UNIT 2: EDUCATION FOR ECONOMIC AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ( 10 hrs)

Social Indices of National Development

Education as an investment- Share of GDP to Education
‘Educated unemployment’- Causes and Remedies
Education an instrument for intellectual property and inventions and discoveries for the
welfare of the society
(IPR)- Industrial property rights- copy rights and related rights

SOCIAL INDICATORS
Social indicators are defined as statistical measures that describe social trends and conditions
impacting on human well-being. Generally, social indicators perform one or more of three
functions:
 providing information for decision-making
 monitoring and evaluating policies
 and/or searching for a common good and deciding how to reach it
Social Indices of Development
The main social indicators of development include education, health, employment and
unemployment rates and gender equality.
Examples of social indicators are
 Poverty rate,
 Inequality rate
 Educational attainment
 Life expectancy
 Employment and unemployment rates
 Obesity rate
 Fertility rate
 Health expenditure
 Suicide rates
 Youth neither in employment, education nor training (NEET rate)
 Life satisfaction (objective and subjective)
Objective and subjective social indicators
Objective social indicators are statistics which represent social facts independent of personal
evaluations and subjective social indicators measure of individual perceptions, self-reports and
evaluations of social conditions. There is an emerging consensus amongst experts that social
progress and human well-being should be measured by a combination of both objective and
subjective indicators.
Examples of subjective indicators include:
 trust
 confidence
 life satisfaction
 well-being
 perceived security
Indicators Used to Measure Education and Development
The World Bank uses the following eight core indicators to measure how developed a country is in
terms of education:
 The net enrolment rate for pre-primary
 The net enrolment rate for primary
 The net enrolment rate for secondary education
 The gross enrolment ratio for tertiary (further) education.
 Gender parity for primary education (using the gross enrolment ratio)**
 primary completion rate for both sexes
 The total number of primary aged children who are out of school.
 Government expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP.

Education as an investment- Share of GDP to Education

"The total expenditure by central and state governments on education was 3.8 per cent of GDP in
2014, it has increased to 4.6 percent now. The Government is making continuous efforts to
improve educational facilities.... Seven new IITs, seven new IIMs, two new NITs (National
Institutes of Technology), three central universities and around 125 Kendriya Vidyalayas have been
started recently." The portal SWAYAM offers 2,000 courses and "like ATM, this is ATL 'Anytime
Learning' for everyone for free", Also 32 educational channels have been launched while free
coaching for IIT Joint Entrance Exam is offered through IIT-PAL (Professor Assisted Learning)
programme. Also government took a "historic decision of introducing graded autonomy, while
ensuring quality education". Also the government is intending that the graduating students have to
take decision to live for society, this is necessary for a new India which is free of corruption,
uncleanliness, terrorism, poverty, communalism and casteism". In its 'Strategy for New India @ 75'
report' on December 19, 2018, it has recommended that spending on education should be increased
to at least 6 percent of GDP by 2022.
According to World Bank's data in 2013, Government spending on education by both central and
state governments in India is 3.8 percent of GDP which is lesser than the world average of about
4.7 per cent of GDP in the same year.
Keys areas on education
NITI Aayog has addressed some key areas in education which cover the following
 School education
 Higher education
 Vocational education
The report has also made recommendations to improve enrollment, learning outcome,
employability and reduce stress on school children.
1. Learning outcomes need improvement
Though the enrollment in elementary levels is satisfactory, the learning outcomes of those enrolled
should be improved, NITI Aayog's report stated.
2. Initiate vocational education from class 8
The report says that the Indian government should also initiate vocational education starting from
Class 8. Along with this, the government should also compulsorily accredit all higher education
institutions.
3. Preference for private schools
It highlighted that parents are giving preference to the private schools over the government schools
because of the general perception that private schools deliver better education than the government
schools.
4. Increase the investment rate
Apart from education, the report also addressed that the investment rate should be raised from the
present 29 percent of GDP to 36 percent by 2022-23, of which half must come from public
investment. More than two decades of experience in development and emergency response have
shown how education can make a lasting difference in children’s lives. But education’s not just
good for children, it’s good for nations. Investing in education isn’t just the right thing to do, it’s
smart economics.
 Education can put people on a path towards good health, empowerment and employment.
 It can help to build more peaceful societies.
 benefits of girls’ education extends to their own children who are often healthier and more
educated because their mothers went to school.
 each additional year of education boosts a person’s income by 10 per cent and increases a
country’s GDP by 18 per cent. Some researchers estimate that if every child learned to
read, around 170 million fewer people would live in poverty.
Six ways Education systems can reform nation
1. Attract good teacher
A good teacher
 adds value to the learning process
 can be effective in helping students learn.
 Top-performing systems recruit teachers from the top third of each graduate cohort.
 Should give guidance on the use of teachers’ work hours, and attracts the best into teaching
through entry requirements, competitive pay, appealing work conditions, and attractive
career opportunities.
 In addition, good principals are expected to help not only their own schools improve but
also other schools that may be failing.
2. Assess students and schools
Countries that are unable to determine where their education system stands currently will find it
difficult to make improvements or to reach their goals.
3. Make the system accountable
Accountability increases time on task and academic achievement. An accountability-based system
usually entails a shift of decision making authority from the government to the community.
Negative or positive school quality scores can decrease or increase the number of students
choosing a school after the year of publication. An academic school track receiving the most
positive score sees its inflow of students rise by 15 to 20 students.
4. Provide autonomy
Empowering schools- giving them ownership, resources, and voice- enhances the quality of
improvement.
 5. Pay attention to early childhood development (ECD) and early reading
These programs may be the most cost-effective investments. Empirical evidence shows that quality
ECD interventions increase educational success and adult productivity, and decrease public
expenditures later on.
6. Awareness of culture
The higher quality of culture in education generates higher promotion rates will help students
complete primary education and will substantially increase completion rates at low cost.

EDUCATED UNEMPLOYMENT AND REMEDIES

Unemployment is a situation of not getting the work and wages with eligible conditions. People are
getting education but not getting the jobs is educated unemployment. Unemployment is the most
dangerous problem of each and every developing countries now a days.
Main Causes Of Educated Unemployment
1. Economic Condition
Educated youth need employability and wage package that meets the skill they possess, but due to
weak economic conditions there is no such opportunities or packages. Here the Government
policies have to be polished in a way to utilise the full manpower. Employers are struggling hard to
attract them with huge pay-packages that are increasing their production cost significantly. The
employers are losing their competitive edge in global markets. Global slowdown only adds to the
crisis. Corporations are now facing dual problem.
2. Lack of Skill
Indian economy is mainly based on Agriculture, but it is now increasing in IT and industrial field.
But there is shortage of skilled manpower. Educated youths are not absorbed by the new job
sectors, because they are mainly lacking three types of skills required to be placed in these jobs
such as
1. Communication skill
2. Analytical skill and problem solving
3. lack of knowledge in their respective domain
The problem lies in the Indian education system. The syllabus committees have not been
interfacing with the industries. Several big industries have to set-up their own in house training
program to fight with the problem. Most of the newly employed youths are compulsorily
undergone employers own training program. This enhances cost of employers enormously. It also
wastes time.

3. Technology Growth
The growth of new technologies are also be considered for unemployment to certain extend. Today
there are machines that can do 10 days of 100 employees work in 1 day with 1 operator; a
computer can do documentation works which included 100s of persons work. In some areas
technology inclusion is a must for the growth of the economy and at the same time it reduces
chances of job opportunities.
4. Population and migration
Uncontrolled population growth and migration of foreign job seekers could also be counted as a
cause of unemployment. Migration of qualified skilled professionals from the country seeking
better jobs outside, migration of people from neighbouring countries seeking jobs are also boosts
the concerns in unemployment.
5. Some Other Reasons behind Educated Unemployment
1. Recessions
2. Inflation
3. Disability to do the job
4. Nepotism
5. Demand of highly skilled labour.
6. Attitude towards employers
7. Undulations in the business cycles
8. Unsatisfied incomes or salaries of the employees
9. Young people are not ready to take jobs which are considered to be socially degrading or
lowly
6. Effects of Educated Unemployment
 It has been observed that one year of unemployment reduces the life expectancy by five
years.
 Hypertension, cardiac problems, psychoneurosis, depression, suicide are rising among
youth
 behaviours including joining anti-social groups, Alcoholism, drug addiction, smoking, and
rash driving behaviours have increased.
  revenge against the society which has made the youth develop low self-esteem due to
unemployment or not being able to be a productive member of the society.
 The suicide rate in the high school going children has been increasing steadily.
 Low economic growth.
 Unemployment can lead to emotional and mental stress.
 poverty
Remedies
 policies such as fiscal relief to states, substantial additional investment in infrastructure,
expanded safety net measures.
 direct job creation programs in communities particularly hard-hit by unemployment
 The educational system must be made job oriented.
 Rapid industrialization.
 The need of faster economic growth to generate more jobs.
 training to the youths with a greater focus on vocational skills and self-employment.
 The Government support to struggling industries is necessary to try to save jobs.
 Promoting education especially female education and motivating people to have small
families.
 Enhanced focus on entrepreneurial, communication, and inter-personnel skill development
 Increased cross-talk between public-private, formal/informal educational enterprises
 Integrated counselling, evaluation, and career guidance initiatives.
 Earn while you learn
 Skills based education
 Career guidance helps people to reflect on their ambitions, interests, qualifications and
abilities.
Effort Made By Government
1. Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (P.M.R.Y) for educated unemployed youth
2. Scheme for Educated Unemployed for employment generation in urban localities
(SEEGUL)
3. Scheme of Self-Employment for Educated Unemployed Youth (SEEUY)
4. Schemes for the State Governments (Educated Unemployed Youth)
5. Scheme for “New Initiative in Skill Development through PPP” by Planning Commission
of India
 6. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)

Education an instrument for intellectual property and inventions and discoveries for the
welfare of the society
Universities and public research institutions are direct contributors towards innovation and
research. The potential pool of talent for innovation also emanates largely from educational
institutions and research institutions.
The significance of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in higher education has been widely
recognized. This could be credited to the National IPR Policy approved by the Union Cabinet
in May 2016. The primary focus of this Policy is towards promoting innovation and creativity,
especially amongst entrepreneurs and in higher education institutions.
 The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF), a ranking system adopted by the
Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), ranks institutions of higher education
in India to include promoting innovation, research and development while assessing their
performance beyond academics. One of the parameters considered while ranking and which
is significant to our discussion is Research and Professional Practice that includes IPR and
patents – both published and granted, by students and faculty members which has a
weightage of about 15 marks.
 Publications and patent applications have been found to be highest from engineering and
technology institutes. The ranking of top educational institutions was found to be
proportional to the number of applications filed for patents.
 encouraging students to understand the importance of start-ups, thus directing their focus
towards entrepreneurship.
 An active collaboration between the student and the university leads to growth,
development and healthy commercialisation of the invention conceived in the campus.
Filing for intellectual property rights not only helps innovators protect their invention, but also
provides better collaboration and funding opportunities

Intellectual Property (IP)

Intellectual property (IP) pertains to any original creation of the human intellect such as artistic,
literary, technical, or scientific creation. Intellectual property rights (IPR) refers to the legal rights
given to the inventor or creator to protect his invention or creation for a certain period of time.
“The exclusive right granted by State, to prevent others from using, manufacturing, distributing -
inventions, processes, applications, new and original designs, trademarks, new plant varieties, data
bases and artistic and literary works”. Such a person is known as ‘rights owner’ or ‘rights holder’
Nature of Intellectual Property Rights
 Intellectual property insists on some amount of novelty or originality to gain protection.
 Intellectual property system is duration specific.
 It does not provide perpetual and absolute monopoly over the property.
 What is protected with respect to intellectual property is the use or value of ideas/expressed
ideas.
 Rights constituting intellectual property are not over abstract ideas but rather over physical,
concrete or tangible manifestations of these ideas. For e.g., rights under patent law include
the right to manufacture, distribute etc. while rights under copyright law extend to the right
of distribution, publication etc. all of which deal with concrete embodiments of ideas and
not the abstract ideas themselves.
IPR in brief
1. Industrial Designs
It can be registered under Designs Act. Design deals with features, shapes, patterns, etc.,
applied to an article by an industrial process, manual or mechanical.
2. Patents
Is a monopoly right granted to a person, who invented a new product or process of making an
article, for 20years under the Indian Patents Act, 1970, and can be renewed after expiration of
period. The inventor has to file for patent first, and then make his/ her invention to public. A
patent has to be applied in each country by the inventor, to claim his rights in that country.
Eg: A group of scientists working on new drug development in Himalaya Drugs for some
salary. The patent of the drug developed is given to Himalaya Drugs, but not to the scientists.
The drug may have many patents like composition, process, and product etc.
3. Trademarks:
Trademark can be a word, name, brand, symbol, label etc., used by a company to create a
unique identity for their product. Trademark can be registered, and then use ™ ®. The
registration validity is for 7 years and renewable after expiry. In India, it is governed by the
Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958, which came into force on 25th Nov., 1959.
4. Trade Secrets:
Trade secret is any intellectual work or product used for a business purpose that can be
classified as belonging to that business provided it is not based on information in public
domain.
5. Geographical Indication:
This is an indication that originates from a definite geographical area, which is used to identify
natural or manufactured product. For eg., Gadwal/ Pochampally Sarees, Nirmal paintings,
Kolhapuri Chappals, Solapur Chaddar etc., qualify for registration under this category. It is
valid for 10 years. The application for registration can be an association of persons,
organization or by producers.
6. Copyright:
Copyright is an exclusive legal right to reproduce an original work of authorship fixed in any
tangible medium of expression, to prepare derivative works based on original work, and to
perform or display the work in the case of dramatic, music, choreographic and sculptural
works. Copyright prevents copying of the expression. Eg: Bhagwat Geeta, Pathanjali Yoga
sutras, Narada Neeti

Copyright and Related Rights

Copyright laws grant authors, artists and other creators protection for their literary and artistic
creations, generally referred to as “works”. A closely associated field is “related rights” or rights
related to copyright that encompass rights similar or identical to those of copyright, although
sometimes more limited and of shorter duration.
The beneficiaries of related rights are: performers (such as actors and musicians) in their
performances; producers of phonograms (for example, compact discs) in their sound recordings;
and broadcasting organizations in their radio and television programs.
Works covered by copyright include, but are not limited to: novels, poems, plays, reference works,
newspapers, advertisements, computer programs, databases, films, musical compositions,
choreography, paintings, drawings, photographs, sculpture, architecture, maps and technical
drawings.
The creators of works protected by copyright, and their heirs and successors (generally referred to
as “right holders”), have certain basic rights under copyright law. They hold the exclusive right to
use or authorize others to use the work on agreed terms. The right holder(s) of a work can authorize
or prohibit: its reproduction in all forms, including print form and sound recording; its public
performance and communication to the public; its broadcasting; its translation into other languages;
and its adaptation, such as from a novel to a screenplay for a film.
Many types of works protected under the laws of copyright and related rights require mass
distribution, communication and financial investment for their successful dissemination (for
example, publications, sound recordings and films). Hence, creators often transfer these rights to
companies better able to develop and market the works, in return for compensation in the form of
payments and/or royalties (compensation based on a percentage of revenues generated by the
work).
This term of protection enables
 both creators and their heirs and successors to benefit financially for a reasonable period of
time. Related rights enjoy shorter terms, normally 50 years after the performance, recording
or broadcast has taken place.
 right to claim authorship of a work, and the right to oppose changes to the work that could
harm the creator’s reputation.
 a variety of methods including civil action suits, administrative remedies and criminal
prosecution.
 Injunctions, orders requiring destruction of infringing items, inspection orders, among
others, are used to enforce these rights.
 The field of copyright and related rights has expanded enormously during the last several
decades with the spectacular progress of technological development that has, in turn,
yielded new ways of disseminating creations by such forms of communication as satellite
broadcasting, compact discs and DVDs.
 Widespread dissemination of works via the Internet raises difficult questions concerning
copyright and related rights in this global medium.
 optional registration and deposit of works.
 provide with efficient administrative support and legal expertise for collecting, managing
and disbursing