Chapter Five:Integration
Applied I
Haftu Adhena
Wolkite University
June 5, 2025
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 1 / 29
Table of Contents
1 chapter 5: Integration
5.1 Ant derivatives; indefinite integrals
5.2 Techniques of integration
5.2.1 Integration by substitution, and parts
5.2.2 Trigonometric Integrals
5.2.3. Trigonometric Substitution
5.2.4 Integration of rational function by partial fraction
5.3 Definite integrals; Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 2 / 29
Chapter 5:integration
5.1 Ant derivatives; indefinite integrals
Definition
Let f (x) be continuous on the interval I, then the function F is said to be
anti-derivative of f on I if and only if F 0 (x) = f (x) for all x ∈ I .
Definition
The set of all anti-derivative of a function f is called indefinite integral of
[Link] process of finding indefinite
Z integrals or anti-derivatives of function is
called integration denoted by f (x)dx = F (x) + c
Example
Z
1 2xdx = x 2 + c
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 3 / 29
Example
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 4 / 29
5.2 Techniques of integration
5.2.1 Integration by substitution, and parts
Integration by substitution
Z
An integral of the form f 0 (g (x))g 0 (x)dx can be solved by substitution let
u = g (x)
du = g 0 (x)dx
Substitute the in the above integral we will have
Z Z
0
f (g (x))dx = f 0 (u)du
= f (u) + c
= f (g (x)) + c
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 5 / 29
Example
Evaluate the following integrals
Z Z
2 7
1 4x(x + 12) dx 4 e 3x (e 3x − 4)12 dx
Z
x2
p Z
2 (x + 1) x 2 + 2xdx 5 dx
Z (5x 3 + 3)4
3 casxe sinx dx
Remark.
Z
If integral of the form x n f (x r + c)dx for n > r
substitute u = x r + c and write x n as x n = x n−r .x r and solve x r in terms of u
and c from u = x r + c
Example
Z p Z p Z
1 x 3 x 2 − 5dx 2 x 5 x 3 + 3dx 3 x 5 (x − 2)8 dx
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 6 / 29
Example
Evaluate the following integrals
p
Z
cos(lnx)
Z
1 (2 + x)4 dx 4 dx
p x
(1 + x)4
Z
sec 2 lnx
Z
2 p dx 5 dx
px x
sin x
Z
3 p dx
x
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 7 / 29
Integration by Parts
Recall from product rule that
0
(f (x)g (x)) = f 0 (x)g (x) + f (x)g 0 (x) (1)
Integrating both sides of equation 1 with respect to x,we will have:
Z Z
f (x)g (x) = f 0 (x)g (x)dx + f (x)g 0 (x)dx (2)
From equation 2 we have either
Z Z
f 0 (x)g (x)dx = f (x)g (x) − f (x)g 0 (x)dx (3)
Z Z
0
f (x)g (x)dx = f (x)g (x) − f 0 (x)g (x)dx (4)
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 8 / 29
cont. . .
Equation 3 and 4 are called integration by parts
Example
Z Z Z
1 x 2 e −x dx 6 e x cosxdx 11 sin−1 xdx
Z Z
lnx
Z
2
2 x cosxdx 7 tan−1 xdx 12 dx
2
Z Z Z x
3 xlnxdx 8 lnxdx 13 cosxln(sinx)dx
p
Z Z Z
2
4 xtan−1 xdx 9 sin xdx 14 x 3 e x dx
Z Z Z
4x 2
5 xe dx 10 xsec (2x)dx 15 sin(lnx)dx
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 9 / 29
Solution
Z
1 x 2 e −x dx let
f (x) = x 2 and g 0 (x) = e −x then
fZ 0 (x) = 2x and g (x)Z= −e −x
f (x)g 0 (x)dx = f (x)g (x) − f 0 (x)g (x)dx
Z Z
x 2 e −x dx = −x 2 e −x + 2 xe −x dx
Z
2 −x −x
= −x e + 2(−xe + e −x dx) again integration by parts
= −x 2 e −x + 2(−xe −x − e −x ) + c
= −x 2 e −x − 2xe −x − 2e −x + c
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 10 / 29
5.2.3 Trigonometric Integrals
1 Reduction Formula:
−1 n−1
Z Z
1. sinn xdx = sinn−1 x cosx + sinn−2 xdx .
n n
1 n−1
Z Z
2. cosn xdx = cosn−1 x sinx + cosn−2 xdx .
n n
1
Z Z
n n−1
3. tan xdx = tan x− tann−2 xdx
n−1
1 n−2
Z Z
n n−2
4. sec xdx = sec x tanx + secn−2 xdx .
n−1 n−1
−1 n−2
Z Z
n n−2
5 csc xdx = csc x cotx + cscn−2 xdx .
n−1 n−1
−1
Z Z
n
6 cot xdx = cot x − cotn−2 xdx .
n−1
n−1
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 11 / 29
Proof
Z Z
n
1 sin xdx = sinn−1 xsinxdx using integration by parts let
f (x) = sinn−1 x g 0 (x) = sinx
f 0 (x) = (n − 1)sinn−2 xcosx g (x) = −cosx
Z Z
f (x)g 0 (x)dx = f (x)g (x) − f 0 (x)g (x)dx
Z Z
n n−1
sin xdx = −cosxsin x + (n − 1) sinn−2 xcos 2 xdx
Z
= −cosxsinn−1 x + (n − 1) sinn−2 x(1 − sin2 x)dx
·Z Z ¸
n−1 n−2 n
= −cosxsin x + (n − 1) sin xdx − sin xdx
Z Z
(1 + n − 1) sinn xdx = −cosxsinn−1 x + (n − 1) sinn−2 xdx
−1 n−1
Z Z
n n−1
sin xdx = cosxsin x+ sinn−2 xdx
n n
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 12 / 29
Cont...
Basic Trigonometric Identities
1 − cos(2x) 1 + cos(2x)
sin2 x = cos2 x =
2 2
Example 2. Evaluate the Integrals:
Z Z Z Z
(a) cos5 θ d θ (b) cos3 dx . (c) sec4 xdx (d) tan3 4xdx .
Z Z
(e) cot3 xdx (f ) csc4 xdx.
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 13 / 29
Cont...
2 Integrating Products of Sines and Cosines
Z
The integrals of the form ”sinm x cosn x”dx , where m, n ∈ N can be
evaluated by one of the three procedures listed below:
I: n=odd, split off a factor of cosx .
Use the identity cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x .
Make the substitution u = sinx ⇒ du = cosxdx .
II: m=odd, split off a factor of sinx .
Use the identity sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x .
Make the substitution u = cosx ⇒ du = − sinxdx .
III: Both m and n even. Use the relevant identities to reduce the powers on
sinx and cosx .
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 14 / 29
Cont. . .
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 15 / 29
Cont. . .
Example 3. Evaluate:-
Z Z Z
(a) sin3 x cos4 xdx (b) sin4 (3x)cos3 (3x)dx (c) sin3 x cos3 xdx
Z Z
(d) sin2 (2t)cos3 (2t)dt (e) sin2 x cos4 xdx
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 16 / 29
Cont...
Solution
Z Z
(a) sin3 x cos4 xdx = sin2 xcos 4 xsinxdx
Z Z
3 4
sin x cos xdx = (1 − cos 2 x)cos 4 xsinxdx
let u = cosx du = −sinxdx
Z Z
= (1 − u 2 )u 4 (−du) =− (u 4 − u 6 )du
u5 u7
+
=− +c
5 7
cos 5 x cos 7 x
Z
sin3 x cos4 xdx = − + +c
5 7
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 17 / 29
3 Integrals of the Form
Z Z Z
sin(mx)cos(nx)dx , sin(mx)sin(nx)dx or cos(mx)cos(nx)dx can be
found by using the trigonometric identities:
1
1 sin α cos β = (sin(α − β) + sin(α + β))
2
1
2 sin α sin β = (cos(α − β) − cos(α + β))
2
1
3 cos α cos β = (cos(α − β) + cos(α + β))
2
Example 4. Evaluate:-
Z Z Z
(a) sin(3x)cos(7x)dx (b) cos(5x)cos2xdx (c) sin(6x)sin(x)dx
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 18 / 29
Cont...
Z
4 Integrals of the form tanm x secn xdx
can be evaluated by one of the following three procedures:
I: n=even, split off a factor of sec2 x .
Use the identity sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x .
Make the substitution u = tanx ⇒ du = sec2 xdx .
II: m=odd, split off a factor of secx tanx .
Use the identity tan2 x = sec2 x − 1.
Make the substitution u = secx ⇒ du = secx tanxdx .
III: If m is even and n is odd. Use the relevant identities to reduce the
integrand to powers of secx alone. Then use the reduction formula for
powers of secx .
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 19 / 29
Cont. . .
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 20 / 29
Example
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 21 / 29
Example
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 22 / 29
Cont...
5 Integrals of the form cotm x cscn xdx
R
I: n=even, csc2 x = 1 + cot2 x .
Make the substitution u = cotx ⇒ du = − csc2 xdx .
II: m=odd, Make the substitution u = cscx ⇒ du = − cscx cotxdx .
III: If m is even and n is odd. Use the relevant identities to reduce the
integrand to powers of cscx alone. Then use the reduction formula for
powers of cscx .
Example 5. Evaluate:-
Z Z Z
2 2 3 4
(a) tan x sec xdx (b) tan (4x)sec (4x)dx (c) sec5 x tan3 xdx
Z Z
(d) cot3 x csc3 xdx (e) cot2 (3t)csc(3t)dt
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 23 / 29
5.2.4. Trigonometric Substitution
1 Sine substitution
p p a
If an Integrals of the form a2 − b2 x 2 , use substitution x = sin θ on
b
−π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2.
2 Tangent substitution
p p a
If an Integrals of the form a2 + b2 x 2 , use substitution x = tan θ on
b
−π/2 < θ < π/2.
3 secant substitution
p p a
Integrals of the form b2 x 2 − a2 , use substitution x = sec θ on
b
0 ≤ θ ≤ π \ {π/2}.
p p
Integrals of the form pax 2 + bx + c canp be converting pusing completing
the square into either a2 − b 2 x 2 , or a2 + b 2 x 2 , or b 2 x 2 − a2 .
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 24 / 29
Cont...
Example 6. Evaluate:-
Z
x2 3
1 p dx
(x 2 − 1) 2
Z
16 − x 2 7 dx
1
Z
2 p dx x6
2 2
Z x 2x − 9 x +3
Z
x 8 dx
3 p dx (x 2 + 6x + 13)7
8 + x 2
x3 x
Z Z
4 dx 9 dx
q 3 − 2x − x 2
(4 + x 2 )5
8
Z
1
Z
dx
10 dx
5 p x 2 + 4x + 5
4 2 +1
Z x + 2x
ex 1
Z
6 p dx 11 dx
e 2x + e x + 1 (x + 4x + 8)2
2
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 25 / 29
5.2.4 Integration of rational function by partial fraction
P(x)
Defn:- Let f (x) = be a proper rational functions.
Q(x)
i.e. Deg (P(x)) < Deg (Q(x)). Then every proper rational function can be
expressed as a sum
P(x)
= F1 (x) + F2 (x) + · · · + Fn (x),
Q(x)
where Fi (x) are rational fractions of the form
A Ax + B
or
(ax + b)k (ax 2 + bx + c)k
in which the denominators are factors of Q(x).
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 26 / 29
Cont...
P(x)
There are two parts to finding a partial fraction decomposition of Q(x)
:
1. Factor Q(x) completely into linear and irreducible quadratic.
2. Collect all repeated factors so that Q(x) is expressed as a product of
distinct factors of the form (ax + b)k and (ax 2 + bx + c)k .
Linear Factor Rule
For each factors of the form (ax + b)k , the partial fraction decomposition
A1 A2 Ak
contains the ff “k” partial fractions: + +···+ .
ax + b (ax + b)2 (ax + b)k
Particularly, if k = 1, only the first term in sum appears.
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 27 / 29
Cont...
Quadratic Factor Rule.
For each factors of the form (ax 2 + bx + c)k , the partial fraction
decomposition contains the ff sum of “k” partial fractions:
A1 x + B1 A2 x + B2 Ak x + B k
2
+ 2 2
+···+ , where Ai and Bi are
ax + bx + c (ax + bx + c) (ax 2 + bx + c)k
constants.
Example 1. Evaluate the Integrals:
11x + 17 cos θ
Z Z
1
2
dx 5
2
dθ
Z 2x 2 + 7x − 4 sin θ + 4sin θ − 5
3x − x + 1
2
3 2
dx. Z
dx
Z 3x − x2 6 dx.
x + 3x + x + 9 16x 3 − 4x 2 + 4x − 1
3
4 2 +3
dx
Z 4x + 4x
x + 6x 3 + 10x 2 + x x 4 − x 3 + 2x 2 − 3x − 24
Z
4 dx. 7 dx
x 2 + 6x + 10 x 3 − x 2 − 4x + 4
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 28 / 29
Assignment II 10%
Submission Date
Friday, June 13, 2025 G.C
I For the function f (x) = x 6 − 10x 4 find:
1 All critical numbers and critical points
2 The interval of increasing and decreasing
3 The relative maximum and minimum value of f(x)
4 The intervals of concavity
5 The inflection points
II text
Page Number question Number
28 7
25 8
9 15
7 2
Haftu Adhena (Wolkite University) Chapter Five:Integration June 5, 2025 29 / 29