Anatomy of the skull
Skull
Cranium viscerale
Cranium cerebrale
Viscerocranium
Nasal bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Zygomatic bone
Palatine bone
Hyoid bone
Vomer
Inferior nasal concha
Superior and middle nasal conchae are parts of the ethmoid bone!
Maxilla
Body (corpus maxillae)
• Maxillary sinus
• Maxillary hiatus
Processes
• Frontal (processus frontalis)
• Zygomatic (processus zygomaticus)
• Palatine (processus palatinus)
• Alveolar (processus alveolaris)
Body of maxilla
Anterior surface
• Infraorbital margin
• Infraorbital foramen
• Canine fossa
Infratemporal surface
• Tuberosity
• Alveolar foramina
Nasal surface
• Conchal crest
• Lacrimal groove
• Maxillary hiatus
Orbital surface
• Infraorbital groove
Processes of maxilla
Frontal process
• Lacrimal notch
• Ethmoidal crest
• Anterior lacrimal crest
Zygomatic process
Palatine process
•Nasal crest
Alveolar process
•Alveolar arch
•Alveoli, Interalveolar septa and juga
Mandible
Body
• Alveolar process
• Alveolar arch (alveoli, septa, juga)
• Mental spine
• Digastric fossa
• Mylohyoid line and groove
• Mandibular foramen mandibular canal mental foramen
Rami
• Condylar process- head, neck, pterygoid fossa
• Mandibular notch
• Coronoid process
Mandibular angle
• Masseteric tuberosity (on the outer surface)
• Pterygoid tuberosity (on the inner surface)
Palatine bone
Perpendicular plate
• surfaces – maxillary, nasal
• Crests – conchal, ethmoidal
• Orbital process
• Sphenoid process
• Sphenopalatine notch
Horizontal plate
•Surfaces- nasal, palatine
•Nasal crest
• Posterior nasal spine
•Creates the hard palate (with the palatine process of
maxilla)
Pyramidal process
• Greater palatine groove
Zygomatic bone
Processes
• Frontal
• Temporal
Surfaces
• Lateral
• Orbital
• Temporal
Foramina
• Zygomaticofacial
• Zygomaticoorbital
• Zygomaticotemporal
Neurocranium
Calvaria
Cranial base
Calvaria
❑Frontal bone
❑Parietal bone
❑Temporal bone
❑Sphenoid bone
❑Occipital bone
External
lamina Internal
lamina
Frontal bone
Squamous part
• External surface- tuber, supraorbital foramen and margin
• Cerebral surface- crest, foramen cecum, groove for the superior
sagittal sinus
• Temporal surface
Orbital parts
• Cerebral surface- digital impressions
• Orbital surface – lacrimal gland fossa, trochlear fossa
Nasal part
• Glabella, nasal spine
Zygomatic process
Frontal sinus
Sphenoid bone
Body
• Sphenoid sinus
• Superior wall-sella turcica, hypophyseal fossa, chiasmatic groove
• Anterior wall- aperture of the sphenoid sinus
Greater wings
• Surfaces - cerebral, orbital, maxillary, temporal
• Margins – zygomatic, frontal,parietal, squamous
Lesser wings
• Are seperated from greater wings by the superior orbital fissure
• Inferior to the lesser wings lies optic canal
Pterygoid process
• Medial plate
• Lateral plate
Foramina of the greater wing : rotundum, ovale, spinosum
Temporal bone
Squamous part
• Surfaces - temporal, cerebral
• Margins - parietal, sphenoid
• Zygomaric process
• Mandibullar fossa
Tympanic part
Petrous part
• Anterior surface- trigeminal impression, arcuate eminence, tegmen tympani, hiatus
and grooves of greater and lesser petrosal nerve canals
• Posterior surface – internal acoustic meatus, subarcuate fossa
• Inferior surface- external carotid foramen, jugular fossa, fossula petrosa
Styloid process
Mastoid process
❑ Facial nerve canal opens into the stylomastoid foramen.
❑ Foramen lacerum is located between the pyramid and the sphenoid bone.
❑ Jagular foramen is located between the pyramid and the occipital bone.
Occipital bone
Squamous part
• Cerebral surface-groove for the superior sagittal sinus, groove
for the transverse sinus,cruciform eminence,internal occipital
crest
• External surface- nuchal lines, external occipital crest, external
occipital protuberance.
• Margins- lambdoid,mastoid.
Lateral parts
• Condyles -connect to Atlas
• Condylar canal
• Hypoglossal nerve canal
• Groove for the sigmoid sinus
Basilar part
• Pharyngeal tubercle
Clivus is created by the connection of sphenoid
Foramen magnum and occipital bones!
Parietal bone
Surfaces
• External-tubercle, temporal lines
• Internal – arterial sulci
Margins
• Frontal
• Sagittal
• Squamous
• Occipital
Angles
• Frontal
• Sphenoid
• Occipital
• Mastoid
Ethmoid bone
Horizontal plate
• Cribriform plate (lamina cribrosa)
Perpendicular plate
• crista galli
Ethmoidal labyrinth
• Anterior cells-open into the superior nasal meatus.
• Middle cells-open into the superior/middle nasal meatus.
• Posterior cells-open into the superior nasal meatus.
• The biggest cell is ethmoid bulla.
Anterior cranial fossa
Anterior fossa is formed by orbital parts of the frontal bone and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone.
Anterior fossa is connected to nasal cavity by the cribriform plate.
Middle cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa is formed by the:
Greater wings of sphenoid bone
❑Foramen rotundum connects the pretigopalatine fossa to the middle
Temporal squama
cranial fossa.
Anterior surface of pyramid
❑Superior orbital fissure connects middle cranial fossa to the orbit.
Posterior cranial fossa
Is formed by the:
Posterior cranial fossa is connected to the vertebral canal through Posterior surface of pyramid
the foramen magnum Parts of the occipital bone
Orbit
Superior wall
• orbital part of frontal bone
• lesser wing of sphenoid bone
Lateral wall
• greater wing of sphenoid bone
• Orbital surface of zygomatic bone
Inferior wall
• Orbital surface of zygomatic bone
• Orbital surface of maxilla
• Orbital process of palatine bone
Medial wall
• Lacrimal bone, orbital plate of ethmoid bone
• body of the sphenoid bone
Connections
• Middle cranial fossa - optic canal, superior orbital fissure
• pterygopalatine fossa - inferior orbital fissure
• Inferior nasal meatus - nasolacrimal duct
Nasal cavity
Inferior wall
• Hard palate- horizontal plate of palatine bone, palatine process of
maxilla
Superior wall
• Nasal bone, nasal part of the frontal bone.
• Lamina cribrosa of ethmoid bone.
Lateral wall
• ethmoidal labyrinth, lacrimal bone
• Perpendicular plate of palatine bone
• Medial plate of pterygoid process
• Body and the frontal process of maxilla
Medial wall
• septum - vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone.
Anrerior wall
• Dorsum of the nose
Nasal meatus
Superior meatus
• Middle/posterior cells of ethmoid
bone
• Sphenoid sinus
Middle meatus
• Frontal sinus
• Maxillary sinus
• Anterior/middle cells of ethmoid bone
Inferior meatus
• Nasolacrimal canal
Pterygopalatine fossa
Borders
• Anterior border-body of maxilla
• Posterior border-pterygoid process
• Medial border-pyramidal process of palatine bone
• Superior border-greater wings and body of the sphenoid
bone
connections
• Orbita-inferior orbital fissure
• Nasal cavity-sphenopalatine foramen
• Middle cranial fossa- foramen rotundum
GOOD LUCK! ☺