Example: corbel
Design the corbel shown below. The bearing area of the support is 200 x 300mm. The width of
the corbel is 350mm. (Use Concrete C30/35, fck = 30N/mm2; and steel fyk = 500N/mm2)
Figure-1
Solution
Step-1: Calculation of design material strength
Concrete C30/35, fck = 30N/mm2;
Design strength of concrete fcd = αccfck/𝛾𝑐=(0.85x30)/1.5=17 N/mm2
Steel fyk = 500N/mm2
Design strength of steel fyd=fyk/𝛾𝑠=500/1.15 = 435N/mm2
Step 2: Compressive strength at nodes: (see ES EN -2: 2015 sec. 6.5.4: Eq. 6.60-6.62)
a) CCC nodes (compression nodes where no ties are anchored at the node)
1Rd,max = k1’fcd, Where: K1 = 1, ’ = 1 - fck/250
fck 30
σ1Rd,max = 1.0 ∗ (1 − ( )) ∗ fcd = 1.0 ∗ (1 − ) x17 = 14.96 N/mm2
250 250
b) CCT node (compression - tension nodes with anchored ties provided in one direction)
Rd,max = k2’fcd, where K2 = 0.85, ’ = 1 - fck/250
1
fck 30
σ2Rd,max = 0.85 ∗ (1 − ( )) ∗ fcd == 0.85 ∗ (1 − ) x17 = 12.716 N/mm2
250 250
c) CTT nodes (nodes tensioned – compressed by anchor logs in different directions)
(Rd,max = k3’fcd, where K3=0.75, ’ = 1 - fck/250)
fck 30
σ3Rd,max = 0.75 ∗ (1 − ( )) ∗ fcd = 0.75 ∗ (1 − ) x17 = 11.22N/mm2
250 250
Step 3: Actions calculation
Design concentrated load: FEd = 600 kN
Load eccentricity with respect to the column side: e = 125 mm (Fig. 1)
The beam vertical strut width at node 2 is evaluated by setting the compressive stress equal to
σ1Rd, max:
Vertical force at node 2 is obtained by using joint equilibrium
At node 2:
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0, FEd - f12 Sin 𝜃 =0, f12 = FEd / sin 𝜃
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0, f13-f12 Cos 𝜃 =0, f13 =( FEd / sin 𝜃) Cos 𝜃
At node 1:
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0, Ry - f12 Sin 𝜃 =0, Ry = f12 Sin 𝜃= (FEd / sin 𝜃) sin 𝜃= FEd
The beam vertical strut width at node 2 (CCC) is evaluated by setting the compressive stress
equal to σ1Rd, max:
FEd 600000
x1 = = = 114.6 mm
σ1Rd,max ∗ b 14.96 ∗ 350
Location of node 1 from the inner face of column
x1 /2 = 114.6/2 = 57.3 mm
Effective depth (Assume, cover from the top of the cantilever to the reinforcement be 35 mm and
use16 mm bars);
d = 450 – 35 - (16/2) = 407 mm
The distance of the node 1 from the lower border,y1, (it is evaluated by setting the interval drive
arm z equal to 0.8d)
Interval drive arm (z):
z =0.8 x 407 = 325.6 mm, then
2
Distance of the node 1 from the lower border (y1):
y1 = 0.2d = 0.2 x 407 = 81.5 mm
Check strut angle 𝜃
z 325.6
tan 𝜃 = z/((x1/2)+d), 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛− ( x1 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛− (((57.3)+125))= 60.750 > 450 and < 680 ok !!!
( )+d
2
Tie force (Ft)
Ft = f13 =( FEd / sin 𝜃) Cos 𝜃 =( 600000 / sin60.75) Cos 60.75 335933.66 N =335.93kN
Horizontal force (Fc) at node 1
Fc = Ft = 335.93kN
Step 3: Node 1 verification (CCC);
Fc 335.93 x 103 N N
σ = b∗(2 y ) = 350 x (2 x 81.5) = 5.89 ≤ σ1Rd,max = 14.96 mm2 Okay!!!
1 mm2
Step 4: Node 2 verification (below the load plate):
The node 2 is a tied-compressed node (CCT), where the main reinforcement is anchored;
the compressive stress below the load plate is:
FEd 600000 N N
σ = 200∗300 = 200∗300 = 10 mm2 ≤ σ2Rd,max = 12.716 mm2 Okay!!!
Step 4: Main top reinforcement design:
Tension force (Ft): Ft =335.93 kN
F𝑡 335.93 x 103
Tension reinforcement (As): As1 = f = = 772 mm2 ,
𝑦𝑑 435
provide 4∅16 (As,prov=803.84 mm2)
Step 4: Secondary reinforcement design: (Asw)
Researcher of Stuttgart have provided the following expression of stress for the secondary
reinforcement
z
2( )−1
fwd = a
FEd Fc , a = ac+x1/2=125+57.3=182.3
3+
Fc
325.6
2( )−1
(182.3)
=( ) ∗ 335.93 = 180.525 kN
3 + 600/335.93
3
Secondary reinforcement design: (Asw)
Fwd 180.525x103
Asw = = = 415 mm2 ≥ K1As, prov = 0.25 ∗ 1005 = 251.25mm2
fyd 435
OK!!!
Provide secondary reinforcement 2 leg of 3 stirrups ∅10, (Asw,prov = 471 mm2 )
Step 5: Detailing
Compression reinforcement (Asc)
It is recommendable to provide at least 1000 mm2/m of corbel width of Compression
reinforcement is better to provide. Since this corbel has 350mm width the compression
reinforcement (Asc) becomes 350 mm2. Provide 2∅16 (Asc,prov=401.92mm2)
Anchorage length for tension bars at end of the bracket and which will embedded in the
column
ES EN-1992:2015- AJ.3 (4) states that the main tension reinforcement should be anchored at
both ends. It should be anchored in the supporting element on the far face and the anchorage
length should be measured from the location of the vertical reinforcement in the near face. The
reinforcement should be anchored in the corbel and the anchorage length should be measured
from the inner face of the loading plate.
Bond length required for tension bars (4∅16) at end of the bracket.
Axial stress in reinforcement
𝜎𝑠𝑑 = (As,req/As) fyd = (772/803.84) x 435 = 417.769 MPa.
Design value of the bond stress (Eq. 8.2, EN)
fbd = 2.25 1 2 fctd, 1 and 2 equals 1, fctd = fctk,0.05/𝛾c=2/1.5=1.333
4
= 2.25*1*1*1.333 = 3 MPa:
Basic anchorage length required (Eq. 8.3, EN)
lb,req = (∅/4)(𝜎𝑠𝑑 / fbd)=(16/4)x(417.769 /3)= 557mm:
Design anchorage length (Eq. 8.4, EN)
lbd = α 1 α2 α3 α4 α5lb,req = 0.7 x 557 = 389.9 mm: (α 1= α2= α3= α5=1 and
α4=0.7 based on table 8.2)
Bond length available (from inner face of bearing plaate)
= 250 - 125 + (200/2) -25 = 200 mm< lbd (389.9) mm.
Not acceptable !!!.
Therefore, the main tension steel should be welded or adequate standard hook should be
provide.
Bond length required for tension bars (4∅16) embedded in the column.
Axial stress in reinforcement
𝜎𝑠𝑑 = 417.769 MPa., fbd = 3 MPa, lb,req = 557mm, lbd = 389.9 mm:
Bond length available (from the near vertical reinforcement)
= h – 2 x cover = 400-2*25=350 < lbd (389.2) mm,
Not acceptable !!!.
Therefore, the main tension steel should be welded or standard hook anchorage should be
provide.
5
Reference for Design value of the bond stress (Eq. 8.2, EN)
fbd = 2.25 1 2 fctd (8.2)
where:
fctd is the design value of concrete tensile strength according to 3.1.6 (2)P. Due to the
increasing brittleness of higher strength concrete, fctk,0.05 should be limited here
to the value for C60/75, unless it can be verified that the average bond strength
increases above this limit
1 is a coefficient related to the quality of the bond condition and the position of the
bar during concreting (see Figure 8.2):
1 = 1.0 when ‘good’ conditions are obtained and
1 = 0.7 for all other cases and for bars in structural elements built with slip
forms, unless it can be shown that ‘good’ bond conditions exist
2 is related to the bar diameter:
2 = 1.0 for ≤ 32 mm
2 = (132 - )/100 for > 32 mm
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