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NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

NOVEMBER 2024

GEOGRAPHY: PAPER I

MARKING GUIDELINES

Time: 3 hours 200 marks

These marking guidelines are prepared for use by examiners and sub-examiners, all of whom are required to attend a
standardisation meeting to ensure that the guidelines are consistently interpreted and applied in the marking of candidates'
scripts.

The IEB will not enter any discussions or correspondence about any marking guidelines. It is acknowledged that there may be
different views about some matters of emphasis or detail in the guidelines. It is also recognised that, without the benefit of
attendance at a standardisation meeting, there may be different interpretations of the application of the marking guidelines.

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Marks must be awarded in line with:

• the specific content of the marking guideline or the generic level descriptors for the Question.
• the specific skills defined in the marking guideline or in the generic level descriptors for the Question.
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.
Marks must be awarded POSITIVELY:
• Marks are awarded for correct/valid answers.
• Credit is given for valid answers that go beyond the scope of the syllabus referring to your Senior Sub Examiner or Examiner as
appropriate.
• Marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do.
• Marks are not deducted for errors.
• Marks are not deducted for omissions.
• Answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed
by the Question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous.
Rules must be applied consistently, e.g., in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic
level descriptors.
Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the marking guide for the Question; however, the use of the full mark
range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen.
Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the marking guidelines.
Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.
When marking the higher order question, please use the Essay coding system to make the moderation process more consistent, fair
and easier.

Geography Essay Coding

E – Excellent
G – Good
F – Fair
V – Vague
R – Repetitive
I – Irrelevant

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SECTION A INTEGRATED QUESTION:

QUESTION 1 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
1.1 Synoptic chart and associated weather conditions
Study Figure 1, a synoptic chart (19/07/2024), before answering the following questions.
1.1.1 Study Figure 1 and determine whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE. Circle the correct answer.
(a) The extension of the high pressure along the yellow line is trough. False

(b) The dashed line around the low pressure at A means that the low False
pressure is weakening.
(c) B on the synoptic chart is a warm front occlusion. False

(d) The weather system at Point C is responsible for scattered False

thunderstorms and showers across the eastern parts of South Africa.
1.1.2
(a) Explain what a berg wind is. A hot, dry wind originating over the high central plateau of South Africa
and blowing towards the coast.
HP – LP – movement down a mountain
(b) Draw an arrow on Figure 1 to show the direction of ON THE IMAGE
berg winds over South Africa on 9 July 2024. HP towards MLC
Anticyclonic circulation around the continental HP

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(c) Draw a cross section to explain the formation of berg winds. HP

LP (Coastal low) / MLC
Wind movement/Warm Air
Temperature indicated
Blue / Red arrow showing temp diff

1.1.3 Refer to the weather system labelled D on Figure 1.

(a) Name the stage of development of the weather Occluding
system. Accept: Mature Stage
Stage 3 or Stage 4
(b) Give ONE reason for your answer. 1. Cold front has caught up with the warm front (for occluded)
2. Mature Stage – well-developed warm and cold front, pressure below
1000hPa / warm sector & cold sector
(c) Describe the weather which Marion Island could Cold – temperatures Credit for a reasonable and relevant
expect to experience on 9 July 2024. dropping alternative answer:
Wet – Light showers to heavy
rain The answer is simple and lacks depth in
Cloud cover discussion; it may need more specific linking to
Decreasing air pressure the concept aspect.
Overcast conditions
Cb Clouds The answer is well-developed, comprehensive,
Steep pressure gradient with and showcases a solid conceptual
strong winds understanding. It explores the factors in-depth,
Wind direction NW establishes insightful points, and demonstrates
Thunderstorms critical thinking, resulting in a compelling and
Snow well-supported response with solid
Hail interconnections.
Fog
Dew point temp / humidity√

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1.1.4 Draw a cross section to illustrate the conditions of

the front at B. Any stratus cloud only
accepted if there is no
other content in the
diagram

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1.2 Urban Climate

Study the satellite image below, which shows two weather stations located in Richards Bay.
(a) Indicate the predicted temperature at location E. 24,1 ºC
(b) Give ONE reason for your answer. CBD (built up area) Credit for a reasonable and relevant
• Artifical surfaces alternative answer:
• Lack of greenery
• Transport The answer is simple and lacks depth
• Pollution in discussion; it may need more
Any reasonable answer that specific linking to the concept aspect.
indicates the increase in
temperature
Increased number of aircons
Lower albedo

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(c) Using the line from Location E to Location F, draw

a rough temperature line graph.

(d) Discuss TWO strategies that the municipality • Greening the City: Adding more Credit for a reasonable and
could implement to reduce the effect of urban parks, green belts, and trees in relevant alternative
heat islands. cities helps reduce heat by assessment:
providing shade, lowering surface
temperatures, and cooling the air The response primarily discusses
through evaporation. Green the topic with limited concept
spaces also improve air quality, assessment. The candidate's
support wildlife, and offer places understanding may be inaccurate
for recreation. or lacking in depth.
The response offers some
• Roof-top Gardens: Plants on assessment and discusses the
rooftops help lower building link between concepts, the
temperatures by insulating and candidate shows decent
cooling the surrounding air. This knowledge and understanding, but
reduces the need for air the examples provided may need
conditioning and helps combat more detail or thorough
urban heat. development.

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• Vehicle Emissions: Cars release

heat and pollutants that contribute
to urban heat. Reducing car use
and switching to cleaner
technologies can help lessen this
effect.
• Industrial Monitoring: Tracking
emissions from factories helps
manage and reduce their heat
and pollution, leading to cooler
urban areas.
• Decentralising Business and
Industries: Spreading out
businesses and industries
reduces heat concentration in city
centres, lowers emissions, and
encourages more green spaces
in suburban areas.
• Reducing Cars on Roads
During Business Hours: Fewer
cars on the road during peak
times reduce heat, pollution, and
energy absorption by road
surfaces. Carpooling, flexible
work hours, and public
transportation can help achieve
this.

• Remote Working: Working from

home cuts down on commuting,
reducing vehicle emissions and
traffic congestion, which helps
lower urban heat and energy use
in office buildings.

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1.3 Hydrograph and Flooding

1.3.1 Refer to the hydrographs below. Which graph River 2
depicts a storm hydrograph in an urban area?
Circle the correct label on the graph.
1.3.2 Give ONE reason for your answer. • Impervious Surfaces: Urban Credit for a reasonable and
areas have surfaces like roads relevant alternative answer:
and pavements that don’t absorb
water, causing more runoff to flow The answer is simple and lacks
into streams and rivers quickly. depth in discussion; it may need
• Increased Runoff: With many more specific linking to the
impervious surfaces and efficient concept aspect.
drainage systems, runoff reaches
waterways faster, leading to The answer is well-developed,
higher flood peaks. comprehensive, and showcases a
• Reduced Infiltration: solid conceptual understanding. It
Urbanisation reduces the natural explores the factors in-depth,
absorption of rainwater due to establishes insightful points, and
concrete and asphalt, causing demonstrates critical thinking,
faster runoff. resulting in a compelling and well-
• Channel Modifications: Changes supported response with solid
to natural water channels, like interconnections.
adding drainage or detention
basins, can alter water flow and
increase flood intensity.
• Drainage Systems: Stormwater
systems are designed to quickly
remove runoff, which can lead to
higher peak flows and shorter
response times.
• Land Use Changes: Urbanisation
replaces natural landscapes with
buildings, increasing runoff and
changing water flow.

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1.3.3 The image below shows the elevation of Richards Bay.

(a) The average elevation of Richards Bay is. Tick 10–20 m above sea level
the correct answer. Add 30-40m
(b) Explain how the elevation of Richards Bay would Lag time (longer / time) Credit for a reasonable and relevant
influence the lag time and flood peak on a – Gentle elevation alternative assessment:
hydrograph for the Mhlatuze River indicated in – Rainwater will take time to
the image. filtrate into the river. The response primarily explains the
– Large surface area, which has topic with limited concept assessment.
more infiltration. The candidate's understanding may be
– Lag time will be slow – long inaccurate or lacking in depth.
and gentle.
Flood peak (lower / height) The response offers some assessment
– Low flood peak and discusses the link between
– Surface runoff will filtrate into concepts, but the discussion may be
the ground and run off into the superficial. The candidate shows
sea decent knowledge and understanding,
– Much of the area is marsh/ but the examples provided may need
wetland, which will slow down more detail or thorough development
the water
– Gentle elevation low flood
peak

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1.4 Fluvial Processes

1.4.1 Study the satellite image of the Umfolozi River below.
(a) Label the image by writing the letter of the label in the space provided on the image.

(b) In which direction is the Umfolozi River flowing? Southeast

Tick the correct answer.
1.4.2 Complete the table by circling the correct answer to make each statement TRUE.
(a)(i) The river channel pattern is … Braided Stream
(ii) H is an area of … Deposition
(iii) The feature at K is … Terrace
(iv) Transportation of the river load is Suspension and Solution
(b) Draw a cross section from I–J. cross-section
built-up/island in the middle

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(c) Explain how the rejuvenation would impact the Braided stream/deposits will be Credit for a reasonable and
river channel pattern in Figure 5. washed away due to increased relevant alternative answer:
energy and the river channel will be
come deeper. The answer is simple and lacks
depth in explanation; it may need
more specific linking to the
concept aspect.

The answer is well-developed,

comprehensive, and showcases a
solid conceptual understanding. It
explores the factors in-depth,
establishes insightful points, and
demonstrates critical thinking,
resulting in a compelling and well-
supported response with solid
interconnections.

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QUESTION 2 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

2.1 Rural Settlement
2.1.1 Provide the correct term to describe each of these aspects of settlement in Photograph 1.
Settlement Pattern Nucleated
Settlement Complexity Unifunctional/Basic Services
Type of Farming Subsistence farming with cattle
Site factor Aspect
Would this settlement be described A Dry-point settlement
2.1.2 (a) as a wet-point or dry-point
settlement?
Up on the slope – away from water in the valley
(b) Give a reason for your answer.
Add: Above the floodline
2.2 Urban structures and patterns
2.2.1 Identify the street patterns for each L – Unplanned irregular / planned irregular / irregular
(a) area. M – Grid Street Pattern/Rectangular

(b) Discuss ONE advantage for each L Credit for a reasonable and
street pattern. • Vary in plot size relevant alternative answer:
• Slows down traffic Each point must be discussed to
• Increase flow credit the candidate
• Can adapt to natural land contours and
existing land uses create a distinctive,
charming atmosphere with varied street
layouts and buildings.
M
• Plot size equal, easy to predict
intersections
• Easier to navigate due to its predictable
and organised layout. Streets run parallel
and perpendicular, making it simpler to find
addresses. Traffic flow
• Maximises use of space and allows for
efficient planning and development.

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• Simplifies the planning of infrastructure

such as roads, sewer systems, and utilities.
2.2.2 List TWO characteristics of a Edge of the CBD / City
(a) heavy industrial area. Air Pollution
Noise Pollution, Water Pollution
Unsightly
Near transport routes
Lots of space
Flat Land
Far from high income residential area
Large buildings
Close to a water source
Cheap land
(b) Explain why there is open land • Green belt Credit for a reasonable and
between areas L and M. • Buffer between industrial area and the relevant alternative answer:
residential area
• River limits the development The answer is simple and lacks depth
in explanation; it may need more
specific linking to the concept aspect.
The answer is well-developed,
comprehensive, and showcases a
solid conceptual understanding. It
explores the factors in-depth,
establishes insightful points, and
demonstrates critical thinking,
resulting in a compelling and well-
supported response with solid
interconnections.
2.2.3
(a) Discuss why an effective transport POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE FACTORS Credit for a reasonable and
system is important for industrial Railway/roads all access for coal export. relevant alternative answer:
development. Consider:
Industrial development along major roads The answer is simple and lacks depth
Main built-up areas along major roads in discussion; it may need more
Shopping centres / Businesses specific linking to the concept aspect.
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Industrial areas along roads The answer is well-developed,

Transport access for workers comprehensive, and showcases a
Trade solid conceptual understanding. It
Access to harbour explores the factors in-depth,
establishes insightful points, and
demonstrates critical thinking,
resulting in a compelling and well-
supported response with solid
interconnections.
(b) Evaluate ways the Richards Bay Solutions to the following problems: Credit for a reasonable and
municipality could enhance the Limited access relevant alternative answer:
transport system to improve Faulty infrastructure risks access
industrial development. Many trucks lead to delays in coal delivery The answer is simple and lacks depth
Topography limits movement to and from in discussion; it may need more
RBCT. specific linking to the concept aspect.

– Access to main roads for industry The answer is well-developed,

– Interconnectivity for linked industries comprehensive, and showcases a
– Fast/direct access in and out of the city solid conceptual understanding. It
– Quality of the roads explores the factors in-depth,
– Alternate routes to destination establishes insightful points, and
– Dry port for storage outside of Richards demonstrates critical thinking,
Bay resulting in a compelling and well-
– Time restrictions on which trucks are supported response with solid
allowed to access CBD. interconnections.
– Road Maintenance
– Railways
– Alternate routes
2.3 RURAL SETTLEMENT ISSUES
(a) List TWO positive contributions Employment
which the Tendele mine has Improved infrastructure
made to the economic Clinic
development in the area. Reduce poverty
Working aged population is able to get work in
the village
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Diversity of age groups

Attracts investment
Increase GDP
Purchasing Power
(b) What would the impact on the POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE FACTORS Credit for a reasonable and
village be if the mine shut down? • Rural Depopulation: People are moving relevant alternative answer:
away from rural areas due to fewer job
opportunities and better prospects in cities. The answer is simple and lacks depth
This leads to abandoned farms, businesses, in discussion; it may need more
and communities. specific linking to the concept aspect.
• Decay of Mining Infrastructure: Mining The answer is well-developed,
activities can damage infrastructure like comprehensive, and showcases a
roads and bridges due to heavy use and solid conceptual understanding. It
pollution, causing it to deteriorate over time. explores the factors in-depth,
No maintenance establishes insightful points, and
• Lack of Land Rehabilitation: Not restoring demonstrates critical thinking,
land after mining ends leads to resulting in a compelling and well-
environmental issues like soil erosion, water supported response with solid
contamination, and loss of wildlife. This interconnections.
makes the land unusable for farming or other Could be positive
purposes. Tourism, rehabilitation
• Loss of Income: When mining stops or Illegal Mining
declines, communities dependent on it may Revert to agriculture and farming
lose their income, leading to economic
hardships, reduced spending, and job
losses.
(c) Explain why the relocation of the The land was paid for by the mining company – Credit for a reasonable and
villagers is NOT a classification private transaction. PAID FOR relevant alternative answer:
of land reform. Not land reform
Private company buying land from villagers The answer is simple and lacks depth
Traditional leaders negotiated on behalf of the in explanation; it may need more
villagers. specific linking to the concept aspect.
Consultative process
The answer is well-developed,
comprehensive, and showcases a
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solid conceptual understanding. It

explores the factors in-depth,
establishes insightful points, and
demonstrates critical thinking,
resulting in a compelling and well-
supported response with solid
interconnections.
2.4 Economic Development and Coal Mining
Complete the statement by circling the correct answer.
(a) 49% of South Africa's coal is (ii) – Opencast mining
mined in…
(b) The highest quality ranked coal (iii) – anthracite
is…
(c) Production of pharmaceutical (i) – Linked industry / Value Added Product
products from coal is defined
as…
(d) A factor which will NOT hinder (iii) – High concentrations of coal reserves
coal mining in South Africa is …

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QUESTION 3 EXTENDED WRITING

Rural Settlement / Economic Activity
Please DO NOT tick when marking an essay
– this confuses the checkers.

Rather, underline valid and appropriate

points and use the code system.

The importance of linked industries in the Linked industries - services which benefit each other.
economic development of Richard's Bay. Tourism/accommodation – positive business meetings
Transport services
Naval Base
Boating
Chemical Industry
All industries bring in development, employment and skills training. – improved
standard of living
Benefication
Factors which favour the location of RBCT. Export port
Freight rail line
6 berths & 4 ship loaders
East coast of SA – shorter trip to eastern hemisphere
Close proximity to major coal field in SA + others
Diverse labour pool – skilled and unskilled / training on the job
Availability of water – reservoirs
Factors which hinder the export of coal from Strikes + unrest
RBCT. Transport links/closing of roads
Railway/Transnet not maintaining infrastructure
Decrease in demand
Harbour – limited access
Power disruptions
Wet coal
Weather
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Move to alternate energy sources

War / Ukraine
Maintenance of harbour
Infrastructure – favour / hinder

Discuss the impact mechanisation will have on Positive Negative

coal mining. • Better mining activity • Loss of jobs
• Safer for miners • Too much coal and not
• More produce enough demand
• Quicker extraction of coal • Reduced price of coal
• More money • Run out of resource
• Improved skills • Zama Zama / Illegal
mining
• Pollution
Note: You may draw on any examples you have
studied to support your report discussion. Use
the rubric below to guide the planning and
structure of your report.

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Level 3 Level 2 Level 1

Criteria
Excellent – Good Satisfactory Poor
Writing skills Suitable introduction and conclusion. Introduction and conclusion present, Writing is weak and almost
• Take into consideration Sophisticated, coherent and structured although not ideal. unintelligible. No introduction or
structure and presentation. writing. Attempts to adhere to subheadings and conclusion provided. No use of /
• Use of brief introduction and Subheadings and paragraphs have use of paragraphs. adherence to subheadings. Long
conclusion. been effectively used. Report deviates from the point in sentences, poor grammar and
• Logical discussion and use of The report is concise, well-structured places and lacks brevity. ineffective use of paragraphs. The
subheadings. and succinct. report is repetitive. Bullet points may
have been used.
1 mark must be awarded for any form
of written attempt / effort.

Content knowledge Response thoroughly assesses the Response demonstrates some Response makes a few general points
• Correct use of geographical relevant content and detailed knowledge and understanding. about the topic.
terminology and concepts. discussion of the topic. Some relevant content. A descriptive response comprising a
• Adherence to topic and An effective and sustained evaluation Response is broadly evaluative in few simple points. Knowledge is basic
subheadings. with a sound conclusion. character, comprising some and understanding may be poor and
Response is well founded in detailed explanatory or narrative content and a lack relevance to the Question set.
exemplar knowledge and strong conclusion. Digression from the topic.
conceptual understanding of the topic. Response develops from secure base Weak grasp of concepts and
Examples used are appropriate and of knowledge and understanding with terminology.
integrated effectively into the response. the use of examples. Isolated and generic elements of
Good usage of geographical An overview / general discussion of understanding and knowledge.
terminology and concepts. key issues. Superficial / poor discussion.
An appropriate number of facts Displays a fair understanding of the Almost no relevant facts / subheadings.
presented per subheading. topic, however, inaccurate or vague in
Min of 2 points for every sub-heading some discussions.
will earn candidate 10 marks. Basic usage of geographical concepts
Extension work will provide a further and terminology.
2 marks. 60–50% of required facts presented
per subheading.
1 point per sub-heading, or 2 points
provided and only 2 paragraphs.

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Supporting evidence – analysis The candidate is able to argue and Superficial links made to case study / Limited to no reference made to case
and understanding evaluate appropriately. fact file / source material. study / fact file / source material.
• The ability to analyse and There is strong evidence of accurate Although reference to supporting Examples not provided.
evaluate the topic is assessed application of understanding and examples has been made, it is not Has little to no geographical meaning.
in this category. evidence provided. clear that the candidate has a good Little analysis or understanding.
• Reference made to case study The report demonstrates the understanding of the example / case Demonstrates minimal understanding
material / fact file / source understanding and integration of study material. of the topic.
material provided. relevant case study / fact file / source Supporting evidence does not always
• If appropriate, reference must material into the context of the report. relate appropriately to the subheading
be made to familiar / local or Looking for evidence of unpacking or context of the discussion.
other examples. content and high-order integration. Discussion lacks depth.

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SECTION B CLIMATE, WEATHER AND GEOMORPHOLOGY

QUESTION 4 CLIMATE AND WEATHER
4.1 Climate Terminology
Provide a term for the following definitions. Write only the correct term in the space provided.
4.1.1 The anticlockwise change in wind direction Backing
that occurs as a mid-latitude cyclone passes
over.
4.1.2 Zone separating the cold polar air Polar Front
(easterlies) and warm tropical air
(westerlies).
4.1.3 Occurs when there is an elongation of a low- Trough/Saddle
pressure cell.
4.1.4 Warm layer of air midway up a valley with Thermal Belt / Inversion Layer
cold air below as a result of inversion of
temperature.

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4.2 Tropical Cyclone

Read the fact file below and study the satellite image of Tropical Cyclone Cheneso taken on Saturday 28 January 2023.
4.2.1 Indicate the location of Tropical Cyclone Cheneso on 28 January 2023 at 11:00 and include the following on the synoptic sketch
on the following page:

(a) Eye
(b) Pressure
(c) Movement of wind
(d) Leading Quadrant
(e) Expected path for Tropical Cyclone Cheneso over the next couple of days.

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4.2.2 Discuss ONE reason why Tropical • Pressure increase/above 1000hPa Credit for a reasonable and relevant
Cyclone Cheneso was reclassified as a • Wind slow down alternative answer:
tropical storm between 19 January and • Movement over land/causing friction
27 January 2023. • Storm decrease in intensity The answer is simple and lacks depth in
• Latent heat / evaporation discussion; it may need more specific linking
• Specified wind speed below 150km/hr; to the concept aspect.
therefore, not a TC
The answer is well-developed,
comprehensive, and showcases a solid
conceptual understanding. It explores the
factors in-depth, establishes insightful
points, and demonstrates critical thinking,
resulting in a compelling and well-supported
response with solid interconnections.
4.2.3 (a) Describe torrential rain. Large amount of rain which falls rapidly
(b) Discuss TWO impacts Tropical POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE FACTORS Credit for a reasonable and relevant
Cyclone Cheneso's torrential rain • Destruction of Infrastructure: alternative assessment:
will have on the people of Critical infrastructure such as roads,
Madagascar. bridges, and buildings are often The response primarily discusses the topic
severely damaged or destroyed, with limited concept assessment. The
disrupting transportation, candidate's understanding may be
communication, and essential inaccurate or lacking in depth.
services.
The response offers some assessment and
• Flooding of Homes: Residential
discusses the link between concepts, but
areas may experience extensive
flooding, leading to the loss of the discussion may be superficial. The
candidate shows decent knowledge and
personal belongings, displacement of
understanding, but the examples provided
families, and significant property
may need more detail or thorough
damage.
development
• Damage to Crops and Farming:
Water can inundate agricultural lands,
destroying crops and farmland, which
in turn impacts the food supply and
farmers' livelihoods.
• Decline in Tourism: The aftermath of
natural disasters often results in a
decline in tourism, as damaged
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attractions and infrastructure make

travel less appealing or even
impossible, leading to economic
losses for communities reliant on
tourism.
• Prolonged Recovery Time and
Financial Impact: The recovery and
rebuilding process can take an
extended period, requiring significant
financial resources and investment,
further straining local economies.
• Loss of Livelihood: Many people
may lose their primary means of
income due to the destruction of
businesses, farms, and other sources
of employment, leading to long-term
economic hardship.
• Loss of Life and Wildlife: Natural
disasters can result in tragic loss of
human life as well as the death or
displacement of animals, disrupting
local ecosystems and communities.
• Erosion of soil – loss of top soil will
effect ground
• Water borne diseases
• Water table is refilled, benefit

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4.3 Valley Climate

Figure 10 shows a valley in the Drakensberg.
4.3.1 On Figure 10 below,
(a) Label wind O KATABATIC WIND
(b) Draw in the mountain breeze At the bottom of the valley
(c) Indicate if it is day or night feature Night
Figure 10

Could draw a moon

4.3.2 In the morning, campers at the campsite indicated on the photograph will experience a frost pocket. Explain the concept of a
frost pocket by completing the following table:
Calm/Clear night Cold air drains down the valley slopes, Credit for a reasonable and relevant
collecting at the bottom alternative answer:
Lower temperature at the bottom
No movement/disturbance of air pocket The answer is simple and lacks depth in
Consider: discussion; it may need more specific
Increases the formation of an inversion linking to the concept aspect.
Terrestrial radiation occurs with the
mixing of cold and warm air The answer is well-developed,
Condensation occurs on the valley
comprehensive, and showcases a solid
floor
conceptual understanding. It explores the
factors in-depth, establishes insightful
points, and demonstrates critical thinking,
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resulting in a compelling and well-

supported response with solid
interconnections.
Winter Temperature needs to drop below Credit for a reasonable and relevant
freezing for the frost to form alternative answer:
In the valley
Consider: The answer is simple and lacks depth in
Winter causes temperature to drop to discussion; it may need more specific
below freezing point linking to the concept aspect.

The answer is well-developed,

comprehensive, and showcases a solid
conceptual understanding. It explores the
factors in-depth, establishes insightful
points, and demonstrates critical thinking,
resulting in a compelling and well-
supported response with solid
interconnections.
Movement of air in the valley Warm air is displaced upwards to form Credit for a reasonable and relevant
inversion layer alternative answer:
Stable/calm air in the bottom of the
valley The answer is simple and lacks depth in
Warm air rising discussion; it may need more specific
Cold air sinking linking to the concept aspect.
Consider:
Cold air drain down the slopes
The answer is well-developed,
Displaces warmer air comprehensive, and showcases a solid
Inversion develops conceptual understanding. It explores the
Condensation occur on the valley floor factors in-depth, establishes insightful
Water droplets freezes points, and demonstrates critical thinking,
Diagram may be used
resulting in a compelling and well-
supported response with solid
interconnections.

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QUESTION 5 GEOMORPHOLOGY
5.1 Fluvial terminology
5.1.1 Study Figure 11 below, provide labels P – tributary
as indicated in the table that follows. Q – confluence
R – interfluve
S – source
– catchment area / drainage basin

5.1.2 (a) Calculate the stream order for T. FOUR

(b) Explain the relationship between The larger the drainage basin the higher the Credit for a reasonable and
stream order and the size of the stream order. relevant alternative answer:
drainage basin. Drainage basin is directly proportioinal to the
stream order The answer is simple and lacks
The more streams, the larger the drainage basin depth in explanation; it may need
more specific linking to the
concept aspect.

The answer is well-developed,

comprehensive, and showcases
a solid conceptual understanding.
It explores the factors in-depth,
establishes insightful points, and
demonstrates critical thinking,
resulting in a compelling and
well-supported response with
solid interconnections.

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(c) The Vaal River is A superimposed drainage system is one where Credit for a reasonable and
superimposed. Explain what is the river's course and pattern have been relevant alternative answer:
meant by this statement. 'superimposed' onto the underlying rock structure,
often cutting through resistant geological features The answer is simple and lacks
that were not initially present in the river's original depth in explanation; it may need
landscape. more specific linking to the
concept aspect.
Consider:
The river inherited an older landscape The answer is well-developed,
Land is older than the river comprehensive, and showcases
a solid conceptual understanding.
It explores the factors in-depth,
establishes insightful points, and
demonstrates critical thinking,
resulting in a compelling and
well-supported response with
solid interconnections.

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5.2 Catchment and river management

5.2.1 (a) In which direction is the river Northwest
flowing?
(b) Identify the drainage pattern. Trellis
(c) The drainage density is … Low density
(d) Discuss TWO factors, evident in the • The gradient of the land is high in the upper Credit for a reasonable and
image, which influenced the rate of reaches. relevant alternative assessment:
infiltration during the floods in the • The trellis drainage pattern funnels water
Western Cape. into the urban space. The response primarily discusses
• Underlying geology will influence how the topic with limited concept
permeable the surface would be. assessment. The candidate's
understanding may be inaccurate or
• Vegetation, high vegetation means more
lacking in depth.
infiltration, so the forested areas would
have the highest infiltration The response offers some
MUST BE DISCUSSED assessment and discusses the link
between concepts, but the
• Must link to infiltration discussion may be superficial. The
• ONE MARK for listing candidate shows decent knowledge
• -residential landuse and understanding, but the
• Forest / woodlands examples provided may need more
• Cultivated Land detail or thorough development
• Orchid & vineyard
(e) Identify the TWO flood Weir
management systems in Figure 12. Dam
Water reservoir

(f) Explain how ONE of the methods Weirs: manage the flow rate and water levels Credit for a reasonable and
mentioned in Question 5.2.1 (e) in rivers to prevent sudden flooding. relevant alternative answer:
would reduce flooding in the valley.
Dams: store and control large volumes of The answer is simple and lacks
water, releasing it slowly to prevent depth in discussion; it may need
downstream flooding. Sediment / fertile soil more specific linking to the concept
aspect.

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Water Reservoirs: capture and store excess The answer is well-developed,

water during heavy rain, helping to control and
comprehensive, and showcases a
reduce the risk of floods. solid conceptual understanding. It
explores the factors in-depth,
establishes insightful points, and
demonstrates critical thinking,
resulting in a compelling and well-
supported response with solid
interconnections.
(g) Explain how the following GeoSpatial tools can be used to reduce the impact of flooding on communities in this area:
• remote sensing • Flood Monitoring and Prediction: Credit for a reasonable and
Satellites and aerial images track weather, relevant alternative answer:
land use, and water levels to predict floods.
This helps issue early warnings so The answer is simple and lacks
communities can prepare or evacuate. depth in explanation; it may need
• Damage Assessment and Response: more specific linking to the concept
After a flood, remote sensing provides aspect.
detailed images to assess damage and
plan emergency responses and recovery The answer is well-developed,
efforts. comprehensive, and showcases a
AWAY from flooding area solid conceptual understanding. It
explores the factors in-depth,
establishes insightful points, and
demonstrates critical thinking,
resulting in a compelling and well-
supported response with solid
interconnections.
• buffering • Risk Assessment and Zoning: Creating Credit for a reasonable and
restricted zones around flood-prone areas relevant alternative answer:
prevents construction and reduces flood
damage by controlling development in high- The answer is simple and lacks
risk areas. depth in explanation discussion; it
• Infrastructure Design: Buffers help design may need more specific linking to
infrastructure to manage floods better. For the concept aspect.
example, buffer zones around flood-prone
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areas can include flood defenses or natural The answer is well-developed,

barriers to absorb excess water and reduce comprehensive, and showcases a
flooding. solid conceptual understanding. It
GIS BUFFERING CONCEPT explores the factors in-depth,
establishes insightful points, and
demonstrates critical thinking,
resulting in a compelling and well-
supported response with solid
interconnections.

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SECTION C RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENT AND ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH AFRICA
QUESTION 6 SETTLEMENT
6.1 Rural Settlements
Study the photograph below and select the term/s in bold that will make the statements TRUE. Circle the correct answer.
(a) The settlement in Photograph 3 would Isolated farmstead
be classified as a/an (village /
subsistent farm / isolated
farmstead).
(b) The settlement has a (nucleated / Dispersed
dispersed / linear) settlement pattern.
(c) The feature labelled Z is a (farm dam / Solar panels
silo / solar panel).
(d) The economic activity for this Large scale commercial
settlement is mostly (large-scale
commercial / subsistent / small-
scale commercial) farming.
6.2 Rural settlement issues
The bar graph below shows the number of agricultural households by province comparing 2011 and 2022.
6.2.1 Which province has had the largest KwaZulu-Natal
decline in agricultural households?
6.2.2 Give ONE reason why there has been • Drought- in recent past Credit for a reasonable and
a decline in agricultural households in • Rural-urban migration relevant alternative answer:
most provinces of South Africa. • Climate Change
• Mechanisation The answer is simple and lacks
• Cheaper to import. depth in discussion; it may need
• Privatisation more specific linking to the
• Large companies buying smaller farms. concept aspect.
• Land reform
• Labour disputes
• Farm murders
• Farm security in general
• Crime

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6.2.3 Analyse how the decline in agricultural • Increase in Food Costs Due to Importing Credit for a reasonable and
HOT production could impact the food Expenses: Higher costs for importing food, relevant alternative answer:
security of South Africa driven by transportation, tariffs, and
exchange rate changes, make food more The answer is simple and lacks
expensive for consumers. depth in analysing; it may need
• Dependence on Foreign Countries for more specific linking to the
Food Security: If local food production concept aspect.
drops, South Africa may rely more on other
countries for food, making it vulnerable to The answer is well-developed,
global supply chain disruptions. comprehensive, and showcases a
• Increased Pressure on Limited solid conceptual understanding. It
Resources: Reduced local food production explores the factors in-depth,
and increased reliance on imports put establishes insightful points, and
additional strain on South Africa’s limited demonstrates critical thinking,
resources, such as water, land, and energy, resulting in a compelling and well-
which are crucial for agriculture. supported response with solid
• Rise in Malnutrition: Higher food prices interconnections.
and reduced availability of affordable,
nutritious food can lead to malnutrition,
especially among children and low-income
families, affecting long-term health and
development.
• Economic Decline: Higher food costs, more
import dependence, and reduced local
production can lead to broader economic
issues, such as slower growth, higher
inflation, and increased financial strain on
households and businesses.
• Water shortage – less food
• Decrease in food production / shortage of
food = increase food insecurity

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6.3 Urban renewal

Read through the information provided below on the 'Old East Precinct' in Pretoria.
6.3.1 Define the term precinct. An area with a border with a specific function or purpose – quote from source
6.3.2 (a) Identify which land use zone the Old Residential
East Precinct is located in.
(b) Give ONE piece of evidence to Many houses
support your answer. Small property boundaries
Vegetation
Planned irregular street pattern
6.3.3 Refer to Figure 14. Find the locations listed below and determine which GIS map technique was used to map the following
features. Circle the correct answer.
(a) Golf Course Polygon
(b) Hazelwood Road Line
(c) Culture Club Point
6.3.4 (a) Explain how the precinct has • There are many restaurants in the area Credit for a reasonable and relevant
developed through the process of • This has drawn many artists into the alternative assessment:
functional magnetism. space.
• Many more businesses have moved The response primarily explain the topic
into the Office/workspace with limited concept assessment. The
Concept of LIVE-WORK-PLAY candidate's understanding may be
• Mutual attraction inaccurate or lacking in depth.
• Business of similar functions
• Cluster together to make business The response offers some assessment
easier and discusses the link between
concepts, but the discussion may be
superficial. The candidate shows decent
knowledge and understanding, but the
examples provided may need more
detail or thorough development.

(b) Predict the impact the precinct's This is an opinion question: Credit for a reasonable and relevant
development will have on the Positive Effects: alternative answer:
economic standing of the community. • Economic Development: leads to
increased investment in the The answer is simple and lacks depth in
neighbourhood. This can result in new discussion; it may need more specific
linking to the concept aspect.
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businesses, improved infrastructure,

and enhanced public services. The answer is well-developed,
• Property Value Increase: Property comprehensive, and showcases a solid
values tend to rise as the area conceptual understanding. It explores
becomes more desirable. This can be the factors in-depth, establishes
beneficial for homeowners who see insightful points, and demonstrates
their property’s value increase. critical thinking, resulting in a compelling
• Improved Amenities: Gentrified areas and well-supported response with solid
frequently see upgrades in amenities interconnections.
such as parks, schools, and healthcare
facilities, contributing to a better quality
of life for residents.
• Reduced Crime Rates: Investment
and revitalisation often reduce crime,
as increased economic activity and
community involvement help improve
safety.
• Cultural and Social Vibrancy: New
businesses and cultural institutions can
enhance the vibrancy and diversity of
the area, creating a more dynamic and
engaging environment.
Negative Effects:
• Displacement of Long-Term
Residents: As property values and
rents rise, long-term, lower-income
residents may be forced to move out
due to unaffordability. This can disrupt
established communities and social
networks.
• Cultural Erosion: Gentrification can
lead to the loss of a neighbourhood's
original cultural and historical identity,
as new, often more affluent residents
may not engage with or value the
existing culture.
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•
Social Tensions: The influx of
wealthier residents can create tensions
between new and existing residents,
leading to potential social conflict and
division.
• Increased Cost of Living: Rising
property values and rents often lead to
higher costs for goods and services,
which can price out the original
residents on fixed or lower incomes.
• Potential Loss of Affordable
Housing: The renovation of older,
often affordable housing units into
higher-end properties reduces
affordable housing options for lower-
income families.
6.3.5 Once a month, there is a pop-up street market in the Old East Precinct.
(a) Explain why the food stalls at the Pop-up / Once a month / not permanent Credit for a reasonable and relevant
Streetside Market are classified as business alternative answer:
informal trading. Not contributing to tax
The food stalls are there for a short time The answer is simple and lacks depth in
and not paying rent explanation ; it may need more specific
No business licence linking to the concept aspect.

The answer is well-developed,

comprehensive, and showcases a solid
conceptual understanding. It explores
the factors in-depth, establishes
insightful points, and demonstrates
critical thinking, resulting in a compelling
and well-supported response with solid
interconnections.
(b) List ONE advantage and ONE Advantage
disadvantage for informal traders. • Contributes to the economy
• Reduces unemployment and poverty
• Entrepreneurship
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• Easy to start, not much capital

• Fills a gap in the market
• Tourist attraction
• No tax
• Flexi hours
• Contribute to household income
• No overhead expenses
Disadvantage
• Pay no tax
• No control
• Illegal or unsafe activities
• Clutter formal business areas
• Potential unhealthy
• Pollution
• Police intervention – close them down
• Increase in pollution / litter

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QUESTION 7 ECONOMY OF SOUTH AFRICA

7.1 Economic Terminology
7.1.1 The restoration of land and environmental values to a surface mine site after the coal is F
extracted.
7.1.2 The exchange of goods and services for money. D
7.1.3 interorganizational networks which cluster around one commodity or product linking A
households, enterprises and states to one another with in the world's economy.
7.1.4 If price levels and/or interest rates are continuously changing in levels and percentages C
7.1.5 A process involving the clustering or concentrating of people and/or activities. B
7.2 Canola production in South Africa
7.2 Study the infographic illustrating SOILL (Southern Oil Pty Ltd) and the production of canola in South Africa before answering
the following questions.
7.2.1 List TWO uses for canola. • Margarine, cooking oil
• Antistatic for paper and plastic wrap
• Industrial lubricants
• Biodiesel
• Printing inks
• Cosmetics: lip gloss, lipsticks, creams, shampoo,
soaps, massage oils
• Sunscreen and suntan oil
• Toothpaste
• Pesticides: fungicides, herbicides and insecticides
• Oiled fabrics
• Plasticisers
• Bio-plastics
• Habitat for bees
• Flour
• Animal feed
7.2.2 List TWO factors favouring the Favourable weather conditions
Swellendam area as an ideal location Soil quality (clay-loam / not sandy)
for canola production. Winter rainfall, cool temp - 21ºc
Moderate to cool climate
Warm, dry summers
Labour

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Transport links
Close to market
Link industries
Ideal altitude / topography
7.2.3 Why was there a reduction in the • Drought
production of canola in the Western • Extreme weather conditions
Cape between 2015-2018? • Climate Change

7.2.4 Explain how canola production in • Canola Development Trust: Invests in the Credit for a reasonable and
Swellendam improves social justice in region to boost economic growth and support relevant alternative answer:
the farming community. local development.
• CanoLees Literacy Trust & Canotel Numeracy The answer is simple and lacks
Program: Provide educational support through depth in explanation
bursaries and skills development to improve discussion; it may need more
literacy and numeracy, enhancing job prospects specific linking to the concept
and personal growth. aspect.
• 15% of SOILL Reinvested in the Local
Community: Reinvests 15% of SOILL (a local The answer is well-developed,
fund) into community projects, focusing on comprehensive, and
helping disadvantaged individuals and showcases a solid conceptual
supporting local development. understanding. It explores the
• Employment Opportunities and Local factors in-depth, establishes
Income: Creates jobs and income for local insightful points, and
residents, which boosts the local economy and demonstrates critical thinking,
improves living standards. resulting in a compelling and
• Improving Infrastructure: Invests in upgrading well-supported response with
roads, utilities, and facilities, benefiting solid interconnections.
businesses and the community, and enhancing
quality of life.
• Community Projects: Implements various
projects to improve locals' well-being, such as
social services, community centers, and support

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programs, fostering a resilient and engaged

community.

MUST BE DISCUSSED

• Festival of yellow
• Overall improvement of the area

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7.3 Secondary and tertiary sectors

Read the fact file below on Atlantis Special Economic Zone found in the Western Cape.
7.3.1 Define Special Economic Zone. Specific location in which some
aspects of business environment
differ from the rest of the country.
7.3.2 (a) Explain what is meant by Greentech Hub. Green technology (COULD USE
EXAMPLES) is an umbrella term
that describes the use of
technology and science to create
products and services.
(b) Give ONE example of green energy which is present Wind turbines. / wind
in the Western Cape. Solar panels / solar
Biomass
7.3.3 List TWO industries located in the Western Cape. Fishing
Canning
Winemaking
Food products
Textiles
Footwear
Oil refining
Car assembly
Chemicals
Fertilisers
Agriculture
Mining
Flowers
7.3.4 Discuss how accessibility to strong transport corridors Proximity to Cape Town (40 km): Credit for a reasonable and
will promote foreign investment in the expansion of The location is just 40 kilometres relevant alternative
the Atlantis SEZ. from Cape Town, offering easy assessment:
access to the city’s amenities,
business centres, and attractions The response primarily
while still providing a degree of discusses the topic with
limited concept assessment.
separation from the hustle and
The candidate's
bustle of urban life.
understanding may be
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Cape Town International Airport: inaccurate or lacking in

The area is conveniently located depth.
near Cape Town International
Airport, providing excellent The response offers some
connectivity for domestic and assessment and discusses
international travel, making it an the link between concepts,
ideal spot for residents, tourists, but the discussion may be
and business travellers alike. superficial. The candidate
shows decent knowledge and
Saldanha Airport: Saldanha understanding, but the
Airport is also within reach, offering examples provided may need
additional travel options and more detail or thorough
contributing to the area’s development.
accessibility for both local and
regional flights.

Access to National Road: The

proximity to a major national road
ensures efficient transportation and
logistics, facilitating easy travel to
and from the area, whether for daily
commuting, business purposes, or
tourism. This road connection also
enhances the flow of goods and
services, contributing to economic
growth in the region.
MUST BE DISCUSSED – LINK TO
IMPACT AS A RESULT OF
FOREIGN INVESTMENT

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7.3.5 Discuss TWO factors which hinder the economic • Decentralisation: The movement Credit for a reasonable and
development in the Western Cape. of authority and decision-making relevant alternative
from central to local governments assessment:
or regional entities can lead to
more localised control but may The response primarily
discusses the topic with
also result in uneven
limited concept assessment.
development, with some areas
The candidate's
benefiting more than others. understanding may be
• Political Unrest: political inaccurate or lacking in depth.
instability and unrest can create
an unpredictable environment, The response offers some
leading to uncertainty in assessment and discusses
governance, disruption of daily the link between concepts, but
life, and declining investor the discussion may be
confidence. superficial. The candidate
• Strikes: Frequent strikes across shows decent knowledge and
various sectors, such as labour, understanding, but the
transport, or education, disrupt examples provided may need
economic activities, slow more detail or thorough
productivity, and lead to development
prolonged tension between
workers and employers.
• Energy Shortage: A shortage of
energy, particularly electricity,
hampers industrial output, affects
daily life, and deters investment. It
can also lead to rolling blackouts
and increased operational costs
for businesses.
• Loss of Foreign Investment:
Due to instability, strikes, or
energy shortages, foreign
investors may withdraw their
investments or refrain from
entering the market, leading to
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reduced capital inflows, slower

economic growth, and fewer job
opportunities.
• Job Losses: Economic
challenges such as declining
investments, strikes, and energy
shortages can lead to widespread
job losses, exacerbating poverty
and unemployment rates, and
creating a more significant burden
on social welfare systems.
• Social Injustice: Persistent
inequalities and social injustices,
including disparities in income,
education, and access to
resources, can lead to social
unrest, protests, and a lack of
social cohesion.
• Transport/Railway Strikes:
Strikes within the transport or
railway sectors can severely
disrupt the movement of goods
and people, causing delays,
increasing costs, and affecting the
overall economy, especially
industries reliant on timely
logistics.
• Deterioration of Infrastructure:
The ongoing degradation of
essential infrastructure, such as
roads, bridges, and public
facilities, can lead to

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inefficiencies in transport,
reduced quality of life, and
higher costs for businesses,
ultimately hindering economic
growth.
• Imports Cheaper Than
Producing Locally: When
imports become cheaper than
local production, it can lead to
the decline of domestic
industries, loss of jobs, and
increased reliance on foreign
goods, weakening the local
economy.
• Decrease in Export Demands:
A reduction in demand for
exports can lead to lower
production levels, decreased
revenue for local businesses,
and a negative impact on the
overall trade balance, further
straining the economy.
• Drought
• Semi-migration
• Crime/gangs – limited growth

Total: 200 marks

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