STATISTICAL EXERCISES

1. Find the Mean respiratory rate per minute and its standard deviation with the data of 9 cases
given as 23, 22, 20, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21 per minute

2. The diastolic blood pressure recorded in 10 patients in a ward is 80, 80, 84, 90, 100, 106,
100, 110,120, 130 mm Hg. Find out mean and calculate standard deviation

3. Ten students are picked up at random in 1st standard class of 50 students weight of the above
10 students measured in kilograms was 12, 15, 17, 11, 13, 14, 13, 20, 13, 13. Calculate
mean, median and mode.

4. The census population of a district in 1991 and 2001 was 20, 00,000 and 26, 00,000
respectively. Calculate
a) Mid Year population of 1997
b) Mid year population of 2007

5. The incubation period (in days) of 21 polio cases is as fallows. Calculate the measures of
central tendency and comment on the nature of distribution.
23, 22, 20, 24, 16, 17, 18, 29, 21, 18, 17, 23, 24, 20, 19, 18, 18, 16, 23, 22, 22

6. Hemoglobin estimation was done in a group of 22 antenatal women. The results in grams
percentage were as follows. Calculate the measures of central tendency.
12, 7, 13, 14, 6, 8, 10, 9, 12, 10, 11, 10, 13, 5, 8, 10, 14, 9, 6, 11, 12, 10

7. The Diastolic Blood Pressure of individual is recorded as follows. Calculate the measures of
dispersion.83, 75, 80, 79, 95, 75, 77, 84, 90, 82

8. The respiratory rate in 10 persons was found to be 20, 21, 22, 16, 19, 18, 19, 17, 20 and 18.
Calculate range mean deviation and standard deviation.

9. Determine the quantity of bleaching power required to chlorinate a well measuring 5meters
in length and 3 meters in width with 6 meters of depth of water. Horrrocks test shows blue
color in the 3rd cup.

10. A rectangular well with 8 meters height water column, measuring length of 10 meters and
breadth of 5 meters is to be disinfected. Horrocks test showed blue color in 4th, 5th and 6th
cups. Calculate the amount of bleaching power to disinfect the well.

11. A circular well with a diameter of 3 m and depth of water of 6.5m needs to be disinfected.
The Horrocks’s test showed blue coloration in 2nd cup. Calculate the amount of bleaching
power to disinfect the well.
12. The values of systolic B.P. mm Hg of 10 individuals was as follows 115, 117, 121, 120,
118, 122, 123, 116, 118, 120 Estimate Mean, Median, Mode, Range, Standard Deviation.

13. Determine the quantity of bleaching power required to chlorinate a well Measuring 5 meters
in length and 3 meters in width with 6 meters of depth of water. Horrocks test shows blue
color in the 3rd cup.

14. Third cup in the Horrock’s apparatus gives a definite blue color, when the indicator is
added. Calculate the quantity of bleaching power required to disinfect a well of diameter 20
m and height 10 m.

15. A rectangular well measuring length 20 m and breath 5 m is to be disinfected. The

Horrock’s test shows blue coloration in 4th, 5th & 6th cup. Calculate the amount of bleaching
power required to chlorinate the well water.

16. The 3rd cup in the Horrock’s out fit gives a definite blue color when the indicator is added.
Calculate the quantity of bleaching power required to disinfect a well of 5 m in diameter
and depth of 15 m.

17. The 3rd, 4th & 5th cups showed blue color in Horrock’s test. Cal. the quantity of bleaching
power required to disinfect a square well of 2 m side with water to a depth of 4 m.

18. The population of Kakinada as per 1st March 2001 census was 290000 and as per 1st March
2011 census was 380000. Calculate Mid – year population in 2006.

19. The census population of a district in 1991 and 2001 was 20, 00,000 and 26, 00,000
respectively. Calculate
c) Mid year population of 1997
d) Mid year population of 2007
 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EXERCISES
1. A Cohort Study was conducted in a community to determine an association between
Cigarette, Smoking and Lung Cancer. The data is presented in the following table.

Lung Cancer Total

Exposed Yes No
Smoking Yes 100 7400 7500
No 20 2480 2500
Total 120 9880 10000

a. What is the incidence rate of lung cancer among Smokers and Non – Smokers?
b. Estimate Relative risk and Attributable risk for association between Smoking and lung
cancer.

2. A PHC with population of 30,000 has examined 3000 peripheral blood slide during 1 Year
by house to house survey. It has also collected 600 slides from OPD. Out of these 12 slides
were positive for P. vivax and 9 for PL faiciparum. Please answer:-

a. Name the types of surveillance for collection of 3000 and 600 Slides?
b. Calculate annual parasite incidence?
c. Calculate annual blood examination rate?
d. Calculate P. falciparum rate?

3. Ram, 30 years old male teacher in Primary Health Centre, Karapa, One day he came to
Rural Health Centre with complaint of cough since last 40 days. He was adviced sputum
examination. Which turned positive for AFB. There is no H/o TB in past nor he took anti –
TB medicines

a. What is your diagnosis?

b. Write treatment plan for this patient?
c. What is DOTS? What are its component?
d. What specific advice will you give to patient?

4. Few cases of scables have been indentified in boarding school. What measures will you
undertake to control infection

5. A study was conducted to explore the association of smoking with lung cancer 50 cases and
50 controls were selected. 30 cases and 25 controls were smokers.

a. Construct a contingency (2x2) table.

b. Calculate ODD’s ratio

6. Venkatesh came to an urban health centre with chief complaints of sudden onset of high
fever with chills, muscle and joint pains 5 days ago. He developed retro orbital pain a
day after onset of fever. Patient gives history that fever has subsided for a day and again
risen. He developed diffuse rash on face, neck and chest during the second phase of fever.
He has abdominal pain. Persistent vomiting and has history of an attack of expistaxis.
As a medical officer of the health centre how would you address the following:
 a. What is the provisional diagnosis?
b. What investigations do you advice for the patient and how do you confirm the
diagnosis?
c. Outline the steps in the management of this case?
d. Which environmental factors could have contributed to the occurrence of disease in this
case?
e. What advice do you give to the patient and the family regarding prevention of the
disease?

7. The following table gives results of a screening test done for Hypertension in a population

Screening Disease Total

Test
Present Absent
Positive 84 01 85
Negative 11 104 115
Total 95 105 200

Calculate the Sensitivity Specificity, Positive and Negative Predictive Values

8. In a primary health centre with a population of 40,000 filaria survey was carried out. The
following are the findings

Population examined = 1000

Positive for microfilaria alone = 300
Patients with clinical symptoms without microfilaria positive = 400
Patients with both microfilaria and symptoms = 100

Calculate 1) Filaria Disease rate (FDR)

2) Filaria endemicity rate
3) Microfilaria rate

9. In a study to assess the relationship between low birth weight and Infant mortality 700
babies among 5300 new born babies weighed below 2500 grams at birth. They were
followed up to one [Link] of the 490 infant deaths were registered, 340 occurred
among babies with normal birth weight.

a. What type of Study is this?

b. Construct 2x2 table
c. Calculate relative risk and attributable risk

10. You are working as a medical officer at ICTC. One day a staff suddenly rushed to you
with history of needle prick injury while recapping needle after injection. On
examination it shows oozing of blood from prick site. She also responded that the
patient’s sero status is not known.

a. Write down the steps taken by your to manage case?

b. What is PEP in HIV / AIDS?
c. Enumerate atleast 3 diseases in which PEP is carried out?
d. What do you mean by standard / universal precautions?
11. 20 cases of cholera have been admitted to a hospital from a village with in a period of
15 days. What investigations you take to diagnose the epidemic and control the
epidemic.

12. Out of 30 persons attended a marriage function and took food in that ceremony 20
people complain of loose motions, abdominal pain after 24 hours. What
investigations you like to carry out and how will you manage.

13. What do you do when a school teacher reports to you that one of the boy in his class
has developed a hypo pigmented path on fore arm?

14. A primary school teacher is suspected to be suffering from open pulmonary

tuberculosis. List the actions you would take to diagnose, control the disease in the
individual and prevent tuberculosis occurring in school.

15. Cases of fever, followed by paralysis suspected to be due to poliomyelitis is reported

from a village. How will you investigate and control the outbreak.

16. An outbreak of Diphtheria has been reported in boarding school of school children.
Outline the measures you take to diagnose control and prevent recurrence.

17. Few cases of scabies have been identified in boarding school. What measures you
will undertake to control infection?

18. Few cases of tetanus have occurred in you hospital. How do you investigate and
control the situation.

19. A care of crushed injury due to road accidents brought to you how do you manage the
case to prevent tetanus and associated complications.

20. A case of dog bite is brought to the O.P.D. how will you manage the case? What
instructions will you give to the person who had been bitten?

21. A bout 20 cases of typhoid were admitted to a hospital from a village with in a period
of 15 days. What investigations you to diagnose the epidemic and control the
epidemic.

22. The population of a town in 1978 was 64,500. Ther were 1,500 births and 600 deaths
for the same year. In a morbidity survey for the same year, 221 old cases of TB
were found and 39 new cases were detected. There were 2 deaths from TB during the
year. Calculate all the possible rates for 1978.

23. A new screening test for disease “x” with a prevalence rate of 16% was found to be
positive in 20% of 600 people tested. There were 12 false negative. Calculate
a. Sensitivity
b. Specificity
c. Predictive value for positive test
d. Predictive value for negative test
24. The death of 8-day-old child was reported by ANM. What information will you need
to decide if this is a case of neonatal tetanus? Give at least 3 measures that could have
prevented that death in the child, presuming that this was due to tetanus. List 5 steps
you will take to prevent similar deaths from occurring. There neonatal deaths due t
tetanus were reported from your primary health center area last year, how will you
confirm that more deaths didn’t take place?

25. You followed fifty persons working in a chemical factory for three months of whom
40 had developed dermatitis. Another 50 persons from general population who were
not working in that factory were also followed for the same period of who 10
developed dermatitis.
What is the type of study conducted?
Calculate the relative risk and attributable risk and comment

26. “Griess Test” produces on easily discernible color reaction in the presence of
coliforms in urine. In a study to measure the sensitivity and specificity of the griess
test was compared with the results from urine culture. The following are the results.

27.

Urine culture
Griess test Positive Negative

= 30 10
- 20 480
Urine culture positive = significant growth of coliforms

Urine culture negative = No significant growth.

Griess thest positive = color reaction present.

Griess test negative = color reaction absent.

Assuming that the urine culture is the “Gold standard” calculate the sensitivity and
specificity and the positive predictive value of the test.

28. From the data recorded in a town in 2002 it was observed that 10,000 women were in
the age group 15-45 years. The number of live births in that year was 1500.
Calculate the General Fertility Rate.

29. The number of marriages that took place in a town with a population of 1 lakh during
1992 was 2000. Calculate the marriage rate of that town in that year.

30. The following data relate to a town for the year 2003.
 Mid Year population – 64,000.
No. of live births – 2,400.
No. of deaths – 1,040.
Of the who died, 600 were women of whom 8 died between the 30th and 40th day
following delivery, 2 between the 50th – 56th day following delivery. Rest was
unrelated to delivery.

No. of foetal deaths (1000gms) – 40.

No. of deaths under 1 week – 20.
No. of deaths in first 4 weeks – 120.
No. of infant deaths – 160.
Calculate Crude death rate, prenatal mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, Post –
neonatal mortality rate, and Infant mortality rate.

31. In a boarding school with 200 unprotected children in the age group 5 – 15 years,
there was an outbreak of diphtheria soon after the school reopened. The date of
onset of illness is given below. One child died of the disease.
No. of Cases.
January 20th 2

January 26th 3

January 27th 5

Calculate attack rate, secondary attack rate, and case fatality rate.

If you are the medical officer of the boarding school and you were informed of the out
break on 28th. What measures will you take to prevent further spread of the disease?

32. The crude death rate for a population of 1,00,000 was 8/1000 in 2002. During the
year there was an epidemic of viral hepatitis of 1200 individuals came down with the
illness. The proportionate mortality rate for the hepatitis during 2002 was 3%
Calculate the case fatality rate.
What was the hepatitis specific mortality rate for 2002?
What are the possible reasons for others in the population not getting
hepatitis?

33. A town has mid year population of 50,000 in 2003. The following vital events
incidences reported from the town for 2003.
Crude Birth rate = 40.
Crude death rate= 15.
Infant mortality rate = 100.
Maternal mortality rate = 05.
Calculate total number of a) births B) deaths c) infant deaths
e) Maternal deaths e) Growth rate of the town.
34. In a population of 10,000 there were 200 cases of tuberculosis on 31st Dec 2002.
There were 40 new cases of TB during the year. 10 died due to TB, 15 were cured
and 5 of them migrated to other community. The Crude death rate for this
community 2002 was 10/1000. Calculate the fallowing.
Period prevalence for the year 2002.
Point prevalence on December 31st 2002.
Incidence of Tuberculosis in 2002.
Cases fatality rate for 2002.
Proportional mortality rate for TB

35. The approximate population of a state was 46 lakhs in 2003. Of this about 450 cases
of viral encephalitis were reported from the state in that year. Out of this 115 cases
ended in death. Calculate the incidence rate and the case fatality rate.

36. In a town the following vital data for the year 2003 was recorded.
Population – 70,000.
Live births – 2,800.
Deaths – 1,120.
Infant deaths – 280.
Maternal deaths – 35.
Deaths due to T.B – 63.
Calculate Crude death rate, crude birth rate, Infant morality rate, maternal mortality
rate & TB death rate.

37. A survey was carried out in first week of January 2002 in a population of 10,000 to
identify all the leprosy cases. There were 200 cases. Of these 180 were diagnosed
earlier and under treatment. Another survey was done 1 year later (January 2003).
10 new cases were identified, but 20 of the previously diagnosed cases had completed
treatment and no longer had the disease and 5 other cases had died and 5 moved out
of this area.
What is the incidence of leprosy in 2002?
What is the period prevalence in 2002?
What is the point prevalence in January 2003?
What is the case – fatality rate?

38. A new screening test for disease X was found to be positive in 20% of the 600 people
among whom the prevalence of the disease was known to be 16%. There were 12
false negatives. Calculate the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of
the test.

39. A town with a population of 1 lakh is recorded to have 2000 cases of Rheumatic Heart
disease for the year 2003. Calculate the incidence rate of rheumatic disease in the
population for that year and suggest control measures registered in that area.

40. A filarial survey was conducted in 2003 covering 101 villages. 20,000 people were
clinically examined from 10 pm to 1 am. It was found that 350 people had only
Microfilaria in peripheral blood. 150 people showed visible manifestations but
without Microfilaria. 20 persons had both. Calculate Microfilaria rate, Filarial
disease rate & Filarial endemicity rate
41. For a town having population of 64,000 in 2008. Calculate the expected number of
events using the following data and give your comment.
Crude Birth Rate: 21
Crude death rate: 9
Crude mortality rate: 67
Maternal mortality rate: 2

42. In a population of 10,000 there were 200 cases of Tuberculosis is an on 31-Dec-2007.

There were 40 new cases reported during the year 2008. 10 died due to
tuberculosis and 15 cases were completely cured. 5 cases have migrated to other
places. The crude death rate for the community during 2008 was 10. Calculate the
following and give your comments.
Period prevalence for the year 2008.
Point prevalence as on 31-12-08.
Point prevalence as on 31-12-07.
Incidence of TB in 2008.
Case fatality rate for TB.
Proportional mortality rate for TB.

43. A town having mid year population of 2 lakhs, has registered 7000 live births and
2800 deaths during the year 2008. Calculate the crude birth rate and crude death rate
for 2008 and comment.

44. PHC has the fallowing data for 2008.

No. of deaths of < 1 year of age 270.
No. of maternal death – 9.
No. of live births – 2700
Calculate the Infant mortality rate and maternal mortality rate and comment.

45. The following data was collected from a town for the year 2007.
Mid year estimated population – 80,000.
No. of deaths – 1120
No. of deaths of children < 5 years of age – 448.
Calculate the crude death rate and proportional mortality rate of children below 5
years of age.

46. The following data was collected from a block in 2008.

No. of live births – 4000.
No. of deaths within 28 days of birth - 300.
No. of deaths between 28 days and 1 year – 250.
Calculate the neonatal death rate, Post neonatal mortality rate and infant mortality
rate and comment.

47. The following data was collected from urban slum of Rajahmundry.
Mid year population – 1 lakh.
No. of live births – 5000.
No. of late foetal deaths – 200.
Maternal deaths – 20.
Calculate the crude birth rate, Maternal Mortality rate and perinatal mortality rate.
48. The following data was collected from a district for 2008.
Mid year population – 16.8 lakhs.
No. of births – 67315
No. of deaths – 31410
No. of deaths < 1 year – 11315
No. of deaths < 28 days – 9231
No. of deaths due to Tuberculosis – 1025

Calculate the crude birth rate, crude death rate, and proportional mortality rate for TB,
Infant mortality rate, Neonatal mortality rate & post neonatal mortality rate &
comment.

49. The following data was collected from PHC.

No. of live births – 4000
No. of late foetal deaths – 150
No. of deaths below 7 days after delivery – 150
No. of Neonatal deaths – 250
No. of infant deaths – 500.
No. of Maternal deaths – 40.
Calculate the possible MCH indicators

50. Out of 1000 females who underwent a screening test it was found that the prevalence
of Cancer Cervix was 10%. The screening test proved to be positive in 85% of the
total cases. The screening test was negative in 890 women. Calculate the sensitivity,
specificity, positive predictive value & negative predictive value for the test.

51. A town with a population of 80,000 has recorded 160 confirmed cases of Malaria in
2008. Calculate the annual parasite index for the year and suggest control measures.

52. The following data relates to a town having a population of 75,000 during 2008.
No. of live births – 2630.
No. of deaths – 1120, out of these 640 were females.
No. of deaths due to abortion – 6.
No. of deaths of woman between 13 to 40 days after delivery 5.
No. of women died 50 – 56 days after delivery – 3.
No. of deaths < 1 week – 19.
No. of deaths < 4 weeks – 123
No. of deaths < 1 year 213.
Calculate various rates.

53. The following data available for a town have a population of 64,000 during the year
2008.
Total live births – 1500.
Total deaths – 600.
Total no. of TB cases – 220 out f these 40 were new cases.
Deaths due to TB – 2.
Calculate all possible vital rates for the year 2008.
54. In an estimated mid year population of 1 lakh.
Live births – 2500.
No. of deaths – 850.
No. of abortions reported – 300.
Bi, if fietak deatgs > 1000 gms – 50.
Deaths < 7 days – 50.
Deaths 7-28 days – 25.
Deaths between one month and year – 50.

Women in the childbearing age group constituted 20% of the population. 400 deaths
occurred in the age group of 45 and above of these hear disease is 200. Chronic lung
disease is 80. Neoplasm – 80. Calculate crude birth rate, Infant mortality rate, and
Proportional mortality of deaths over 45 years due to heart disease.

55. In a community health center, having 90.000 populations during the year 2008.
The following events have been recorded.
Total live births – 2000.
Total no. of deaths – 800.
No. of deaths < 1 year – 150.
No. of maternal deaths – 8.
No. of neonatal deaths – 80.
Caiculate various rates and comment.
 NUTRITION

1. A family consists of an adult male, adult female and a child aged about five years
weighing 15 kilograms, on diet survey of this family it was been observed
thatconsumption / day in terms of
Proximate principles and nutrients as follows.

a. Protein………………………………………………. 150 gms.

b. Carbohydrates………………………………………. 2000 [Link].
c. Fats …………………………………………………. 100 gms.
d. Vit A ………………………………………………… 10 µgms.
e. Vit C ………………………………………………… 150 µgms.
Comment on the diet and give y our valuable suggestion to improve
the diet confining
Your attention to above nutrients only.
Each person in a central Jail, undergoing rigorous imprisonment is given the
following diet daily.

a. Rice ………………………………………………… 600 gms.

b. Bengal gram ……………………………………….50 gms.
c. Ground nut oil ……………………………………..25 gms.
d. Amaranth ………………………………………….25 gms.
Comment on the above diest and give your suggestion for improving
the diet.

2. Prescribe the diet for pregnant woman in II trimester of pregnancy weighing 45

kgs.

3. Comment on the following diet and give your valuable suggestions to improve the
diet.
A pregnant lady in III trimester of 25 years is consuming the following diet.

a. Cereals …………………………………………… 300 gms.

b. Pulses ……………………………………………. 50 gms.
c. Green leafy vegetables ………………………….. 80 gms.
d. Milk ……………………………………………… 50 ml.
e. Oil ……………………………………………….. 15 ml.
f. Sugar …………………………………………….. 20 gms.
g. Fruits ……………………………………………. 80 gms.

4. Prescribe a diet for lactating woman aged about 40 years weighing 45 kilograms.

5. What advice will you give regarding diet to mother who brings a child aged about
6 months to under 5 clinic.

6. Construct a balanced diet for an adult man aged 30 years weighing 55 kgs doing
sedentary work.
 7. Construct a balanced diet for a) Female medical student who is sedentary and B)
Male Medical
Student doing moderate work.

8. An Anthropometric survey in an Anganawadi center showed the following

weights for five
Children with the following data estimate the nutritional status and classify
according to the
Degree of malnutrition ( If malnourished) according to Gomez classification

[Link] Name Age Observed Expected

Weight Weight

1 Lavanya 3 Years 8 Kgs 12 Kgs

2 Sukumar 4 Years 12.8 Kgs 13 Kgs
3 Lalitha 3&½ 10 Kgs 14.5 Kgs
Year
4 Laurence 4&½ 9 Kgs 13 Kgs
Year
5 Lilly 4 Year 12 Kgs 13.5 Kgs