and regulations conflict with the provisions of the PICE Manual
of Practice, the relevant government statutes shall take precedence and shall be followed
accordingly.

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 Key Points: Professional Responsibilities of Civil Engineers

1. Civil Engineers are responsible for:

• Studying, conceiving, and designing engineering works.
• Observing construction.
• Assisting in operations and maintenance programming.
• Performing unforeseen services as projects evolve.
2. Public Responsibility
• The health, safety, well-being, and comfort of the public depend significantly on:
o The professionalism of the project team.
o Fulfillment of professional and contractual duties.
3. Dual Obligations
• Civil Engineers serve two interests:
o Public interest (trustee role).
o Client’s private interest (agent role).
4. Professional Relationship
• Success requires:
o Candor (honesty).
o Mutual trust.
o Effective communication and understanding with the client.
5. Ethical Conduct
• Must act with high professionalism.
• Serve as faithful trustees or agents of clients/employers.
• Bound by the Fundamental Canons of Ethics.
6. Environmental Responsibility
• Care for the environment is a paramount duty in all engagements.
7. Ethical Standards
Civil Engineers must:
• Uphold the highest standards of ethical professional practice.
• Maintain integrity in dealings with:
o Clients/employers.
o Fellow employees.
o Competitors.
o The community.
Client-Civil Engineer Relationships
Employment Settings
1. Civil Engineers (CEs) contribute to projects:
▪ Within government agencies.
▪ In industry (corporate/private sector).
▪ Through civil engineering firms hired for specific projects.
2. Client Reliance

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▪ Public and private entities often rely on:
o In-house Civil Engineers (as employees).
o Independent Civil Engineering firms (for specialized expertise).
3. Specialized Services
• Independent firms are essential for projects requiring skills beyond the client’s in-house
capabilities.
4. Evolving Project Delivery Methods
▪ Modern clients now utilize innovative approaches, such as:
o Program Management – overseeing and coordinating all aspects of a project.
o Design-Build – integrating design and construction services under a single
contract.
5. Liability of the Civil Engineer
Civil Engineer is only liable for damages if:
A breach of duty of care is proven against them.

6. Liability of the Client

Client is only liable for damages to the Civil Engineer if:
A breach of duty to the Civil Engineer is proven against the Client.

7. Conflict Resolution
Arbitration is the preferred method for resolving disputes between the Civil Engineer and
the Client.

8. Role of the Arbitrator

Determination of any breach (by either party) must be made by a mutually acceptable
third-party arbitrator.

9. Notice of Impracticality
• If unforeseen circumstances (not caused by the Civil Engineer) make service delivery
impractical or impossible, the Civil Engineer must promptly notify the Client.
10. Extension of Time
• If services are suspended or delayed due to such circumstances:
o Completion time is extended by:
▪ The duration of the delay, plus
▪ A reasonable period for resumption.
11. Client’s Right to Suspend or Terminate
• The Client may:
o Suspend or terminate services with at least 30 days’ written notice.
o The Civil Engineer must then:
▪ Cease services immediately.
▪ Minimize further costs.
12. Civil Engineer’s Right to Suspend or Terminate
• The Civil Engineer may suspend or terminate the agreement with at least 30 days’
written notice if:
o Payment is not received within 30 days after the due date (excluding contested
amounts).

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 o Services have been suspended for more than 6 months, or it is clear they cannot
resume within that time.
13. Entitlement Upon Suspension or Termination
• Civil Engineer is entitled to:
o Payment for services already performed.
o Consequential costs and expenses.
o Disruption and remobilization fees (if services resume).
14. Preservation of Rights
• Termination or suspension does not affect:
o Accrued rights, claims, or liabilities of either party.
15. Instruments of Service
• Design analyses, drawings, specifications, and reproductions are considered
instruments of service of the Professional Engineer.
• These materials are intended for use only on the specific project covered by the
agreement between the Client and the Engineer.
16. Intellectual Property Rights
• Under Republic Act No. 8293 (Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines), these
works are recognized as intellectual creations and are protected as the proprietary
outputs of the professional.
17. Prohibition of Unauthorized Use
• The law prohibits unauthorized use, alteration, or reproduction of technical drawings
and related documents without the express written consent of the Professional
Engineer.
18. Alignment with Professional Law
• This ownership and protection principle is consistent with Republic Act No. 544, as
amended (Civil Engineering Law), which upholds the ethical and professional
responsibilities of licensed civil engineers.
19. Support from CIAP Document 102
• CIAP Document 102 reinforces this provision by affirming that design documents
remain the intellectual and legal property of the Engineer, even when submitted to the
Client, unless otherwise stipulated in writing.
20. Professional Ethics and Mutual Trust
• Respecting the Engineer’s intellectual property is part of maintaining ethical
standards, professionalism, and mutual trust in engineering practice.

Specialized Roles and Responsibilities of Civil Engineers

1. Expanded Roles

• Civil Engineers may act as:

o Construction Managers.
o Program Managers.
• They may also hire subconsultants and subcontractors to support their services.
2. Specialization Areas
Many Civil Engineers/firms focus on specialized fields, such as:

o Structural and Foundation Engineering

o Geotechnical and Environmental Engineering
o Water Resources and Hydraulics
31
 o Transportation Engineering
o Construction Management and Engineering
3. Multidisciplinary Collaboration
Professional Civil Engineering firms work with a wide range of specialists, including:

o Economists, planners, architects, land designers

o Scientists, analysts, drafters, surveyors
o Estimators, specification writers
• Increased use of computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) enhances
multidisciplinary integration.
4. Professional Responsibility
Civil Engineers guide clients in making financial decisions for facility construction.

• Clients often rely on the Civil Engineer's technical expertise and judgment.
• Therefore, Civil Engineers must work:
o Competently and efficiently.
o With high professionalism and ethics.
o In an atmosphere of mutual respect and trust.
5. Complexity of Modern Projects

• Projects now involve complex factors:

o Environmental, regulatory, technical, and managerial issues.

6. Program Management Approach

• Clients now adopt Program Management for broader control and integration.
• The Program Manager (often a Civil Engineer) is responsible for:
o Managing all project tasks and coordination.
o Developing and overseeing the project plan.
o Budget estimation, scheduling, and staffing.
o Acting as an extension of the client.
7. PICE-Recognized Specializations
• The Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE) initially recognizes five areas of
specialization:
o Structural Engineering
o Geotechnical Engineering
o Water Engineering
o Transportation Engineering
o Construction Management and Engineering
8. Certification by PICE
• A Civil Engineer can receive a Certificate of Specialization from PICE after:
o Meeting the knowledge, experience, education, and training requirements set
by the concerned Specialty Committee.
9. Qualification for Specialized Roles
• Civil Engineers awarded with specialization certificates are considered qualified for
positions in their respective fields.
o Recognition as a Specialist

32
A Civil Engineer who specializes in any of the recognized areas is officially considered a
specialist in that field.
10. Prime Professional Practice
• Refers to Civil Engineers engaged directly by the client as the primary professional.
• The client is usually also the project owner.
• Also applies when the Civil Engineer is engaged indirectly (e.g., as a sub-consultant)
under a lead engineer or architect.
• Includes services delivered under design-build, construction management, or turnkey
project setups.
11. Employment
• Civil Engineers may be employed in various sectors such as:
1. Consulting firms
2. Government agencies
3. Educational institutions
4. Construction companies
5. Manufacturing and maintenance firms
6. Other related entities
12. Design Competition
• A method of selecting a Civil Engineer based on their proposal or innovative solution.
• Typically involves shortlisted candidates responding to a public call or announcement.
• Winning participants may receive a stipend to join the competition.
13. Contingency Basis of Employment
• Canon 5c of the PICE Code of Ethics allows contingent commissions only if the
engineer’s professional judgment remains uncompromised.
• PICE discourages Civil Engineers from working on a contingency basis, as it is not in the
best interest of the client or the public.
14. Professional Practice of Foreign Civil Engineers
• Foreign Civil Engineers may practice in the Philippines under specific legal conditions
(RA 8981):
1. Their country allows Filipinos to practice with equal rights.
2. Permitted under an international agreement.
3. Engaged in foreign-funded, joint venture, or foreign-assisted government
projects.
4. Employed by Philippine or foreign private institutions under lawful conditions.
5. Former Filipino citizens who were previously licensed before naturalization and
who return as residents or visitors.
• Must secure a license or special permit from the PRC.
• Clients or employers must also obtain permits from PRC and DOLE when hiring foreign
Civil Engineers.
Consultations, Research, Investigations, and Reports

• 1. Preliminary and Feasibility Investigations and Reports

• Conducted before project authorization.
• Involves alternative analysis, environmental and sustainability impact, life-cycle cost,
financing, and revenue projections.
• Basis for deciding whether to proceed with a project.
• 2. Planning Studies
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 • Development of master plans and long-term capital improvement programs.
• Covers urban, regional, and land-use planning.
• Includes environmental impact studies.
• Requires coordination across various engineering and planning disciplines.
• 3. Appraisals, Valuations, and Rate Studies
• Involves assessment of existing conditions, costs, and revenues.
• Used to evaluate a project’s value and propose rate structures.
• 4. Assistance in Financial Matters
• Civil Engineers assist clients in bond financing (e.g., revenue bonds).
• Services include project cost analysis, capacity evaluation, and rate setting for
sustainability. 5. Materials Engineering and Equipment Tests
• Testing of materials/equipment per standards and codes.
• Specialized inspections and quality control for construction and industrial applications.
• 6. Direct Personal Services
• Expert support for legal cases and official proceedings.
• Involves technical investigations and expert testimony.
• 7. Research and Development
• Data gathering from existing literature or lab work.
• Focuses on innovation—e.g., developing new materials or construction methods.

Civil Engineering services for a construction project are typically delivered across six standard
phases. Ideally, the same Civil Engineer oversees all phases to ensure consistency, but various
engineers or the client may handle specific phases. These services may also be supplemented
by other specialists or sub-consultants.

1. Study and Report Phase

• Defines project scope and evaluates technical and economic feasibility.
• Services include:
o Client consultations to determine project needs.
o Recommending and assisting in acquiring additional data (e.g., surveys, environmental
studies, traffic analysis).
o Identifying legal and regulatory requirements.
o Providing alternative solutions and conceptual cost estimates.
o Preparing a formal report with schematic layouts and recommendations.
2. Preliminary Design Phase
• Establishes the general size, scope, and site of the project.
• Services include:
o Reviewing and refining project requirements with the client.
o Consulting with relevant agencies and utilities.
o Preparing preliminary design documents: drawings, specifications, and cost estimates.
o Providing status updates.
3. Final Design Phase
• Converts approved preliminary designs into detailed construction documents.
• Services include:
o Creating final drawings, specifications, and cost estimates.
34
 o Assisting with regulatory approvals and permit applications.
o Preparing contract-related documents (e.g., forms, conditions, bid instructions).
o Providing documents for design-build contracts if applicable.
o Submitting periodic progress reports.
4. Bidding or Negotiating Phase
• Bridges final design and construction; focuses on contractor selection.
• Services include:
o Supporting bid advertisement and documentation.
o Issuing clarifications (addenda) to bidders.
o Evaluating contractor qualifications and materials alternatives.
o Attending bid openings and assisting in contract award decisions.
5. Construction Phase
• Offers technical support and representation during construction.
• Services include:
o Reviewing shop drawings and material test reports.
o Site visits to monitor progress and quality.
o Deploying resident representatives to oversee conformity with plans.
o Issuing client instructions, handling change orders, and recommending corrective
actions.
o Managing payment recommendations and final inspections.
o Preparing record (as-built) drawings.
6. Operation Phase
• Supports start-up and early operations after construction.
• Services include:
o Assisting in equipment testing, adjustments, and deficiency corrections.
o Preparing operation and maintenance manuals.
o Conducting final inspections and warranty reviews.
o Supporting operator training, job setup, supplies procurement, and data logging.

CONSTRUCTION SERVICES
• Civil Engineers may engage in construction only if licensed by the Contractors
Accreditation Board.
• Unethical for a Civil Engineer to lend their license to another company.
• Civil Engineers may provide services as:
1. Construction Engineer
2. Resident Engineer
3. Project Engineer
4. Quality Control/Cost Engineer
5. Inspector
• Design work signed and sealed by the engineer must be compensated separately as
professional services.
• Per RA 544 Section 23, only licensed Civil Engineers may supervise construction of civil
works.
SPECIAL SERVICES FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
• These go beyond basic services and may involve:
1. Investigations, studies, and reports for feasibility, site selection, or project
evaluation.
2. Services can be done by the Civil Engineer or in coordination with specialists.
35
 • Examples of special services:
1. Geotechnical engineering and subsurface investigation.
2. Special tests/process determinations for design compliance.
3. Land and topographic surveys.
4. Mill/shop/laboratory inspections.
5. Additional document preparation for bidding or construction.
6. Value engineering and design review.
7. Redesign due to client changes or substitutions.
8. Expert witness support and regulatory hearings.
9. Project cost appraisals and final investigations.
10. Grant application assistance.
11. Subdivision plotting and planning.
12. Environmental impact assessments.
13. Assistance with hiring architects/contractors and coordination.
14. Performance assessment of completed works.
15. Simulation and modeling.

ENGINEERING SUPPORT SERVICES

• Support services are vital to accurate engineering decisions and include:
1. Soil and rock testing
2. Field/laboratory investigations
3. Drafting
4. Surveying
• These tasks should be supervised by a Civil Engineer to ensure data reliability and
professional accountability.

ACADEMIC SERVICES
• Civil Engineers may teach full-time or part-time, or offer professional development.
• Academic roles include:
1. Teaching in universities (must be licensed as per RA 8981).
2. Lecturing for CPD programs under PICE.
3. Conducting tutorials/refresher courses.
4. Serving as resource speakers.
5. Writing technical materials.

SERVICES AS EMPLOYEE
• Civil Engineers may work in commercial, institutional, or government sectors.
• Must comply with the Code of Ethics and PICE standards.
• The professional license must not be misused by the employer.
• A separate agreement and professional fees are required if plans are signed/sealed.
• Part-time engineers may be considered both employees and consultants.
• Government-employed engineers are subject to Civil Service Commission regulations,
which supersede PICE guidelines if in conflict.

36
Summary
The PICE Manual outlines the broad scope of professional services that Civil Engineers may
undertake in the Philippines. Under Construction Services, a registered Civil Engineer may
engage in construction contracting if licensed by the Contractors Accreditation Board. It is
considered unethical to allow the use of one’s professional license by another construction
company. Civil Engineers employed in roles such as project engineer, resident engineer, quality
control engineer, or inspector must adhere to the same professional ethics as consulting
engineers. If they sign and seal any design work, they are entitled to professional fees in
addition to their regular salary.
The section also defines Special Services for Construction Projects, which refer to additional
responsibilities beyond basic engineering services. These may include geotechnical
investigations, surveys, environmental impact assessments, value engineering, redesigns due
to client changes, legal assistance as expert witnesses, and coordination with other
professionals. These services are necessary during various phases of the project—feasibility,
design, construction, and operation—and may involve managing sub-consultants or firms to
ensure successful integration into the project.
Engineering Support Services are essential to ensure sound engineering decisions and include
tasks such as soil sampling, laboratory tests, and drafting. While some of these may be carried
out by non-engineers, the Civil Engineer must provide supervision and judgment to ensure
accuracy and appropriateness of the data collected, as it forms the basis of engineering design
and recommendations.
In terms of Academic Services, Civil Engineers may teach civil engineering courses at colleges
and universities, conduct tutorials, deliver lectures for CPD credit, and write technical
materials. As per RA 8981, instructors of licensure examination subjects must be duly licensed
professionals. Civil Engineers may also serve as resource speakers or contribute to technical
literature to advance the profession.
Lastly, under Services as Employee, Civil Engineers may be engaged in full-time or part-time
roles in commercial, institutional, or government organizations. When performing
engineering functions, they must observe the Code of Ethics and must not allow unauthorized
use of their professional credentials. Any use of their license for signing or sealing documents
requires a formal agreement and proper compensation. Those working part-time are
considered both employees and consultants, subject to the standards of both roles. Civil
Engineers in government service must comply with Civil Service laws, which override any
conflicting provisions of the PICE Manual.

EXERCISES

1. What must a Civil Engineer obtain before engaging in construction contracting?

2. Is it ethical for a Civil Engineer to allow their license to be used by another construction
company?
3. When is a Civil Engineer entitled to receive professional fees in addition to their salary?
4. What engineering roles can a Civil Engineer take in a construction project?
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 5. Under what law are only registered Civil Engineers allowed to supervise civil works?
6. What are Special Services in the context of construction projects?
7. During which phases of a project may Special Services be required?
8. With whom may a Civil Engineer coordinate when delivering specialized services?
9. What does geotechnical engineering typically include as a special service?
10. What is the purpose of value engineering in civil projects?
11. When may redesign services be necessary during a project?
12. What role may a Civil Engineer play in legal or regulatory hearings?
13. Why are Engineering Support Services important in civil engineering?
14. What types of field data collection may require Civil Engineering judgment?
15. Who must supervise geotechnical investigations such as test pits and soil borings?
16. What qualifications must a person have to teach licensure exam subjects in CE?
17. How can Civil Engineers earn CPD credits through academic services?
18. In what capacity may Civil Engineers contribute to technical education besides
teaching?
19. What should be in place when a company uses a Civil Engineer’s license for
professional documents?
20. Which regulations take precedence if in conflict with the PICE Manual for government-
employed Civil Engineers?

References
1. Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers, Inc. 2003. Manual of Professional Practice for
Civil Engineers, 2nd Edition. Manila: Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers, Inc.

2. Barinaga, N. (2020). Legal framework and ethical practice in the engineering

profession. Rex Book Store.

3. Cruz, I. (2014). Philippine engineering laws and professional practice. Central Book
Supply, Inc.
4. De Leon, H. S. (2010). The law on intellectual property in the Philippines. Rex Book
Store.
5. Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines. (n.d.). Guide to copyright and related
rights. [Link]
6. Professional Regulation Commission. (n.d.). Code of professional ethics for civil
engineers. Board of Civil Engineering, PRC Philippines.

7. Republic Act No. 544, Civil Engineering Law of the Philippines. (1950, June 17).
[Link]

8. Republic Act No. 8293, Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines. (1997, June 6).
[Link]

9. Construction Industry Authority of the Philippines. (2004). CIAP Document 102:

10. Uniform general conditions of contract for consulting services. Department of Trade
and Indust

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