Example 1: Deep beam
The 5000 x1500 x 450 mm thick beam shown in the figure 6 is supported on 600 x 450 thick
columns at 4400mm centers. It supports a 450x450 bearing plate with actions of Gk=1256kN and
Qk=480kN acting at 950mm from one support. Determine the reinforcement assuming C35/45
concrete and fyk=500MPa. Use Cnom=25mm
Figure 6
For this design it will be sufficient to
1. Check bearing stress
2. Design tie anchorages
3. Check stresses in the inclined struts
4. Design bursting/ distribution reinforcements
Solution
Step 1: Define the D-region
By inspection the whole deep beam consists of D-regions
Step 2: Determination of design loads (Pd) design material strengt
Design loads (Pd)
Pd=1.35Gk+1.5Qk=1.35*(1256) + 1.5*(480) + (5*1.5*0.45*25*1.35) = 2529.5kN
(Now the self-load is assumed to act at the load point !)
Material strength
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Concrete C35/45, fck = 35N/mm2;
Design strength of concrete fcd = αccfck/𝛾𝑐=(0.85x35)/1.5=19.833 N/mm2
Steel fyk = 500N/mm2
Design strength of steel fyd=fyk/𝛾𝑠=500/1.15 = 435N/mm2
Step 3: Proposed strut and tie model
Figure 7 shows a possible STM for the deep beam and resulting dimensions and slopes. It allows 100 mm
top and 100 mm bottom to centerlines of compression strut C24 and tie13 (The maximum depth of tie
T13 ≈ 0.12h = 180 mm say 200 mm).
Figure 7
1300 1300
𝜃1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1250) = 46.12𝑜 , 𝜃2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1050) = 51.07𝑜
The strut angles are between 450 and 680 ok!
Step 4: determination of member force for the proposed STM
Reaction calculation
∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0, (2529.5kN)(3.15) = (Ay*4.4m), Ay=1811kN
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∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0, By=2529kN-1811 kN =718.5kN
From equilibrium of joint Joint 1.
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0, F12Sin 𝜃1= Ay, F12 =1811/Sin47.3 = 2512.51kN (strut)
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0, F13 = F12Cos 𝜃1= (2512.5)(Cos47.3) = 1741.54 kN (tie)
From equilibrium of joint Joint 2.
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0, F12cos 𝜃1- F23Cos 𝜃2 – F24=0,
2440.85 (Cos46.12) = F23Cos 51.07+F24
1655.3 = F23Cos 51.07 + F24 ……………….. eq.1
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0, 2529.5= F12Sin𝜃1+ F23 Sin 𝜃2 , 2529.5= 2440.85Sin46.12+ F23 Sin 51.07
F23 = 923.6kN (strut)
F24= 1161.4KN (strut)
From equilibrium of joint Joint 3.
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0, F13=F35 + F23Cos 𝜃2, F35 = F13 - F23Cos𝜃2, F35=1161.33kN (tie)
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0, F34= F23Sin 𝜃2, F34=718.4kN (tie)
From equilibrium of joint Joint 4.
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0, F34=F45Sin 𝜃2, F45=923.529kN (strut)
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0, F24 = F46 +F45Cos 𝜃2, F46=581.13 kN (strut)
From equilibrium of joint Joint 6.
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0, F67 Cos 𝜃2=F46, F67=924.81kN (strut)
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0, F56 = F67 Sin 𝜃2, F56=718.4 kN (tie)
From equilibrium of joint Joint 5.
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0, F56=F45 Sin 𝜃2=718.5kN (strut)
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0, F45Cos𝜃2 + F57 =F35, F57 = 581.011 kN (tie)
Finally
F12 = 2512.5 kN, strut
F13 = 1741.54 kN, tie
F34 = F56 = 718.5 kN tie
Step 5: check bearing stresses
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At node 2: Under load F,
2529.5 x 103 N
σ𝐸𝑑 = = 12.49
450 x 450 mm2
Node 2 is CCC node (Rd,max = k1’fcd, where K1=1, ’ = 1 - fck/250)
ck f 35 0.85∗35 N
σ1Rd,max = 1.0 ∗ (1 − (250 )) ∗ fcd = 1.0 ∗ (1 − 250) x ( ) = 17.05 mm2
1.5
σ1Rd,max > σ𝐸𝑑 okay!!!
At node 1: at support A,
Assume ∅12 link. ∅24 main reinforcement
So = Cnom + ∅12 link +∅/2 =25 + 12 + 24/2 = 49 ≈50 and c=25
a1=600-25-(2*50) = 475
1811 x 103 N
σ𝐸𝑑 = = 8.47
475 x 450 mm2
Node 1 is CCT node (Rd,max = k1’fcd, where K1=0.85, ’ = 1 - fck/250)
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ck f 35 0.85∗35 N
σ2Rd,max = 0.85 ∗ (1 − (250 )) ∗ fcd = 0.85 ∗ (1 − 250) x ( ) = 14.5 mm2
1.5
σ2Rd,max > σ𝐸𝑑 okay!!!
At node 7: at support B,
718.5 x 103 N
σ𝐸𝑑 = = 3.34
475 x 450 mm2
Node 1 is CCT node (Rd,max = k2’fcd, where K2=0.85, ’ = 1 - fck/250)
fck 35 0.85∗35 N
σ2Rd,max = 0.85 ∗ (1 − ( )) ∗ fcd = 0.85 ∗ (1 − )x( ) = 14.5
250 250 1.5 mm2
σ2Rd,max > σ𝐸𝑑 okay!!!
Step 6: Design of ties
a) F13 =1741.54kN
As,req=F13/fyd = (1741.54x103)/(500/1.15) = 4005.54mm2,
Prv. 9∅24 bars in two layrs (5 bars at first raw, 4 bars at second row) (As ,prov=4069.44)
Anchorage length
For ∅24, required assuming straight bar in good condition in C35/45 grade of concrete is 790 mm
(Refer to part 8.4 of ES EN-1992:2015)
Lb,req= (∅/4)( σsd /fbd ) , fbd = 2.251 2 fctd ,
(1-related to quality of bond condition, 1-related to bar diameter,
𝛼𝑐𝑡𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘,0.05
fctd = , 𝛼𝑐𝑡 = 1.0 ….ES EN-2 table 3.1)
𝛾𝑐
500
( )
Lb,req= (24/4)(2.25∗1∗1∗((1∗2.2)/1.5
1.15
) = 790
Average anchorage available beyond face of compression strut = 600 +100-25=675mm not good!
The solution is providing U-bars at the end of bars
b) F34= F56=718.5 kN
As,req= (718.5x103)/(500/1.15)=1653mm2,
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Note that there are two ties b/n nodes 2 and 7. Total area required is twice of As,req. but the ties
are to be provided on both faces, dividing the resistance in to two.
As,req= 1653*(2tie/2face) =1653mm2 per 3.15m
Number of ∅14 bars, 1653/𝜋(7)2=10.73 spacing 3150/11= 286
prv.11∅14 bars cc 280 on both faces (Exercise -- compare this value with As,bdmin)
Step 7: Design of struts
a) Check strength of direct strut in left hand shear span
Or
Angle:
200
𝛽 = tan−1 (475) = 22.83𝑜 , 𝛾 = 180 − 22.83 − 90 − 46.12 = 21.05𝑜
Length:
y=√2002 + 4.752 = 515.39𝑚𝑚, cos 𝛾=x/y, x = ycos 𝛾 = (515.39)cos21.05 = 481mm
Depth of the strut is calculated as 481mm
2512.5 x 103 N
σ𝐸𝑑 = = 11.608 , Rd,max = 0.6’fcd
481 x 450 mm2
fck 35 0.85 ∗ 35 N
σRd = 0.6 ∗ (1 − ( )) ∗ fcd = 0.6 ∗ (1 − )x( ) = 10.23
250 250 1.5 mm2
σRd < σ𝐸𝑑 , transverse anti bursting reinforcement is required.
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By inspection strut has full discontinuity
Thus, the brusting face on strut 1-2 is:
T=1/4(1-0.7(a/h))F, F=2512.5kN
To maximize the value of T, consider a minimum value of a.
𝐹
We have σRd , 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎
21 ∗𝑡
To get minimum value of a21, σRd , max should be larger value and Node 2 must be used
a21 = (2512.5x103)/ (k1’fcd (450))
= (2512.5x103)/ (1*(135/250)*((0.85*35)/1.5) (450))
=327.34
In design, small value of strut thickness is used to be safe.
Strut length (H) =1803.5
For fully discontinuous region, the tension force (T) equals:
T =1/4(1-0.7(327.34/(1803.5/2)))*2512.5
=548.32 kN
As,req = 548.32*103/(500/1.15) = 1261.134mm2
This amount of reinforcement is required to be place b/n 0.2H and 0.5H from the loaded surface.
1261.134mm2 is to be placed over 0.3*1803.05 = 541.05mm. this is equivalent to 2331.11mm2/m
Also, check this value with As,dbmin
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Provide 2331.11mm2/m over 541.05mm @ 1.25 in 1.3slope, or
Provide 2331.11/2 mm2/m horizontally and 2331.11/2 mm2/m vertically in each face
Provide ∅16 c/c 170mm on both ways and both faces
b) Strut in right hand shear span
By inispection, it is Ok!
Step 8: Check the STM
a) Ties: it is required to determine center line of provided ties to know the width of the tension
tie.
Assuming ∅12 bars as ties
d’ from the base: 5(25+12+ (24/2)) + 4 (25+12+24+25+ (24/2)))/9=70.75
b) Checking compression strut 2-4 : on the top part of the beam the strut is assumed to be
prismatic b/c the elastic analysis shows the compressive stress trajectories at the top is
horizontal.
σ𝑅𝑑 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 19.33 𝑁/𝑚𝑚^2
Depth=(1161.16 x 103)/(450x19.33)= 133mm
133 is comparable with 200mm used!
No need of revising design!
Step 9: check for shear
Shear should be verified where av > 1.5d. Where:
av = distance between load and support
For LHS av = 950 – 450 / 2 = 725 mm
For RHS av = 3800 - 950 – 450 / 2 = 2625 mm
d = effective depth = 1400 mm
For LHS, av < 1.5d, so no shear design required
For RHS, av > 1.5d, so shear design is required:
Shear design for RHS
For member with loads applied on the upper side with in adistance 0.5d ≤ av ≤2d, the contribution
of this load to the shear force VEd may be reduced by 𝛽 = 𝑎𝑣/2𝑑
For the RHS
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2625
𝛽= = 0.9375
2𝑥1400
Reduced vale of 𝑉𝐸𝑑
𝛽𝑉𝐸𝑑 = (0.9375)(718.5𝑘𝑁) = 673.6
Shear reinforcement
𝛽𝑉𝐸𝑑 ≤ Aswfywdsin𝛼,
Asw = VEd / (fywdsin𝛼) = 673.6x103/ ((500/1.15)*1) = 1549.27mm2/m
Again, this area of steel is to be provided in the middle 0.75av
= (1549.27mm2)/(0.75*2.625m)=786.92mm2/m
Again, Using ∅12, number of bars required per meter =786.92mm2/m/(𝜋62 )=6.96
Spacing = 1969/6.96=282.86mm
Step 10: detailing (provide reinforcement as per the class calculated way)
Provide ∅16 c/c 11∅14 bars cc 280 on both faces
170mm on both ways
and both faces
9φ24 (5 on the bottom layer & 4
on top layer)
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Reference to ES EN 1992:2015
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