How Galileo Inferred that Objects in Vacuum Speed is the distance traveled by an object
fall with Uniform Acceleration divided by the time taken to travel the distance
Motion is defined as the ability of an object to A ball rolling down an inclined plane
change its position with respect to its increases its speed by the same value after every
surroundings in given time. Motion is always second
observed and measured with a point of
The speed of a rolling ball was found to
reference. All living things show motion
increase by 2 m/s every second. This means that
whereas non-living things show motion only
the rolling ball would have the following speeds
when force acts on it.
for every given second.
These are the terms associated with motion.
TIME SPEED m/s
First, Free fall, which is an example of motion
with uniform acceleration. Second is 0 0
acceleration which means the change in velocity
with a given time. Third is speed which is the 1 2
distance travelled of an object in a specific 2 4
amount of time.
3 6
I. Aristotle's View of Motion
4 8
Aristotle was an Ancient Greek
philosopher who thought that heavier 5 10
objects fall faster than lighter ones.
Free Fall and Gravity
Force would be needed to have a
constant velocity according to Aristotle. Freely falling bodies undergo constant
Force is required for violent but not acceleration in which it is referred to as free fall.
natural motion. The free fall acceleration represents a symbol g
which means gravity.
II. Galileo's View of Motion
At the surface of the earth, gravity (g) is
Italian Mathematician
approximately 9.8 m/s2.
Father of modern Science
Discredited Aristotelian view of motion Gravity leads the object to accelerate in a
Object in vacuum will fall at the same constant rate.
time because in a vacuum there is
nothing. Since there is no air or anything Horizontal Motion
in space, objects that are heavy or light, View of Aristotle
will fall at the same time.
Force is not necessarily required for Natural state of object at rest
violent motion.
View of Galileo
Force is not required for object moving
at constant velocity. Imagined motion will continue without
friction
Galileo's Experimentation to prove his Ideas
about motion Horizontal versus Vertical Motion
Experiment I Horizontal : constant in value which represent
Galileo dropped two different weights by x axis
of cannon ball to the Leaning Tower
of Pisa and they fell at the same time but rolling balls
could not measure the distance travelled inertia
therefore he proceeded to another
experimentation. leaning tower of Pisa
Experiment II Vertical: changing value which represent by y
axis
Galileo used the inclined ramp in order to
measure the acceleration of an object. He used free fall
a rolling ball to measure the changes. He Aristotle versus Galileo
measured that objects accelerates at the same
time regardless of their size and mass.
Example: a plate on the table
Understanding Newton’s First Law of Motion Inertia of motion- an object will continue at the
same speed until a force acts on it.
Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist change
when in motion or when at rest. Newton’s first law of Example: a rolling ball
motion is also called law of inertia. If an object is
Inertia of Direction- an object will stay moving in
moving, inertia will keep it in motion. When it is at
the same direction unless a force acts on it.
rest, it will continue to be at rest, unless there is a
force applied on it. Example: a moving car turning right.
I. Galileo and Inertia Forces
Galileo developed the first concept of laws of motion. What causes an object to move, to stop or remain at
Among these are the following: rest? A force causes an object to move, to stop or
remain at rest.
Developed the concept of motion in terms of
velocity (speed and direction) by using inclined Force is defined as a push or a pull.
planes.
Newton (N) is the unit of force
Developed the idea of force that causes motion.
One Newton is the amount of force required to
Determined that the natural state of an object is give a 1-kg mass an acceleration of 1 m/s/s. Thus, the
rest or uniformed motion. following unit equivalency can be stated as:
Developed the idea that objects resist motion, 1 Newton = 1 kg • m/s²
inertia.
1. Friction
According to Galileo, objects in motion eventually
stop because of a force called friction. Friction is a A rolling marble on the floor that suddenly stops
force that opposes motion between any surfaces that when it reached a rough surface does not stop
are touching. This is based on his experiment because of the absence of a force, it stops because of
observed in inclined planes. He said that a difference the presence of a force called friction.
between initial and final heights was due to the
Friction is a force that opposes motion between any
presence of friction.
surfaces that are ouching.
Galileo hypothesized that if friction could be
Friction occurs because no surface is perfectly
eliminated, the ball would reach the same height. Or
smooth.
if the ball rolls horizontally and there is no friction
that acts on it, the ball will never stop. Rough surfaces have more friction than smooth
surfaces.
II. Isaac Newton and his First Law of Motion
Heavier objects also have more friction because they
Isaac Newton was born the same year Galileo died.
are pressed harder with greater force than lighter
Newton’s law of inertia is based on Galileo’s idea of
objects.
inertia. He expanded Galileo’s work and came up
with his Three Laws of Motion. Friction produces heat because it causes the
molecules on rubbing surfaces to move faster and
Newton’s first law of motion states that…
have more energy.
An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion
Newton’s first law of motion has always stated that:
stays in motion with the same speed and in the same
direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion
stays in motion with the same speed and in the same
Mass and Inertia
direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
An object’s inertia depends on its mass. Mass is the
2. Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
amount of matter or substance that makes up an
object. It is measured in units called kilogram. An A balanced force is a force in which the net force is
object with a greater mass has a greater inertia and an equal to zero.
object with a lesser mass will also have a lesser
inertia. What is a net force?
Exploring Inertia A net force is the total combination of forces (in
opposite direction or the same direction) acting on an
Inertia has three types: object.
Inertia of rest- an object will stay in place unless What is an unbalanced force?
something or somebody moves it.
An unbalanced force is a force in which the net
force is greater than zero.
Unbalanced forces cause acceleration. Only
unbalanced force can change the motion and
direction of an object.